交互式语言学教学课件

Teaching by Principles Linguistic Principles Cognitive Principles Affective Principles ConclusionCognitive PrinciplesAutomaticity1Meaningful Learning 2The Anticipation of Reward3Strategic Investment5 The Intrinsic Motivation Principle4 Efficient second language learning involves a timely movement of the control of a few language forms into the automatic processing of a relatively unlimited number of language forms.Overanalyzing language,thinking too much about its forms,and consciously lingering on rules of language all tend to impede this graduation to automaticity.Automaticity1Mclaughlins Information Processing ModelExplicit L2 knowledge Knowledge of rules and items that exist in an anlysed form so that learners are able to report what they knowImplicit L2 knowledge Knowledge that is intuitive and tacit.It cannot be directly reported.The knowledge that most speakers have of their L1 is implicit.The study of linguistic competence is the study of a speaker-hearers implicit knowledgeControlled Rules and items that have been learnt formally through focal attention and that require controlled processing in performanceRules and items that have been learnt implicitly through peripheral attention and that require controlled processing in performanceAutomaticRules and items that have been learnt formally through focal attention and that can be accessed rapidly and easily by means of automatic processesRules and items that have been learnt implicitly through peripheral attention and that can be accessed rapidly and easily by means of automatic processes Controlled AutomaticExplicitlyRules and items that have been learnt formally through focal attention and that require controlled processing in performanceRules and items that have been learnt formally through focal attention and that can be accessed rapidly and easily by means of automatic processesImplicitlyRules and items that have been learnt implicitly through peripheral attention and that require controlled processing in performanceRules and items that have been learnt implicitly through peripheral attention and that can be accessed rapidly and easily by means of automatic processesKey ItemsFocal attention vs Peripheral AttentionInductive vs DeductiveAcquisition vs Learning Automatic vs ControlledImplicit vs ExplicitStructural language vs Grammatical rulesInterface position vs Interface positionConscious vs SubconsciousUsage vs use Meaningful learning will lead toward better long-term retention than rote learning.Meaningful Learning2 Human beings are universally driven to act or“behave”by the anticipation of some sort rewardtangible or intangible，short term or long termthat will ensure as a result of the behavior.The Anticipation of Reward3Pavlov John B.Watson B.F.SkinnerBehaviorism Skinner BoxStimulus Response ReinforcementConditioning TheoryPositive ReinforcementNegative ReinforcementAudio-lingual Method is based upon Conditioning theory.My tongue is internationalized.Language is a form of behavior.Language learning process is a habit formation process.Contrast Analysis Hypothesis(Lado)L2 errors are the results of differences between learners first language and target language.Similarities Easy Differences Difficult The most powerful rewards are those that are intrinsically motivated within the learner.Because the behavior stems form needs,wants,or desires within oneself,the behavior itself is self-rewarding;therefore,no externally administered reward is necessary at all.The Intrinsic Motivation Principle4 Strategic Investment5 Successful mastery of the second language will be due to a large extent to a learners own personal“investment”OMally ChamotMeta-cognitive StrategyCognitive StrategySocial/Affective StrategyCognitive StyleField Independence1.Adolescent/male/adults2.Object-oriented3.Urban-technological4.Free-social structure5.Individual Field Dependence1.Children/female2.People-oriented3.Rural-agrarian society4.Rigid-social structure5.Group-centeredReid(1987)Learning StylesAuditory (listening and speaking)Visual (seeing and reading)Kinaesthetic (touching and doing)Tactile (hands-on learning)Group learningIndividual learningPara-linguistic Do-it-yourself ProjectThe Input HypothesisBy KrashenThe Interaction Hypothesis By LongThe Output HypothesisBy SwainComprehensible Input The“input”refers to the language which learners are exposed to.This can be“comprehensible”(i.e.input that they can understand)Input that is slightly above learners present level(i+1).5/20/2024BAA(Balanced Activity Approach)InputoutputFinely-tunedRoughly-tunedPOCOPO=Practice OutputCO=communication outputFocusCommunicative EfficiencyActivity(Students-centered)For non-native speakers in learning second languageBAA(Jeremy Harmer)CLT:Communicative Language TeachingCA:Communicative ApproachInput:listening readingOutput:speaking wrting5/20/20246 Language Ego7 Self-confidence8 Risk-taking Affective Principles9 The Language Culture ConnectionLanguage Ego6 As human beings learn to use a second language,they also develop a new mode of thinking,feeling and actinga second identity.The new“language ego”,intertwined with the second language,can easily create within the learner a sense of fragility,a defensiveness,a raising of inhibitions.Self-confidence7 The eventual success that learners attain in a task at least partially a factor of their belief that they indeed are fully capable of accomplishing the tasks.5/20/20245/20/2024Risk-taking8 successful language learners,in their realistic appraisal of themselves as a vulnerable being yet capable of accomplishing tasks,must be willing to become“gamblers”in the game of language,to attempt to produce and to interpret language that is a bit beyond their absolute certainty.Tolerance of ambiguity(Burder 1962)CasinoLearning takes place during the process of making mistakes./Failure is instrucitonal.Interlingual VS Intralingual ErrorsInterlingual errors are caused by slip of tongue or slip of penIntralingual errors are caused by incomplete learning of the target languageSugar daddyToy boyAffective Filter Hypothesis(Stephen Krashen)Affective WallYour emotion will influence your learning.Positive attitude can pass through the filter.Krashen claims that learners with high motivation,self-confidence,and a low level of anxiety are more inclined to be successful in SLA.5/20/2024L2inputnoticed inputcomprehended inputintakeimplicitknowledge(IL system)L2 outputexplicit knowledgeA framework for investigating L2 acquisitionGass:Investigating L2 Acquisition Noticing Hypothesis By schmidtSchmidt(1990)proposed the Noticing Hypothesis,according to which the emergence of new forms should be preceded by their noticed in the input.In other words,attending to specific aspects of the input is the key to learning these learning these aspects of input.Three Aspects of ConsciousnessAwareness refers to a particular state of mind in which an individual has undergone a specific subjective experience of some cognitive content or external stimulus(Tomlin Villa)Intention means the learner deliberately attend to the specific form or knowledge.Knowledge refers to be Specific linguistic form the learner attends to or noticed.That is,the learner comprehended the input knowledge.The language culture connection9 Whenever you teach a language,you also teach a complex system of cultural customs,values,and ways of thinking,feeling and acting.Especially in“second”language learning contexts,the success with which learners adapt to a new cultural milieu will affect their language acquisition success,and vice versa,in some possibly significant ways.10 The Native Language Effect11 Interlanguage12 Communicative Competence Linguistic PrinciplesThe Native language Effect10 The native language effect will be a highly significant system on which learners will rely to predict the target language system.While that the native system will exercise both facilitating and interfering effects on the production and comprehension of the new language,the interfering effects are likely to be the most salient.Role of the Native language Effect5/20/2024Facilitate Interfere PositiveNegativeLanguage transferPositive transferNegative transfer error AvoidanceOveruse=overgeneralization 5/20/2024ResultsERROR ANALYSISError Analysis Error Analysis is a procedure used by both researchers and teachers.It involves collecting samples of learner language,identifying the errors in the sample,describing these errors,classifying them according to their hypothesized causes,and evaluating their seriousness.BACKAvoidance5/20/2024Relative clause is too difficult!Psychological Distance A term used by Schumann to refer to the learners overall psychological set with regard to the target language and its community.It is determined by a cluster of factors such as language shock and motivation.5/20/2024我想去米国我想去米国Interlanguage11 Second language learners tend to go through a systematic or quasisystematic developmental process as they progress to full competence in the target language.Successful interlanguage development is partially a factor of utilizing feedback from others.5/20/2024NLnative languageTLtarget languageBeginnerIntermediateAdvancedLowerUpperInterlanguage is dynamic5/20/2024Affective FeedbackCognitive FeedbackContent FeedbackForm FeedbackUnderstanding,MeaningGrammatical mistakesIndividual differences5/20/2024MotivationAptitudeLearning StrategyAge（critical period hypothesis）pubertyCommunicativeCompetence12 Given that communicative competence is the goal of a language classroom,the instruction needs to point toward all of its components:Organizational,pragmatic,strategic,and psychomotor.Communicative goals are vest achieved by giving due attention to language use and not just usage,to fluency and not just accuracy,needs to apply classroom learning to heretofore unrehearsed contexts in the real world.Noam ChomskyThe father of psycholinguisticsCommunicative CompetenceCompetence:grammatical rules existed in our brain.Performance：The actual use of competence to comprehend and produce utterance is referred to performance.5/20/2024Communicative CompetenceOrganizational competence(functional and sociolinguistic)Pragmatic competence(functional and sociolinguistic)Strategic competencePsychomotor（pronunciation intonation）5/20/2024Systematic competenceLinguistic competencePotential competenceGrammatical competenceOriginal competenceOrganizational competence sameThe Innateness Hypothesis （Innatism）Proposed by Noam Chomsky Language is somewhat innate,Children are born with that Chomsky calls a language acquisition device(LAD).LAD is a unique kind of knowledge that fits children for language learning.5/20/2024Dell Hymes and Swain Communicative Competence consists of both knowledge rules and knowledge of how these rules are used to are used to communicate meanings.Penny Ur:A course in Language Teaching:Practice and Theory Designing activities in communicative way5/20/2024 The twelve principles that have just been reviewed comprise some of the major foundation stones for teaching practice.ConclusionTHANKS!