世纪文学全面版课件

1世纪文学世纪文学第1页/共239页EnlightenmentMovement1.progressiveintellectualmovementthroughoutwesternEurope(England,GermanyandFrance)inthe18thcenturyandinRussiainthe19thcentury(Lenin:bourgeoismovement)第2页/共239页2.theenlighteners:hadhostilitytoserfdom;stronglyadvocatedtheeducationandself-governmentandfreedomforthemassesofpeople;assertedtherightandinterestsofthepeople,esp.peasants.第3页/共239页EnglishEnlightenmentn nappearafterbourgeoisrevolution,urgethecarrying-onofrevolutionn ntheEnglishenlightenersconsideredthechiefwaytobetterthesocietywas“enlightenment”(education).n nTheybelievethepowerofreason.Sothe18thCinEnglandisalsocalled“theageofreason”第4页/共239页n nEnlightenersinEnglishLiterature:2groups1.moderategroup:Pope,Defoe,AddisonandSteele,andRichardsonTheysupportedtherulesoftheexistingsocialorderandconsideredpartialreformswouldbesufficient.第5页/共239页2.Radicalgroup:Swift,Fielding,Smollett,GoldsmithandSheridanTheyinsistedonmoreresolutedemocratizationinthemanagementofthegovernment.Theyevenpartlydefendedtheinterestsofworkingpeople,peasantsandlaboringclass第6页/共239页neo-classicismperiodicalliteraturesentimentalmovementnoveldrama18thcenturyliterature第7页/共239页Neo-classicismAlexanderPopeSamuelJohnson第8页/共239页n nInliterature,theEnlightenmentMovementbroughtaboutarevivalofinterestintheoldclassicalworks.Thistendencyisknownasneoclassicism.Accordingtotheneoclassicists,allformsofliteratureweretobemodeledaftertheclassicalworksoftheancientGreekandRomanwriters(Homer,Virgil,andsoon)andthoseofthecontemporaryFrenchones.Theybelievedthattheartisticidealsshouldbeorder,logic,restrainedemotionandaccuracy,andthatliteratureshouldbejudgedintermsofitsservicetohumanity.第9页/共239页neo-classicism:modeledonGreekandLatinauthors,triedtocontrolliterarycreationbysomefixedlawsandrulesdrawnfromGreekandLatinworks:1.drama:rhymedcoupletinsteadofblankverse,thethreeunities,regularityinconstruction,presentationoftypesratherthanindividuals2.poetry:followingtheancientdivisions:lyric,epic,didactic,satiricordramatic3.prose:precise,directandflexible第10页/共239页4.ThebasicdifferencebetweenDrydenandthe18thcenturyenlightenersDryden:wrotetopleasethedecliningaristocracyduringtheRestorationperiodEnlighteners:wroteforthebourgeoisietotidyupthecapitalistsocialorders第11页/共239页AlexanderPope(1688-1744)第12页/共239页1.lifestoryn nmerchantsfamily,Catholic,feeble,severebodilypain,introducedtoliteraryworldbyWycherley,1713:formedScriblerusClub(涂鸦社),sidenotdefinitelyeitherwithWhigorToryn nWroteNewtonsepitaph:“Nature,andNaturesLawslayhidinNight.Godsaid,LetNewtonbe!andAllwasLight.第13页/共239页2.works1).pastoralpoemsn n“Pastorals”田园组诗田园组诗n n“WinsorForest”温莎林温莎林n n“OdeonSolitude”隐居颂隐居颂2).satiricalpoemsn n“TheRapeoftheLock”夺发记夺发记n n“TheDunciad”群愚史诗群愚史诗第14页/共239页3).philosophicalworksn n“AnEssayonCriticism”批评论批评论n n“AnEssayonMan”人论人论n n“MoralEssays”道德论道德论4).translationandeditionn n“Iliad”n n“Odessey”n n“TheWorksofShakespeare”第15页/共239页“AnEssayonCriticism”1).amanifestoofEnglishneo-classicism aesthetictheoriesofpoetrycomprehensivestudyofthetheoriesofliterarycriticism2).criticismonpoetrywritteninblankverse(heroiccouplet):howtowriteandappreciatepoetry第16页/共239页3).content:respecttoancientGreekandRomanpoetsandcriticsnotshowingpreferenceeitherfortheAncientsorfortheModernsjudgeeachindividualworkaccordingtoitsownmeritordemeritrespecttoShakespeare(violateclassicalrules)第17页/共239页4).adidacticpoeminheroiccouplet,inaplainstyle,easyreading.Tishardtosay,ifgreaterWantofSkillAppearinWritingorinJudgingill,But,ofthetwo,lessdangrousisthOffence,TotireourPatience,thanmis-leadourSense:Somefewinthat,butNumberserrinthis,TenCensurewrongforonewhoWritesamiss;第18页/共239页Famoussayings:n nForfoolsrushinwhereangelsfeartotread.智者裹足不前，愚者铤而走险智者裹足不前，愚者铤而走险.n nToerrishuman,toforgive,divine.人皆有错，难能宽恕人皆有错，难能宽恕n n Alittlelearningisadangerousthing.浅学误人浅学误人 第19页/共239页“TheRapeoftheLock”1).poeminmock-heroic(typeofsatiricalversewhichdealswithtrivialmattersinthestyleofepicorheroicverse仿英雄体)aquarrelbetweentwoaristocraticfamilies:LordPetrescuttingofalockofMissArabellaFermorshairwithoutherpermission.第20页/共239页2).analysis socialsatireoftheidle,meaninglesslifeofthearistocraticbourgeoissocietyof18thcEnglandInferiorpositionofwomen:toysandslavestomenspassioninfluencedByrons“DonJuan”第21页/共239页“TheDunciad”1).satiricalpoemofpersonalattackin4books,15years2).background:provokedbyTheobaldscriticismofhiseditionofShakespeare,firstchoosingTheobaldas“thepoetlaureate”ofthekingdomofDullness.ButbyandbyalltheauthorswhohadcriticizedPopewereridiculed,andthesatirewasdirectedtoalltheliteraryvicesofthetime.第22页/共239页3).bittersatireonPopesrivalwritersandwholeliterarylifein18thcEngland4).exposeandsatirizedullnessasreflectedinthecorruptnessofgovernment,socialmorals,educationandevenreligion第23页/共239页“AnEssayonMan”1).philosophicalpoeminheroiccouplet,4epistles:OftheNatureandStateofManwithrespecttotheuniversewithrespecttoHimselfasanindividualwithrespecttosocietywithrespecttohappiness2).Pspoliticalandphilosophicalstandofanenlightener,influenceofDeism第24页/共239页3).selectionAllNatureisbutArtunknowntothee;Allchancedirection,whichthoucanstnotsee;Alldiscord,harmonynotunderstood;Allpartialevil,universalgood:AndspiteofPride,inerringReasonsspite,Onetruthisclear,Whatever is,is right.第25页/共239页4.CommentsonPope(1).PopewasoneofthefirsttointroducerationalismtoEngland.Hewasthegreatestpoetofhistime.(2).Hislinesaresmooth,balancedandconcise,amasteroftheheroiccouplet.(3).influencedotherwritersofhisage,early18thcEngland-theageofPope第26页/共239页SamuelJohnson(1709-1784)第27页/共239页1.lifestory1728-29Oxford1731fatherdied,makehisownliving:usher,translating1735marriedawidow,20yearssenior,800,setupaschool,failure1755Oxford:M.A.1756arrestedfordebt,loanfromRichardson1762governmentalpension:300第28页/共239页1763metBoswellbiographer1764“TheClub”,“TheLiteraryClub”,Goldsmith,Sheridan1765TrinityCollege,Dublin:Dr.ofLaws1767conversationwithGeorge,loyaltoking1770politicaltractsasTory1775Oxford:DoctorofLaws1782paralysis,recovered,“EssexHeadClub”第29页/共239页1784Afterhisdeath,Johnsonreceivedmanyhonors.HewasburiedinWestminsterAbbey,nearthememorialtoShakespearen npoet,dramatist,proseromancer,biographer,essayist,critic,lexicographerandpublicist.第30页/共239页2.Hisworks:poems:“London”“TheVanityofHumanWishes”(heroiccouplet)romance:“TheHistoryofRasselas,PrinceofAbyssinia”drama:“Irene”(blank-versetragedy)第31页/共239页 periodicals:“TheRambler”“TheIdler”criticalworks:“LivesofthePoets”dictionary:“TheDictionaryoftheEnglishLanguage”n nLetterTotheRightHonorabletheEarlofchesterfield第32页/共239页“TheVanityofHumanWishes”1).sharpsatireonthesocialevilsinaristocratic-bourgeoisworldall-powerfulinfluenceofgoldsomanyengagedinstruggleforpoliticalpowercorruptionandstruggleforpowerbetweentwoparties2).generalpictureofhissociety,notaparticularperson 第33页/共239页“TheHistoryofRasselas,PrinceofAbyssinia”1).mostpopularofJswritings,didacticromance:6editions(besidesoneinIreland&American):aprincewhohasledashelteredlife,andwhogoesouttoexploretheworldandlearnsthemeaningoflifeandthesecretofhappiness.第34页/共239页2.analysis:lacktherevolutionaryspirit,advocategoldenmean(中庸之道中庸之道)betweenDeism:reconciletoeverythingintheexistingsocialorderrevolutionarythought:exposeandcriticizetheuglyreality第35页/共239页“Livesofthepoets”1.Preface:praiseShakespeare“thepoetofnature”anddefendShakespearefromthechargesofmixingofcomicwiththetragic(violatingtheclassicalrules)第36页/共239页2).52poets:unfairtoMiltonandGray,caresforrhymedversethanblankverse3).contents:biographicalfactsanalysisofpersonaltraitsandcharactercommentsontheirpoetry第37页/共239页TheDictionaryoftheEnglishLanguagen nthefirstEnglishdictionarybyanEnglishman;firstbroughtfametoJohnsonn nremainedforacenturytheunrivalledauthorityforEnglishlanguageandallEnglishdictionary.第38页/共239页LetterTotheRightHonorabletheEarlofchesterfield1.Background:SamuelJohnsonwrotetheletterin1755,whenhewas45yearsold.JohnsonhadjustcompletedhisgreatdictionaryoftheEnglishlanguage,whichhehadbeentoilingawayatforeightyears.sevenLondonbooksellershadcommissionedtheprojecteightyearspreviously.第39页/共239页n nAtthattimeJohnsonhadissuedaplanforthework,inthehopeofgettingmorefundsfrompatrons.HehaddedicatedtheplantoPhilipDormer,theEarlofChesterfield.JohnsonpaidacallontheEarlatsomepoint,andbeendisappointedwiththeresults.HedidapparentlygetafewguineasoutofthenobleLord,butitwasmuchlessthanhehadhopedfor.Chesterfieldseemedtohavetakennofurtherinterestintheproject.第40页/共239页n nUntil,allthoseyearslater,whenthedictionarywasatlastreadyforpublication(itwasactuallyfiveyearslater),LordChesterfieldpublishedanadvancereviewofitinamagazinenamedThe World,presentinghimselfasprincipalpatronofthework.ThisexcitedJohnsonsindignation,andhewrotethefollowinglettertohisLordship.Itisoneofthegreatlettersofalltime.第41页/共239页ToTheRightHonourableTheEarlOfChestern n7thFebruary,1755.第42页/共239页n nIhavebeenlatelyinformed,bytheproprietorofTheWorld,thattwopapers,inwhichmyDictionaryisrecommendedtothepublic,werewrittenbyyourlordship.Tobesodistinguishedisanhonourwhich,beingverylittleaccustomedtofavoursfromthegreat,Iknownotwellhowtoreceive,orinwhattermstoacknowledge.第43页/共239页n n近日从世界报馆主得知，该报刊载了两篇文章，对拙编词典颇多举荐滥美之词，这些文章据悉均出自阁下您的手笔。承蒙您如此的推崇，本应是一种荣耀，只可惜在下自来无缘得到王公大人的青睐，所以真不知道该如何来领受这份荣耀，也不知道该用些什么言辞来聊表谢意。第44页/共239页n nWhen,uponsomeslightencouragement,Ifirstvisitedyourlordship,Iwasoverpowered,liketherestofmankind,bytheenchantmentofyouraddress,andcouldnotforbeartowishthatImightboastmyselfLevainqueurduvainqueurdelaterre;thatImightobtainthatregardforwhichIsawtheworldcontending;第45页/共239页n n回想当年，也不知哪来的勇气，我竟第一次拜访了大人阁下。我像所有的人一样，深为大人的言谈丰采所倾倒，不禁玄想他年能口出大言“吾乃天下征服者之征服者也。”虽知此殊荣是举世学人所欲得，仍希望有朝一日能侥幸获取。第46页/共239页n nbutIfoundmyattendancesolittleencouraged,thatneitherpridenormodestywouldsuffermetocontinueit.WhenIhadonceaddressedyourLordshipinpublic,Ihadexhaustedalltheartofpleasingwhicharetiredanduncourtlyscholarcanpossess.IhaddoneallthatIcould;andnomaniswellpleasedtohavehisallneglected,beiteversolittle.第47页/共239页n n然而我很快发现自己的趋走逢迎根本没有得到鼓励。不管是出于自尊也好，自矜也好，我反正无法再周旋下去。我本是一个与世无争、不善逢迎的书生，但那时我也曾用尽平生所学的阿谀奉承的言辞，当众赞美过阁下。能做的一切我都做了。如果一个人在这方面付出的一切努力（不管是多么微不足道）受到完全的忽视，他是绝不会感到舒服的。第48页/共239页n nSevenyears,mylord,havenowpassed,sinceISevenyears,mylord,havenowpassed,sinceIwaitedinyouroutwardrooms,orwasrepulsedwaitedinyouroutwardrooms,orwasrepulsedfromyourdoor;duringwhichtimeIhavebeenfromyourdoor;duringwhichtimeIhavebeenpushingonmyworkthroughdifficulties,ofwhichpushingonmyworkthroughdifficulties,ofwhichitisuselesstocomplain,andhavebroughtit,atitisuselesstocomplain,andhavebroughtit,atlast,tothevergeofpublication,withoutoneactlast,tothevergeofpublication,withoutoneactofassistance,onewordofencouragement,orofassistance,onewordofencouragement,oronesmileoffavour.SuchtreatmentIdidnotonesmileoffavour.SuchtreatmentIdidnotexpect,forIneverhadapatronbefore.expect,forIneverhadapatronbefore.第49页/共239页n n大人阁下，从我第一次候立于贵府门下，或者说被您拒于门外时算起，已经7年过去。7年多来，我一直苦苦地撑持着我的编撰工作。这些苦楚，现在再来倾诉，已经没有用处。所幸我的劳作而今终于快要出版，在这之前我没有获得过一个赞助的行为，一句鼓励的话语，一抹称许的微笑。我固然不曾指望这样的礼遇，因为我从未有过一位赞助人。第50页/共239页n nTheshepherdinVirgilgrewatlastacquaintedwithLove,andfoundhimanativeoftherocks.第51页/共239页n n维吉尔笔下的牧童最后终于和爱神相识，这才发现所谓爱神只不过是岩穴土人而已。第52页/共239页n nIsnotapatronsmylord,onewholookswithunconcernonamanstrugglingforlifeinthewater,and,whenhehasreachedground,encumbershimwithhelp?第53页/共239页n n大人阁下，有的人眼见落水者在水中拼命挣扎而无动于衷，等他安全抵岸之后，却才多余地伸出所谓援手，莫非这就叫赞助人么？第54页/共239页n nThenoticewhichyouhavebeenpleasedtotakeofmylabours,haditbeenearly,hadbeenkind;butithasbeendelayedtillIamindifferent,andcannotenjoyit:tillIamsolitary,andcannotimpartit;tillIamknown,anddonotwantit.第55页/共239页n n大人而今忽有雅兴来关照在下的劳作，这原本是一桩美意，只可惜太迟了一点。迟到我已经意懒心灰，再无法快乐地消受；迟到我已经是孤身一人，无从与家人分享；迟到我已经名闻海内，再不需阁下附丽张扬。第56页/共239页n nIhopeitisnoverycynicalasperitynottoconfessobligationswherenobenefithasbeenreceived,ortobeunwillingthatthepublicshouldconsidermeasowingthattoapatron,whichprovidencehasenabledmetodoformyself.第57页/共239页n n我既然本来就没有得到过实惠，自然勿需怀感恩之心；既然是上帝助我独立完成这桩大业，我自然不愿让公众产生错觉，似乎我曾受惠于某一赞助人。但愿上面这番话不致被认为太苛刻、太不近人情。第58页/共239页n nHavingcarriedonmyworkthusfarwithsolittleHavingcarriedonmyworkthusfarwithsolittleobligationtoanyfavoureroflearning,Ishallnotobligationtoanyfavoureroflearning,IshallnotbedisappointedthoughIshouldconcludeit,ifbedisappointedthoughIshouldconcludeit,iflessbepossible,withless;forIhavebeenlonglessbepossible,withless;forIhavebeenlongwakenedfromthatdreamofhope,inwhichIwakenedfromthatdreamofhope,inwhichIonceboastedmyselfwithsomuchexultation,onceboastedmyselfwithsomuchexultation,MyLord,MyLord,Yourlordshipsmosthumble,Yourlordshipsmosthumble,mostobedientservant,mostobedientservant,SAM.JOHNSON.SAM.JOHNSON.第59页/共239页n n我已经在根本没有所谓学术赞助人赞助的情况下使我已经在根本没有所谓学术赞助人赞助的情况下使n n自己的工作完成到目前这个地步自己的工作完成到目前这个地步,那么那么,尽管我将要在更尽管我将要在更n n艰难无助的情况下艰难无助的情况下假如还有可能更艰难无助的话假如还有可能更艰难无助的话n n完成全稿完成全稿,我也绝不会感到沮丧。因为我已经早就从我也绝不会感到沮丧。因为我已经早就从n n那个赞助的美梦里幡然猛醒那个赞助的美梦里幡然猛醒;曾几何时曾几何时,我还在那梦中得我还在那梦中得n n意非凡地自诩是意非凡地自诩是n n大人您门下最卑微大人您门下最卑微n n最驯顺的仆人最驯顺的仆人n n塞缪尔塞缪尔 约翰逊约翰逊n n17551755年年22月月77日日第60页/共239页2.Analysisn nJsstrongindignationatthelordsfame-fishingandhisfirmresolutionnottobereconciledtothehypocriticallord.n ntheauthorsassertionofhisindependence-theopeningofanewerainthedevelopmentofliterature.第61页/共239页mentsonJohnson:1).nextonlytoWilliamShakespeare,SamuelJohnsonisperhapsthemostquotedofEnglishwriters.2).Thelatterpartof18thcenturyisoftencalledthe“AgeofJohnson”.第62页/共239页Novelsinthe18thcentury第63页/共239页 TheDivisionoftheNovelsrealisticnovelsentimentalnovelGothicnovelhistoricalnovelback第64页/共239页RealisticNovelsDanielDefoeJonathanSwiftHenryFieldingTobiasSmollettback第65页/共239页DanielDefoe(1660-1731)back第66页/共239页1.1.HisLife:isgenerallyconsideredtobeEnglandsfirsttruenovelist.n nDanielFoe(DefoeDanielFoe(Defoen nchangedhisnametoitsmorearistocraticformchangedhisnametoitsmorearistocraticformn nsometimearoundtheageofforty.)sometimearoundtheageofforty.)n nDefoesearlyyearswereeventful:WhenDefoesearlyyearswereeventful:Whenn nhewasfive,theGreatPlagueravagedLondonandhewasfive,theGreatPlagueravagedLondonandn nhisfamilyfledtothecountry;thenextyear,thehisfamilyfledtothecountry;thenextyear,then nGreatFireofLondonleveledthousandsofhousesGreatFireofLondonleveledthousandsofhousesn nandeighty-sevenchurches,includingSt.Paulsandeighty-sevenchurches,includingSt.PaulsCathedral.Cathedral.第67页/共239页n nMortonsAcademyfrom1671to1679MortonsAcademyfrom1671to1679n nDefoebeganwritingattheendoftheseventeenthDefoebeganwritingattheendoftheseventeenthcenturycenturyn nThe Shortest Way with the Dissenters The Shortest Way with the Dissenters(1702)Arrested(1702)Arrestedforsedition,Defoewaspilloried,fined,andjailed.Hisforsedition,Defoewaspilloried,fined,andjailed.Hishalf-yearsojourninNewgatePrisonlefthimwithhalf-yearsojourninNewgatePrisonlefthimwithn nhugedebtsandafailedbrickandtilefactory.hugedebtsandafailedbrickandtilefactory.n nThe Life and Strange Surprizing Adventures of Robinson The Life and Strange Surprizing Adventures of Robinson Crusoe,of York,Mariner,Written by Himself Crusoe,of York,Mariner,Written by Himself(1719;(1719;commonlyknownascommonlyknownasRobinson CrusoeRobinson Crusoe)n nFatherofthenovelFatherofthenoveln nfirstgreatrealisticwriterfirstgreatrealisticwriter第68页/共239页2.Hisworks:n n“RobinsonCrusoe”-masterpiecen n“CaptainSingleton”-novelofadventure.n n“ColonelJacque”-novelofadventuren n“MollFlanders”n n“Roxana”-picaresquenoveln n“AJournalofthePlagueYear”-historicalfiction伦敦大疫记伦敦大疫记第69页/共239页ncontents:(P36):CrusoeisshipwreckedoffSouthAmerica.Hestaysintheisland28years,twomonthsand19days.Aidedwithhisenterprisingbehavior,Crusoeadaptsintohisenvironment.Afterseveralloneyearsheseesastrangefootprintinthesand.Hishorrifieddiscoveryleadstoencounterwithsavages.CrusoemeetslaterthefrightenednativeandnameshimManFriday.FinallytheyarerescuedbyanEnglishshipboundtoEngland.第70页/共239页3).Analysisofthenovelfirst-personnarratorn nthehumanneedforsocietyandtheequallypowerfulimpulseforsolitude.n nadreamofbuildingaprivatekingdom,aself-madeUtopia,andbeingcompletelyself-sufficient.第71页/共239页Crusoe:empire-builder(laborer);pioneercolonizer(exploiter);foreigntrader:Brazil,China,Madagascar,Germany-thetypicalimageofanenterprisingEnglishbourgeoisieof18thcentury:agreatcapacityforwork,inexhaustibleenergy,courage,patienceandpersistenceinstrugglingagainstthehostilenaturalenvironment.第72页/共239页4).theme:thebourgeoismanhasthecourageandwilltofacehardshipanddeterminationtopreservehimselfandimproveonhislivelihoodbystrugglingagainstnature-glorificationofbourgeoisman第73页/共239页3.featuresofDefoeslanguage:n nsimple,concise,smooth,easy,almostcolloquial“PurityandProprietyofStile”n nshort,plainsentences.Thereisnothingartificialinhislanguage:itiscommonEnglishatitsbest.第74页/共239页4.significanceofhisnovels:1).“RobinsonCrusoe”isoneoftheforerunnersoftheEnglishrealisticnovels2).Hisnovelsexpressthat“manisgoodandnoblebynaturebutmaysuccumbtoanevilenvironment”.第75页/共239页3).Hisnovelsglorifyhumanlaborwhichisconsideredasthesourceofhappiness.4).HisnovelsnevercondemncolonialexpansionandNegro-slaveryandbearsomecolonialism.Defoesfictionisnotableforitsverisimilitude第76页/共239页n nVerisimilitudeiscreatedthroughthenamingofactualplacesandpeople,theinclusionofhistoricaleventsasbackground,theinclusionofprefatorystatementsinwhichthenarratorwritesofmaterialomittedbecauseoflackofspaceormentionscorroboratingtestimonytotheeventsinthenarrative,andthecreationofcompletelybelievablecharacters.第77页/共239页n nDefoesfictionhasoftenbeencriticizedforitslackofdiscerniblestructureherarelyuseschapterdivisions,leavingnocluestothedramaticmomentsandinternalclimaxesinthenarratives.第78页/共239页n nThe LIFE and Strange Surprizing The LIFE and Strange Surprizing ADVENTURES of ROBINSON CRUSOE,of ADVENTURES of ROBINSON CRUSOE,of YORK.Mariner:Who lived Eight and Twenty YORK.Mariner:Who lived Eight and Twenty Years,all alone in an un-inhabited Island on the Years,all alone in an un-inhabited Island on the Coast of America,near the Mouth of the Great Coast of America,near the Mouth of the Great River of Oroonoque;Having been cast on Shore River of Oroonoque;Having been cast on Shore by Shipwreck,wherein all the Men perished but by Shipwreck,wherein all the Men perished but himself.With An Account how he was at last as himself.With An Account how he was at last as strangely deliver by PIRATES.Written by strangely deliver by PIRATES.Written by Himself.Himself.第79页/共239页n naplotsummaryn ntheordinarinessofthenarratorn nDefoesinsistenceonrealismn nanautobiographicalnarrative第80页/共239页n nCrusoesconcernisnotonlyforhisphysicalwell-being;n nhebeginsajournalinwhichheplanstorecordhisspiritualprogressasitisreflectedinthedailyactivitiesthatmarkhissojournontheislandandthroughoutthenarrativeheinsiststhathislifeisproofoftheworkingsofdivineProvidence.第81页/共239页n nRobinson Crusoe Robinson Crusoe isoftendescribedasoneofisoftendescribedasoneofthemajorforerunnersofthenovel.Althoughthemajorforerunnersofthenovel.Althoughwrittenasatravelnarrative,itdisplaysmanyofwrittenasatravelnarrative,itdisplaysmanyofthemodernnovelsmajorcharacteristics:themodernnovelsmajorcharacteristics:realism(throughverisimilitude,thefirst-personrealism(throughverisimilitude,thefirst-personnarrator,imageryfromthenaturalworld,andnarrator,imageryfromthenaturalworld,andcopiousdetail),interestingandbelievablecopiousdetail),interestingandbelievablecharactersengagedinplausibleadventuresandcharactersengagedinplausibleadventuresandactivities,andanengagingstory.activities,andanengagingstory.第82页/共239页MollFlanders1722n nBorn into poverty,a resourceful andn nindustrious woman works her way through moral lapses and misfortunes to repentance and middleclass respectability and comfort.第83页/共239页n nBorntoandabandonedbyaconvictedfelon,Borntoandabandonedbyaconvictedfelon,n nMollFlandersisrearedfirstbyGypsiesandthenMollFlandersisrearedfirstbyGypsiesandthenasawardoftheparishofColchester.AtasawardoftheparishofColchester.Atfourteen,sheishiredasaservanttoakindfourteen,sheishiredasaservanttoakindfamilywhoeducatesheralongwiththeirfamilywhoeducatesheralongwiththeirdaughters.Moll,believingsheisloved,losesherdaughters.Moll,believingsheisloved,loseshervirtuetotheoldestson,wholaterpayshertovirtuetotheoldestson,wholaterpayshertomarrytheyoungestson,Robin.marrytheyoungestson,Robin.第84页/共239页n nWidow