第5章外围护结构保温课件

第5章围护结构节能设计第5章围护结构节能设计1l围护结构节能墙体节能门窗节能屋顶节能墙体保温墙体隔热、储热地面围护结构节能墙体节能门窗节能屋顶节能墙体保温墙体隔热、储热地2KRSD传热系数传热系数K：稳定传热条件下，单位温度差推动下于单位时间内经单位传热面所传递的热量蓄热系数蓄热系数S：当某一足够厚度的单一材料层一侧受到谐波热作用时，通过表面的热流波幅与表面温度波幅的比值。可表征材料热稳定性的优劣。（在周期性热作用下，围护结构或房间抵抗温度波动的能力。）热惰性指标热惰性指标D，是表征围护结构对周期性温度波在其内部衰减快慢程度的一个无量纲指标，单层结构D=RS；多层结构D=RS。式中R为结构层的热阻，S为相应材料层的蓄热系数，D值愈大，周期性温度波在其内部的衰减愈快，围护结构的热稳定性愈好。热阻热阻R：代表建筑材料阻止热量穿过的能力。KRSD传热系数K：稳定传热条件下，单位温3保温保温隔热隔热稳定传热波动传热传热系数K值或传热阻R热惰性指标R*S多孔轻质多孔轻质材料R大多孔轻质多孔轻质材料R大；重质材料重质材料S大冬季阻止室内向室外传热夏天隔离太阳辐射热和室外高温的影响240mm砖墙外贴60mm厚ASA复合保温板作外保温（板中间苯板厚度为30mm），其热阻为1.37mK/W，热惰性指标为4.11，总衰减倍数可达到116.0，总延迟时间11.15小时，具有很好的隔热保温性能。三棉（岩棉、矿棉、玻璃棉）和苯板都是高效保温材料，重量轻、热导率小，但材料蓄热较小，是高热阻、低热惰性指标材料。生物电高压电保温隔热稳定传热波动传热传热系数K值或传热阻R热惰性指标R4夏热冬冷、白天热晚上冷建筑保温保温严寒寒冷建筑隔热隔热夏热冬暖温和沙漠建筑冬季没采暖要求保温效果不明显夏季太阳辐射厉害，室内外温差小重隔热冬季采暖期长保温效果明显夏季凉爽，不重隔热窑洞冬季采暖保温效果明显晚上保温夏季隔热重隔热白天隔热重隔热外墙采用白色涂料，41mm厚的挤塑聚苯板外保温材料，15mm厚的钢筋混凝土材料重质内墙体的蓄热蓄冷功能加厚外保温材料，提高隔热性能。高效复合保温材料，轻重搭配，具有较高的热阻、热惰性指标，内墙不宜采用比较厚的重质材料蓄冷隔热小型混凝土空心砌块。墙体外侧配置轻质外保温材料，厚度最少在80mm以上。内侧墙体要采用重质钢筋混凝土材料，表面抹灰层要尽可能薄。夏热冬冷、白天热晚上冷建筑保温严寒寒冷建筑隔热夏热冬暖温和沙5墙体节能1蓄热体墙体节能1蓄热体6ThermalMass蓄热体ThermalMass蓄热体7ThermalMassl蓄热体是指有能力长时间的存储热能的材料。有效地吸收白天热（减少冷负荷），并在夜间释放热量（降低热负荷）。ThermalMass蓄热体是指有能力长时间的存储热能的材8TypesofThermalMasslTraditionaltypesofthermalmasslincludewater,rock,earth,brick,混凝土concrete,纤维水泥fibrouscement,钙质caliche,and瓷砖ceramictile.lPhasechangematerialsstoreenergywhilemaintainingconstanttemperatures,usingchemicalbondstostore&releaselatentheat.相变材料的储存能量，同时保持恒定的温度，利用化学键的存储和释放潜热。TypesofThermalMassTradition92.PASIVECOOLING:THERMALSTORAGESYSTEMAirmovedbyfansMetalplotsAlcalaGreshollowsteelcontainerfullofmeltinggelsPCGcapsuleENERGYANDTEMPERATURESTORAGE-DENSEMATERIALS:CERAMICFLOORING.(sensibleheat)-PHASECHANGINGGELS(PCGs)(latentheat)2.PASIVECOOLING:THERMALSTO10HistoricalApplicationslTheuseofthermalmassinshelterdatesbacktothedawnofhumans,anduntilrecentlyhasbeentheprevailingstrategyforbuildingclimatecontrolinhotregions.Egyptian mud-brick storage rooms(3200 years old).HistoricalApplicationsTheuse11Canyon de Chelly,ArizonaCanyondeChelly,Arizona12Today,passive techniques such as thermal mass are ironically considered“alternative”另类methods to mechanical heating and cooling,yet the appropriate use of thermal mass offers an efficient integration of structure and thermal services.The lime-pozzolana(concrete)Roman PantheonToday,passivetechniquessuch13ThermalPropertiesofMaterialsMaterialDensity(kg/m3)Concrete600-2200Stone1900-2500Bricks1500-1900Earth 1000-1500(uncompressed)Earth1700-2200(compressed)The basic properties that indicate the thermal behavior of materials are:density(p),specific heat(cm),and conductivity(k).The specific heat 比热比热for most masonry materials is similar(about 0.2-0.25Wh/kgC).Thus,the total heat storage capacity 蓄热能力蓄热能力 is a function of the total mass 质量 of masonry materials,regardless of its type(concrete,brick,stone,and earth).ThermalPropertiesofMaterial14ThermalTimeConstant热时间常数One of the more important mathematical constructs to imagine the behavior of thermal mass is the Thermal Time Constant of an building envelope,defined as the product of the heat capacity(Q)and the resistance(R)to heat transmission.The TTC is representative of the effective thermal capacity of a building.有很多学者提出了用于衡量围护结构隔热性能的评价指标。如韦延年提出的热阻抗隔热指数和热稳定隔热指数指标；吉沃尼等学者根据电路类比方法提出了热时间常数TTC(ThermalTimeConstant)指标；以及民用建筑热工设计规范GB5017693中采用的内表面最高温度限值指标等等。这些指标在一定程度上可以反映建筑围护结构的隔热性能，但也存在很大的局限。ThermalTimeConstant热时间常数One15ExampleTTCCalculationsWall 2:interior insulationWall 1:exterior insulationoutsideinsideoutsideinsideThermalmassThermalmassTTC=43.8TTC=7.8Source:GivoniinsulationinsulationExampleTTCCalculationsWall216DiurnalHeatCapacity热容量日变化The DHC is a measure of the buildings capacity to absorb solar energy coming into the interior of the space,and to release the heat to the interior during the night hours.The DHC is of particular importance for buildings with direct solar gain.DHCper area=F1sP=period(24hr.)Note that the DHC for a material increases initially with thickness,then falls off at around 5”.This behavior reflects the fact that after a certain thickness,some of the heat transferred to the surface will be contained in the mass rather than returned to the room during a 24 hour period.The DHC of a material is a function of building materials density,specific heat,conductivity,and thickness.The total DHC of a building is calculated by summing the DHC values of each surface exposed to the interior air.DiurnalHeatCapacity热容量日变化Th17TTCandDHCExamplesBuilding which is externally insulated with internal exposed mass.Here,both TTC and DHC are high.When the building is ventilated at night and closed during the day,it can absorb the heat in the mass with relatively small indoor temperature rise.Best for hot-dry regions.Building with high mass insulated externally and internally.Here,the building has a high TTC,but a negligible DHC,as the interior insulation separates the mass from the interior.When the building is closed and the solar gain is minimized,the mass will dampen the temperature swing,but if the building is ventilated,the effect of the mass will be negated.With solar gain,the inside temperature will rise quickly,as the insulation prevents absorption of the energy by the mass.Building with core insulation inside two layers of mass.Here the TTC is a function of mostly the interior mass and the amount of insulation,and the DHC is a function on the interior mass.The external mass influences heat loss and gain by affecting the delta T across the insulation.Building with mass insulated internally.Here,both the TTC is and DHC are low.The mass will store energy and release energy mostly to the exterior,and the thermal response is similar to a low mass building.TTCandDHCExamplesBuildingw18StrategiesSlow rate of indoor heating in summer(minimize solar gain).Fast rate of indoor cooling and ventilation in summer evenings.Higher indoor temperatures during the day in winter.Slow release of stored heat during winter night.StrategiesSlowrateofindoor19墙体节能3外墙外保温外墙外保温墙体节能3外墙外保温20WhatisExternalWallInsulation?A method of upgrading the thermal performance andexternalappearanceofexistingpropertiesInsulatedandrenderedpropertiesaretransformedintowarm,energyefficientandattractivehomes/buildingsBeforeAfterExternalWallSolutionsWhatisExternalWallInsulati215.1外墙外保温技术外围护墙体节能5.1外墙外保温技术外围护墙体节能22外保温体系组成：1保温隔热层保温隔热层。采用导热系数小的高效保温材料，其导热系数一般小于0.05W/（mk)。2保温隔热材料的固定系统保温隔热材料的固定系统。有的将保温板粘结或钉固在基底上，有的为两者结合，以粘结为主，或以钉固为主。超轻保温浆料可直接涂抹在外墙表面上。3面层面层。薄面层一般为聚合物水泥胶浆抹面，厚面层则仍采用普通水泥砂浆抹面。有的则在龙骨上吊挂薄板覆面。4零配件与辅助材料零配件与辅助材料。在接缝处、边角处，还要使用一些零配件与辅助材料，如墙角、端头、角部使用的边角配件和螺栓、销钉等，以及密封膏如丁基橡胶、硅胶等，根据各体系的不同做法选用。外保温体系组成：1保温隔热层。采用导热系数小的高效保温材料23Compriseofaninsulationlayerfixedtotheexistingwall,withaprotectiverenderordecorativefinish.Drycladding干挂干挂offersawiderangeoffinishessuchastimberpanels,stoneorclaytiles,brickslipsoraluminiumpanels.ExternalWallCompriseofaninsulationlaye24ExternalWallInsulationKeyComponentsExternalWallSolutionsBeadsandclosuresInsulationFixingsReinforcementlayerBaserendercoatFinishcoatExternalWallInsulationKey25InsulationProperties:EPSMineralWoolPhenolicCorkPIRThermalConductivityw/m2k0.0370.0360.0200.0380.028FirePerformance EmissionsProduction RecyclabilityxxxImpactResistanceCost Key:=Excellent,=Good,=Adequate,X=PoorChoiceofInsulationComparativePerformanceExternalWallSolutionsInsulationProperties:EPSMiner26FinishesavailableExternalWallSolutionsMineralrenderscrapedtextureDrydashusing6-8mmcolouredaggregateSprayroughcastBrickslipsorbrick-effectrenderLightsyntheticaggregateusinganacrylicbinderFinishesavailableExternalWal27外墙外保温的优越性：1、外保温可以避免产生热桥；外墙外保温的优越性：1、外保温可以避免产生热桥；282、外保温有利于保障室内的热稳定性：outsideinsideoutsideinsideThermalmassThermalmassTTC=43.8TTC=7.8insulationinsulation2、外保温有利于保障室内的热稳定性：outsideinsid293、外保温有利于提高建筑结构的耐久性：3、外保温有利于提高建筑结构的耐久性：304、外保温可以减少墙体内部冷凝现象：4、外保温可以减少墙体内部冷凝现象：315、有利于既有建筑节能改造：5、有利于既有建筑节能改造：326.一旦安装较少维护6.一旦安装较少维护33NointernallivingspaceislostExternalRenderSystemInternalFlexibleLiningNointernallivingspaceislo34聚苯板聚苯板35EPS板薄抹灰外墙保温系统：EPS板薄抹灰外墙保温系统：361EPS板薄抹灰系统是国内外使用最普遍、技术上最成熟的外保温系统。该系统EPS板导热系数小，约在0.0380.041W/(mK)之间，并且EPS板厚度一般不受限制，可满足严寒地区节能设计标准要求，尤适用于寒冷地区和严寒地区。1EPS板薄抹灰系统是国内外使用最普遍、技术上最成熟的外保372高层建筑可有多种防火构造措施，这是欧洲采用的一种做法，在国内使用需经抗裂试验验证，确保系统面层不会开裂。2高层建筑可有多种防火构造措施，这是欧洲采用的一种做法，在383采取适当措施后可贴面砖。3采取适当措施后可贴面砖。39薄抹灰外墙保温系统的性能指标：薄抹灰外墙保温系统的性能指标：40胶粉EPS颗粒保温浆料外墙外保温系统：胶粉EPS颗粒保温浆料外墙外保温系统：41以聚苯乙烯颗粒为保温材料，加入聚合物水泥胶浆搅拌而成，直接抹在墙体表面为保温层，以耐碱玻纤布为增强层，抗裂层，以防水抗裂砂浆为保护层。外饰面为涂料或其它装饰材料而形成的，对建筑物起到冬季保温，夏季隔热和装饰、保护的效果。以聚苯乙烯颗粒为保温材料，加入聚合物水泥胶浆搅拌而成，直接抹42胶粉EPS颗粒保温浆料外墙外保温系统的优点：1容量小，导热系数较低，保温性能好；2软化系数高，耐水性能好；3静剪切力强，触变性好；4材质稳定，厚度易控制，整体性好整体性好；5干缩率低，干燥快。胶粉EPS颗粒保温浆料外墙外保温系统的优点：1容量小，导热43EPS板现浇混凝土外墙外保温系统（模板）EPS板现浇混凝土外墙外保温系统（模板）44挤塑型聚苯板挤塑型聚苯板45XPS板外保温隔热材料：1、优良的保温隔热性；2、卓越的高强度抗压性；3、优质的憎水、防潮性；4、质地轻、使用方便；5、稳定性、防腐性好；6、产品环保性能。挤塑聚苯板倒置式屋面挤塑聚苯板倒置式屋面XPS板外保温隔热材料：1、优良的保温隔热性；挤塑聚苯板倒46第5章外围护结构保温课件47墙体节能4外墙内保温外墙内保温墙体节能4外墙内保温485.2外墙内保温技术5.2外墙内保温技术49ExternalRenderSystemInternalFlexibleLiningInternalDryLining(DirectFix)InternalDryLining(OnStraps)InternalDryLining(FilledStuds)InternalWallSolutionsRigidboardsExternalRenderSystemInternal50第5章外围护结构保温课件51第5章外围护结构保温课件52Whatarethesolutions?干作业InternalWallSolutionsFlexiblethermalliningRigidboardWhatarethesolutions?干作业Inte53CaseStudyFlexiblethermalliningThesolutionSempatap is thermal insulation on roll which is appliedlike wallpaper and at only 10mm thick does not causesignificantdisruptionduringinstallation.InternalWallSolutionsCaseStudyFlexiblethermal54CaseStudyRigidboardsInternalWallSolutionsCaseStudyRigidboardsInter55CaseStudyFlexiblethermalliningInternalWallSolutionsCaseStudyFlexiblethermal56内保温复合墙体的优点：1)对饰面和保温材料的防水、耐候性等技术指标的要求不高，取材方便；2)内保温材料被楼板所分隔，仅在一个层高范围内施工，施工方便，不需搭设脚手架。缺点：1)由于材料、构造、施工等原因，许多内保温复合墙体饰面层容易出现开裂；2)不便于用户二次装修和吊挂饰物；3)占用室内使用空间；4)由于圈梁、楼板、构造柱等会形成热桥，热损失较大；5)对既有建筑进行节能改造时，对居民的日常生活干扰较大。内保温复合墙体的优点：1)对饰面和保温材料的防水、耐57GRC内保温板：GRC内保温板集围护、保温和装饰于一体，外围护层是6mm的喷射GRC，保温层选用50mm厚聚苯板。GRC是玻璃纤维增强水泥的简称。它是以水泥砂浆作基材,玻璃纤维为增强材料,并加少量化学掺加剂混合而成,采用压缩空气喷射成型的一种无机复合材料。GRC内保温板：GRC内保温板集围护、保温和装饰于一体，外围58单一材料外墙：单一材料外墙：1）加气混凝土砌块）加气混凝土砌块。该墙体轻质高强，热工性能好。该墙体轻质高强，热工性能好。2）混凝土空心砌块）混凝土空心砌块，外墙采用混凝土空心砌块作为承重材，外墙采用混凝土空心砌块作为承重材料，孔内填充保温材料，外墙内粉刷保温砂浆作保温处理。料，孔内填充保温材料，外墙内粉刷保温砂浆作保温处理。3）粘土多孔砖）粘土多孔砖，多层住宅一般采用砖混结构，以粘土多孔，多层住宅一般采用砖混结构，以粘土多孔砖为墙体。砖为墙体。4）框架填充外墙）框架填充外墙。主要用于高层建筑。可以用水泥炉渣轻。主要用于高层建筑。可以用水泥炉渣轻质砌块、加气混凝土砌块、大孔空心砖、各种轻质条板等。质砌块、加气混凝土砌块、大孔空心砖、各种轻质条板等。单一材料外墙：1）加气混凝土砌块。该墙体轻质高强，热工性能好59墙体节能5保温材料的构造墙体节能5保温材料的构造601.1AIRBARRIERANDTHERMALALIGNMENT空气阻隔和热对齐Inorderforinsulationtobeaneffectivethermalbarrier,itshouldbeinstalledwithoutanygaps,voids,compression,orwindintrusion.Gapsandvoidsallowairtoflowthroughtheinsulation,decreasingitseffectiveness(Figure1.1.4).CompressionreducestheeffectiveR-valueoftheinsulation.Figure1.1.3-Theairbarriershouldbecontiguousandcontinuousovertheentirebuildingenvelope.Insulationshouldbeperfectlyalignedwiththeairbarrier.ImagecourtesyofSouthfaceEnergyInstituteFigure1.1.4-Gaps(left)andvoids(right)allowairtoflowthroughinsulation.Thefollowingimagesdepictmisalignmentbetweentheairbarrierandinsulationthatunderminetheperformanceofthethermalenclosure.Generally,theThermalBypassInspectionChecklistrequiresasealedair-barrieronallsixsidesofinsulation(top,bottom,back,front,left,andright),however,thereareafewexceptionsasnotedthroughoutthechecklist.InClimateZones1thru3,thereisageneralexemptionfortheinternalairbarrierclosesttoconditionedspacebecausethepredominantdirectionofair-flowinhotclimatesisfromtheoutsidetotheinsideofthehouse.InClimateZones4thru6,themostcriticalair-flowisfrominsidethehometotheoutsideduringcoldweather,thereforetheinternalairbarrierisrequired.1.1AIRBARRIERANDTHERMAL61Figure1.1.5showsacommoninsulationinstallationpracticecalledinsetstaplingwheretabsoffacedbattsarestapledtotheinsideedgesofwallframing.However,thispracticecommonlyresultsinlargegapsbetweentheinsulationandinteriorfinishthatwillallowconvectiveairflowaroundtheinsulation.Thisalsofacilitatesairleakageatanygapsorholesintheframing.Incontrast,staplingtheinsulationtothefaceofthestudswouldhaveallowedthebattstofilltheframingspaceandbealignedwiththeinteriorfinish.Notealsohowtheinsulationisalsocompressedaroundpipingandwiring,resultinginareducedR-value.1.1AIRBARRIERANDTHERMALALIGNMENTFigure1.1.6-InsulationinstalledwithgapsandvoidsFigure1.1.5MisalignmentofinsulationduetocompressionSimilarly,inFigure1.1.6,thelargegapbetweentheinsulationandwheretheinteriorceilingfinishwillbeinstalledwillallowconvectiveairflowaroundandthroughtheinsulation.Figure1.1.5showsacommonin62Anexceptiontothesix-sideairbarrierrequirementdiscussedearlierisatbandjoists.However,insideairbarriersatbandjoistsarehighlyencouragedforClimateZones4andhigherandinanyhomeswithopenwebtruss-joistfloorsbecauseasthehomesarebeingheated,drivingforceswillcauseheatedairbetweenthefloorstoflowthroughthebandjoisttothecoldexteriorframing.Thiscanleadtohigherutilitybills,discomfort,andpotentialmoistureproblems.Figure1.5.1depictstwobestpracticesforensuringthealignmentofanairbarrierandthermalbarrieratbandjoists.Inthedetailattheleft,sprayfoamisusedtofilltheentirejoistareaandactsasathermalbarrierandanairbarrier.Atright,asmallstructuralinsulatedpanel(SIP)isinstalled,alsoactingasbothathermalandairbarrier.Figure1.5.1-Optionsforinsulation/airbarrieralignmentatbandjoists喷涂泡沫SIPPanel1.5AIRBARRIERATALLBANDJOISTS带搁栅的空气阻隔Anexceptiontothesix-sidea63Whilethealignmentofairandthermalbarriersisimportantthroughoutthehome,onespecificdetailmeritsfurthermention.Incoldclimates,exposedconcreteslabedgesareacommonsourceofdiscomfortandhighutilitybills.Properlyinsulatingtheslabedgecandramaticallyimprovehomeperformance.Figure1.4.1-Optionsforslabinsulation1.4SLAB-EDGEINSULATION板边绝缘Therearetwobasicwaystoinsulateaslab.First,rigidinsulationcanbeinstalleddirectlyagainsttheexterioroftheslab,asshowninthedetailatleftinFigure1.4.1.Notethatinareaswithhightermitepopulations,buildersshouldbecarefultoavoidinstallingfoaminsulationincontactwiththeground.Asecondoptionisa“floatingslab,”whichcanbeconstructedusinginteriorinsulation,asshowninthedetailatright.Inbothcases,insulationshouldbecontinuouslyalignedwiththeairbarrier.DiagramscourtesyoftheUSDepartmentofEnergyWhilethealignmentofairand642.5SKYLIGHTSHAFTWALLS天窗侧边保温Skylightshaftsprotrudingthroughtheceilingandanunconditionedspaceneedtobeinsulatedsincetheshaftswallsareeffectivelyattickneewallsadjoininganunconditionedspace.Skylightshaftwallsshallbeinsulatedtothesamelevelasattickneewallsandshallincludeasealedair-barrieralignedwiththeinsulationonbothinteriorandexteriorsidesofthewalls(seeFigure2.5.1).ClimateZones1thru3areexemptfromthesealedinteriorair-barrier,butthisisunlikelytobeanissuesinceskylightshaftsarealmostalwaysfinished.SkylightSkylightAir BarrierAir BarrierAir BarrierAir BarrierAtticAtticInsulationInsulationLighttubessuchastheonepicturedinFigure2.5.2shouldalsobecoveredwithinsulationandanair-barrier.Infact,thelighttubedepictedincludesapproximately30squarefeetofexposedsurfaceareatotheunconditionedattic.OneacceptablemethodforinsulatingthelighttubeistouseR-8ductinsulationwiththeplasticliningfunctioningastheexteriorair-barrier.Additionally,thepenetrationofthelighttubethroughtheceilingshallbesealedbetweenconditionedandunconditionedspace.SeeSection4.1and4.2ofthisdocument.Figure2.5.1ArchitecturaldetailforinsulationandairbarrieratskylightshaftFigure2.5.2Exampleofanun-insulatedlighttube2.5SKYLIGHTSHAFTWALLS天窗侧边保温654.3FLUESHAFT贯穿的管道的保温Fluepenetrationsintoatticsaremorecomplicatedbecausetheyalsoneedcodemandatedcombustionsafetyclearanceswithcombustibleframingmaterials.InFigure4.3.1below,insulationisusedtofillthespacebetweentheflueandthestuds.However,thisisapoordetailbecausebattinsulationisnotaneffectiveairbarrieranddoesnotmeetcombustionsafetyclearances.Figure4.3.1-InsulationimproperlyusedasanairbarrierImagecourtesyofEnergyLogicBattinsulationFigure4.3.2showshowafluecanbeproperlysealedinalargeopening.Inthiscase,anOSBpanelwascuttofilltheairspacearoundtheflue.ThefluewasthenfittedwithametalcollartofillthegapneededforcombustionsafetyclearancebetweentheOSBpanelandflue.Figure4.3.2-UL-ratedmetalcollarinstalledaroundaflueshaftImagecourtesyofBuildingScienceCorp.4.3FLUESHAFT贯穿的管道的保温Fluepen665.5WHOLE-HOUSEFAN风扇保温Whilewhole-housefansarenotfrequentlyfoundinnewconstructioninmanypartsofthecountry,theycanprovidequicknight-timecoolinginhot-dryclimateswithcoolevenings.However,theyrepresentanalmost10squarefootthermalholetotheatticbecausethelargeopeningisnotinsulatedandtheirmetallouverseffectivelytransferandleakheatbetweenthehomeandunconditionedattic.Thisproblemcanbefixedwithasimpleinsulatedcoverthatcanbeconstructedandgasketedtothefantopreventtheflowofheatfromtheatticintotheconditionedspace(Figure5.5.1).However,thiscovermustliftautomaticallywhenthefanisswitchedon,orbeabletobeliftedwithoutthehomeownerclimbingintotheattic.Insulatedcoversthatdorequireclimbingintotheatticarenotallowedbecausetheyarehighlyunlikelytobeused.Asabestpractice,usewhole-housefanswithbuilt-ininsulatedcoversthatoperateautomaticallyandarefullysealed(Figure5.5.2).Figure5.5.1-Whole-housefancoverFigure5.5.2-Whole-housefanwithbuilt-incover5.5WHOLE-HOUSEFAN风扇保温While67Anotherfactory-builtwallsystemshownisInsulatedConcreteForms,orICFs(seeFigure1.6.5).ICFsareblocksmadefromextrudedpolystyreneinsulationdesignedtobeassembledlike“Lego”blocksintoacompetewallassembly.Steelreinforcingrodsareaddedandconcreteispouredintothevoids,resultinginaveryair-tight,well-insulated,andsturdywall.Inadditiontonothermalbridging,theinsulationisinherentlyalignedwiththeexteriorandinteriorairbarrierswithnogaps,voidsorcompression.Therearefactory-builtinsulatedwallassembliesreadilyavailabletodaythat,byvirtueofhowtheyaremanufacturedandassembledinthefield,ensureminimalthermalbridgingalongwithfullalignmentofinsulationwiththeintegratedairbarriersincludingnogaps,voidsorcompression.StructuralInsulatedPanelsorSIPs(Figure1.6.4)arewholewallpanelscomposedofinsulatedfoamboardgluedtobothaninternalandexternallayerofwoodsheathing,typicallyOSBorplywood.Thisassemblywilloftenbemanufacturedwithprecutwindowopeningsandchases.Figure1.6.4-StructuralInsulatedPanels(SIPs)Figure1.6.5-InsulatedConcreteForm(ICF)1.6MINIMIZETHERMALBRIDGING尽量少热桥Anotherfactory-builtwallsys68墙体节能6玻璃幕墙墙体节能6玻璃幕墙691.2玻璃幕墙玻璃幕墙玻璃幕墙在现代建筑中大量应用，节能设计十分重要。玻璃幕墙在现代建筑中大量应用，节能设计十分重要。玻璃幕墙的传热过程包括：玻璃幕墙的传热过程包括：1）幕墙内表面的换热）幕墙内表面的换热2）幕墙外表面的换热）幕墙外表面的换热3）幕墙和金属框格的传热）幕墙和金属框格的传热严寒地区和寒冷地区的冬季，采用断热铝框中空玻璃幕墙严寒地区和寒冷地区的冬季，采用断热铝框中空玻璃幕墙能够有效改善保温状况。能够有效改善保温状况。1墙体1.2玻璃幕墙玻璃幕墙的传热过程包括：严寒地区和寒冷地区的701.2玻璃幕墙德国莱比锡新会德国莱比锡新会展中心展中心设计：冯设计：冯格康，格康，玛格和合伙人事玛格和合伙人事务所务所会展中心的焦点会展中心的焦点是雄伟壮观的玻是雄伟壮观的玻璃大厅，大厅跨璃大厅，大厅跨度度80米，长度米，长度243米和高度近米和高度近30米米。1.2玻璃幕墙德国莱比锡新会展中心711.2玻璃幕墙1.2玻璃幕墙721墙体1墙体731.2玻璃幕墙1.2玻璃幕墙741.2玻璃幕墙德国德国莱比锡新会展中心莱比锡新会展中心1.2玻璃幕墙德国751.2玻璃幕墙1992年塞维利亚世博会英国馆年塞维利亚世博会英国馆1.2玻璃幕墙1992年塞维利亚世博会英国馆761.2玻璃幕墙1992年塞维利亚世博会英国馆年塞维利亚世博会英国馆1.2玻璃幕墙1992年塞维利亚世博会英国馆771.3特隆布墙特隆布墙特隆布墙是一种太阳能集热蓄热墙体。主要利用了被动式热压特隆布墙是一种太阳能集热蓄热墙体。主要利用了被动式热压通风原理。通风原理。1墙体1.3特隆布墙1墙体781.4透明绝热墙透明绝热墙透明绝热墙是由透明绝热材料透明绝热墙是由透明绝热材料（TIM）和外墙复合构成的。相）和外墙复合构成的。相对特隆布墙只有一层空气层，对特隆布墙只有一层空气层，透明热阻墙有两层空气层，加透明热阻墙有两层空气层，加上透明热阻材料本身的热阻，上透明热阻材料本身的热阻，可有效保温。可有效保温。1墙体透明绝热墙的缺点是吸收热量透明绝热墙的缺点是吸收热量最多的时候和需要热量最多的最多的时候和需要热量最多的时间不同步。一般可在玻璃外时间不同步。一般可在玻璃外设卷帘遮阳。设卷帘遮阳。1.4透明绝热墙1墙体透明绝热墙的缺点是吸收热量791.5双层玻璃幕墙双层玻璃幕墙双层玻璃幕墙的保温隔热性能双层玻璃幕墙的保温隔热性能优于单层玻璃幕墙，在建筑中优于单层玻璃幕墙，在建筑中应用日益广泛。应用日益广泛。1墙体双层玻璃幕墙被称为双层玻璃幕墙被称为“可呼吸可呼吸的皮肤的皮肤”，两层或三层玻璃幕，两层或三层玻璃幕墙之间留有一定宽度的通风道，墙之间留有一定宽度的通风道，并配有可调节的百叶。并配有可调节的百叶。GSW总部大楼总部大楼1.5双层玻璃幕墙1墙体双层玻璃幕墙被称为“可呼801.5双层玻璃幕墙柏林著名双层幕墙大楼，由柏林著名双层幕墙大楼，由Sauerbruch和和Hutton共同设计的共同设计的GSW大楼。大楼。柏林光电技术中心的设计结合了建筑师对工作场所、城市、功柏林光电技术中心的设计结合了建筑师对工作场所、城市、功能、形态美的兴趣。波浪形的正面展现一个大范围的色调光谱，能、形态美的兴趣。波浪形的正面展现一个大范围的色调光谱，而且它的双层结构使得办公室能有自然通风。而且它的双层结构使得办公室能有自然通风。1.5双层玻璃幕墙柏林著名双层幕墙大楼，由Sauerbru811.5双层玻璃幕墙1.5双层玻璃幕墙821.5双层玻璃幕墙REW总部总部英格豪恩，欧文迪克事务所设计英格豪恩，欧文迪克事务所设计双层表皮所采用的双层表皮所采用的智能幕墙系统。外智能幕墙系统。外层为单片玻璃的点层为单片玻璃的点式连接幕墙，中间式连接幕墙，中间有一宽有一宽50厘米的热厘米的热通道，内装有能收通道，内装有能收放并调节角度的百放并调节角度的百页。内侧为双层中页。内侧为双层中空绝热玻璃。置于空绝热玻璃。置于双层表皮之间的鱼双层表皮之间的鱼嘴型装置，可通过嘴型装置，可通过空气交换系统防止空气交换系统防止太阳的有害侵入，太阳的有害侵入，有效的避免眩光。有效的避免眩光。1.5双层玻璃幕墙REW总部双层表皮所采用的智能幕墙系统。83墙体节能7绿化墙体墙体节能7绿化墙体841.6绿化墙体绿化墙体1墙体绿化墙体一般外表面覆盖爬墙植物和攀藤植物，这些落叶植物绿化墙体一般外表面覆盖爬墙植物和攀藤植物，这些落叶植物保证冬季日照和夏季保温。保证冬季日照和夏季保温。适合垂直绿化的常见藤本植物有爬山虎、常春藤、凌霄、金银适合垂直绿化的常见藤本植物有爬山虎、常春藤、凌霄、金银花、扶芳藤等数十种。其中墙体绿化广泛使用爬山虎。花、扶芳藤等数十种。其中墙体绿化广泛使用爬山虎。墙体绿化墙体绿化模块模块1.6绿化墙体1墙体绿化墙体一般外表面覆盖爬墙植851.6绿化墙体