化学专业英语有机化合物中英文命名二ppt课件

专业英语1有机化合物的命名Nomenclature of Organic Compounds有机化合物的命名Nomenclature of Organi2n非官能团化合物 Nonfunctional Compounds1烃类-（烷烃 Alkane烯烃 Alkene炔烃Alkyne）2单环化合物（Monocyclic compounds）n3、官能团化合物 Functional compounds有机化合物的命名非官能团化合物有机化合物的命名3有机化合物的命名n系统命名IUPAC names(systematic names)n 俗名法trivial names(popular names)n国际理论和应用化学联合会 IUPAC:International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry有机化合物的命名系统命名4官能团化合物n卤代烃-Alkyl halidesn醇-Alcoholsn硫醇-Thiolsn醇盐-The salts of alcohols(ROM)n硫醇盐-The salts of thiols(RSM)n醚-Ethers(R1-O-R2)官能团化合物卤代烃-Alkyl halides5官能团化合物n环氧化合物-Epoxidesn硫化物-Sulfides R1-S-R2)n胺-Aminesn醛-Aldehydesn酮-Ketonesn羧酸-Carboxylic acids官能团化合物环氧化合物-Epoxides6官能团化合物n酰胺-Amidesn酯-Estern羧酸盐-The salts of acidsn酸酐-Carboxylic anhydridesn酰氯-Acyl halidesn腈-Nitriles官能团化合物酰胺-Amides7官能团化合物n内酯和内酰胺-Lactones and lactamsn缩醛和缩酮-Acetals and ketalsn亚胺-Iminesn氢过氧化物-Hydroperoxidesn过氧化二乙醚-Ether peroxides(ROOR)n过氧酸-Acid peroxides官能团化合物内酯和内酰胺-Lactones and lact81、卤代烃-Alkyl halidesn命名规则halo+the name of alkane-halo+烷烃的名称The name of alkyl group+halide-烷基+halide卤素halogen-halo 卤化物-halide1、卤代烃-Alkyl halides命名规则91、卤代烃-Alkyl halides卤卤 族族 元元 素素（卤素取代基）halo:fluoro,chloro,bromo,iodo（卤化物）Halide:fluoride,chloride,bromide,iodide1、卤代烃-Alkyl halides卤族元素（卤素取代10取代基 substituentsSome Functional Groups Named as Prefixes*methoxy-,ethoxy-,etc.,depending upon the R group取代基 substituentsSome Function111、卤代烃-Alkyl halidesnSystematic name:prefix“halo-：fluoro-,chloro-,bromo-,iodo-”+the name of alkane n系统命名法：卤素取代基（halo：fluoro-,chloro-,bromo-,iodo-）+烷烃名nTrivial name(C1-C4):the name of alkyl group+fluoride,chloride,bromide,iodiden俗名法：烷基取代基+Halide（fluoride,chloride,bromide,iodide）1、卤代烃-Alkyl halidesSystemati121、卤代烃-Alkyl halidesn异丙基氯化物n叔丁基氯化物1、卤代烃-Alkyl halides132-iodopropaneisopropyl iodide2-bromoisohexane1、卤代烃-Alkyl halides2-iodopropane2-bromoisohexane114Some special names for alkyl halides:CHX3 chloroform bromoform iodoform CH2Cl2 methylene chloride CCl4 carbon tetrachloride Cl3C-CCl3 perchloro ethane1、一些卤代烃的专用名称Some special names for alkyl h152、醇-AlcoholsnRule：The name of alcohol are given by replacing the final letter“e”of the name of alkane（Alkene，Alkyne）with the suffix“ol”n规则：去掉烃名称Alkane，Alkene，Alkyne的最后一个字母e，加上后缀“ol”2、醇-AlcoholsRule：The name of162、醇-AlcoholsnSystematic name:Select the longest continuous chain to which the OH group is directly attached,and give the OH group the possible lower position number.2、醇-AlcoholsSystematic name:172、醇-Alcohols Trivial name(C1-C4):the name of alkyl group+alcohol2、醇-Alcohols Trivial name 182、醇-Alcohols Alcohols containing more than one OH group Systematic name:suffix:-diol,-triol Trivial name:glycol(乙二醇),glycerol（丙三醇）2、醇-Alcohols Alcohols conta192-propanol isopropanol2、醇-Alcohols2-propanol2、醇-Alcohols205-methyl-3-propyl-2-hexanol2、醇-Alcohols3,4-dichloro-2-butanol5-methyl-3-propyl-2-hexanol2、醇212-cyclopentenol2、醇-Alcohols2-methyl-1,4-cyclohexanediol2-cyclopentenol2、醇-Alcohols2223、硫醇-Thiols -SHnSystematic name:the name of alkane+thioln系 统 命 名 法：烷 烃 名 称 alkane加 上 后 缀“thiol”1-propanethiol 0-mercaptotoluene mercapto 含巯基的，含硫氢基的3、硫醇-Thiols -SHSystematic n233、硫醇-Thiols -SH3、硫醇-Thiols -SH243、硫醇-Thiols -SH Trivial name：the name of alkyl group+mercaptan3、硫醇-Thiols -SH Trivial n254、醇盐-The salts of alcohols(ROM)nSystematic name:The name of cation+the name of R group+oxiden规则：阳离子名称+取代基R名称+oxide4、醇盐-The salts of alcohols(RO264、醇盐-The salts of alcohols(ROM)potassium isopentyl oxideammonium cyclohexyl oxide4、醇盐-The salts of alcohols(RO275、硫醇盐The salts of thiols(RSM)nSystematic name:the name of cation+the name of thiol+ate Trivial name：the name of cation+the name of R group+sulfide n规则：系统命名法：阳离子名称+硫醇名称+后缀ate俗名法：阳离子名称+取代基R+sulfide5、硫醇盐The salts of thiols(RSM)285、硫醇盐The salts of thiols(RSM)lithium tert-butyl sulfidelithium tert-butanethiolatelithium 2-methylpropane-2-thiolate5、硫醇盐The salts of thiols(RSM)296、醚-Ethers(R1-O-R2)nSystematic name:name the simple OR group as a substituent,the long chain as a parent bodyn规则：简单的烷氧基作为取代基，长碳链作为主链 CH3O-C-C-O-C-C-C-O-C-C-C-C-O-methoxy ethoxy propoxy butoxy C5H11O-C6H13O-suffix:-yloxy pentyloxy hexyloxy6、醚-Ethers(R1-O-R2)Systemati306、醚-Ethers(R1-O-R2)nSystematic name6、醚-Ethers(R1-O-R2)Systemati316、醚-Ethers(R1-O-R2)nTrivial name:list the names of both groups that attached to the oxygen in an alphabetic order+ethern俗名法：按照字母顺序列出和氧原子相连的两个烷基+ether6、醚-Ethers(R1-O-R2)Trivial n32sec-butyl methyl ether仲丁基2-methoxybutaneethyl isopropyl ether6、醚-Ethers(R1-O-R2)(di)ethyl etherTrivial name:ethyl isopropyl ether6、醚-Ether33冠醚-crown ethers规则：碳原子个数+crown+氧原子个数8-crown-4 12-crown-66、醚-Ethers(R1-O-R2)冠醚-crown ethers规则：碳原子个数+crown341-chloro-1,2-epoxypropane 7.环氧化合物EpoxidesnSystematic name:epoxy+the name of alkanen规则：epoxy+烷烃名称 1-chloro-1,2-epoxypropane 7.352-(methylthio)butane8.硫醚Sulfides R1-S-R2nthioethers sulfides(RSR,硫醚)n-SR,alkylthio,烷基硫基nSystematic name:name the simple SR group as a substituent,the long chain as a parent body.The name of small alkylthio+the name of alkanen规则：简单的烷基硫基作为取代基，长碳链作为主链8.硫醚Sulfides R1-S-R2thioether368.硫醚Sulfides R1-S-R2nTrivival name：the name of R1+the name of R2+sulfide n规则：按照字母顺序列出和硫原子相连的两个烷基+sulfide sec-butyl methyl sulfide仲丁基8.硫醚Sulfides R1-S-R2Trivival 37p-(ethylthio)benzoicacid p-ethyl(thio)benzoic acid8.硫醚Sulfides R1-S-R2In order to avoid the confusion of SR and-SH groups in same cases,parenthesis must be correctly used.8.硫醚Sulfides R1-S-R2In order 388.硫醚Sulfides R1-S-R28.硫醚Sulfides R1-S-R2398.硫醚Sulfides R1-S-R28.硫醚Sulfides R1-S-R240RNH2 primary 伯胺 RRNH secondary 仲胺RRRN tertiary 叔胺 9.胺Amines RNH2Quarternary ammonium季铵盐AmmoniaAmineRNH2 prim419.胺Amines RNH2nSystematic name:list the names of small alkyl groups+the name of parent chain+amine.Replace the final letter“e”in the name of alkane+aminen系统命名法：列出取代基+主链+aminenTrivial name:list the names of alkyl groups that are attached to the nitrogen in an alphabetic order+amine.n俗名法：按照字母顺序列出所有和N原子相连的取代基+amine1)Simple amines9.胺Amines RNH2Systematic name:429.胺Amines RNH2nSystematic name：Replace the final letter“e”in the name of alkane+amineN-ethyl-3-methyl-2-pentanamine3-ethylamino-2-methylcyclohexanolN-ethyl-2-methyl-3-hydroxycyclohexanamine9.胺Amines RNH2Systematic name 439.胺Amines RNH29.胺Amines RNH2442-butylaminebis(2-chloroethyl)amineN,N-dimethylpentanamine1-dimethylaminopentane9.胺Amines RNH29.胺Amines RNH2459.胺Amines RNH2 2)Amines with large alkyl groups or with other functional groups in the moleculesn Trivial name:氨基作为取代基9.胺Amines RNH2 2)Amines with 469.胺Amines RNH23-ethylamino-2-methylcyclohexanolN-ethyl-2-methyl-3-hydroxycyclohexanamine9.胺Amines RNH2479.胺Amines RNH29.胺Amines RNH2489.胺Amines RNH2 3)Heterocyclic amines吡啶 吡咯 喹啉9.胺Amines RNH2 3)Heterocycl49tertramethylammonium hydroxidecyclohexylammoniumchloride 9.胺Amines RNH2tertramethylammonium hydroxide5010.醛AldehydesnSystematic name:Replace the final letter“e”of alkane with“al”,or“carb(ox)aldehyde”n系统命名法：去掉烷烃名字的最后一个字母，加上后缀“al”或者“carb(ox)aldehyden As a substitute(-CHO)“formyl”10.醛AldehydesSystematic name:5110.醛Aldehydes10.醛Aldehydes5210、醛AldehydesTrivial names are widely used for aldehydes with 1-5 carbon atoms:Formaldehyde（甲醛）Formyl(甲酰基）Acetaldehyde AcetylPropionaldehyde Propionyl Butyraldehyde ButyrylValeraldehyde Valeryl10、醛AldehydesTrivial names are5310、醛Aldehydes4-ethyl-4-pentenalpropanedial2-methylcyclohexane-carbaldehyde10、醛Aldehydes54benzaldehyde1,2,5-pentanetricarbaldehyde3-formylheptanedial10、醛Aldehydesbenzaldehyde1,2,5-pentanetrica55 11.酮ketonesnSystematic name:replace the final letter“e”in the name of alkane with“-one”.n系统命名法：去掉烷烃名字的最后一个字母”e”，加上后缀“one”.n As a substitute(C=O)“oxo”11.酮ketonesSystematic name:5611.酮ketonesnTrivial name:write the names of the groups R and R,followed by the word“ketone”.n俗名法：写出取代基（R、R）的名字+ketone11.酮ketonesTrivial name:write57 3-pentanone4-methyl-4-hexen-2-one 11.酮ketones 11.酮ketones5811.酮ketones1,3-cyclopentanedioneacetophenonemethyl phenyl ketone3-phenylcyclopentanone11.酮ketones1,3-cyclopentanedio595-methyl-2-cyclohexen-1-one2-propionylfuran2-propanoylfuranethyl 2-furyl ketone1,2,4-triacetylbenzene11.酮ketones5-methyl-2-cyclohexen-1-one2-p6011.酮ketones4-(4-oxohexyl)-1-benzoic acid4-methyl-3-penten-2-one5-isobutyl-3-cycloheptenone11.酮ketones4-(4-oxohexyl)-1-be6112.羧酸Carboxylic acidsnSystematic name:Replace the final letter“e”in the name of the hydrocarbon with“-(o)ic acid”or“carboxylic acid”.n系统命名法：去掉烷烃名字的最后一个字母”e”，加 上 后 缀 “-(o)ic acid”或 者 “carboxylic acid”.12.羧酸Carboxylic acidsSystemat6212.羧酸Carboxylic acids3-butynoic acid2-isohexenoic acidbutanoic acidbutyric acid12.羧酸Carboxylic acids3-butynoi6312.羧酸Carboxylic acids2-chlorocyclopentane-1-carboxylic acid(Z)-4,4-dichloro-2-pentenoic acid2-ethyl-4-(carboxymethyl)hexanedioic acid12.羧酸Carboxylic acids2-chloroc6412.羧酸Carboxylic acidsSome trivial names for acids with low molecular weight:formic acid acetic acid propionic acid butyric acid valeric acidmaleic acid(马来酸,顺丁烯二酸)fumaric acid(富马酸,反丁烯二酸)12.羧酸Carboxylic acidsSome triv65 13.酰胺 AmidesnSystematic name：Omit the final letter“e”in the name of alkane,and then add the suffix“amide”or carboxyamide to the end of the name.n系统命名法：去掉烷烃名字的最后一个字母”e”，加 上 后 缀 “amide”或 者 “carboxyamide”.13.酰胺 AmidesSystematic name：66 13.酰胺 Amides Trivial names for amides containing C1C5 carbon atoms:formamide acetamide propionamide butyramide valeramide 13.酰胺 Amides Trivial names 67 13.酰胺 AmidesN,N-dimethylformamide 13.酰胺 AmidesN,N-dimethylforma68butanamideN-ethyl-4-methyl-2,5-hexadienamidecyclopropanecarboxyamide 13.酰胺 AmidesbutanamideN-ethyl-4-methyl-cyc69 13.酰胺 AmidesN,N-dimethylbenamidep-acetamidobenzoic acid 13.酰胺 AmidesN,N-dimethylbenam70 14.酯EsternSystematic name：Omit the final letter“e”in the name of alkane,and then add the suffix“(o)ate”or “carboxylate”to the end of the name.n系统命名法：去掉烷烃名字的最后一个字母”e”，加 上 后 缀 “(o)ate”或 者 “carboxyate”.14.酯EsterSystematic name：Omi71 14.14.酯EsterEsterethyl butanoate isopropyl benzoate 14.酯Esterethyl butanoate72ethyl cyclopentanecarboxylatecyclopentyl 4-methylpentanoate(2-methylbutyl)-3-methylcyclohexanecarboxylate 14.14.酯EsterEsterethyl cyclopentanecarboxylatec7315.羧酸盐The salts of acids/Carboxylate saltsnSystematic name：The name of cation+alkane +“-(o)ate”or“carboxylate”.potassium isohexanoatelithium cyclopentanecarboxylatesodium acetate15.羧酸盐The salts of acids/Carb7415.羧酸盐The salts of acids/Carboxylate salts15.羧酸盐The salts of acids/Carb75 16.酸酐Carboxylic anhydridesnSystematic name：The name(s)of the Alkane+“(o)ic”anhydridebutyric propionic anhydridebutanoic propanoic anhydridebutyric anhydridebutanoic anhydriderulerule：carboxylic carboxylic acidsacids carboxylic carboxylic anhydrideanhydride。16.酸酐Carboxylic anhydridesSy76benzoic anhydridecyclohexanecarboxylic anhydridebutanedioic anhydride 16.酸酐Carboxylic anhydridesbenzoic anhydridecyclohexaneca77 17.酰氯Acyl halidesnSystematic name：Omit the final letter“e”in the name of alkane,and then add the suffix“oyl halide”to the end of the name.butanoyl chloride 17.酰氯Acyl halidesSystematic n78benzoyl fluoride3-pentenoyl bromide 17.酰氯Acyl halidesbenzoyl fluoride3-pentenoyl br79 18.腈NitrilesnSystematic name：Add the suffix“(o)nitrile”or“carbonitrile to the end of the name of the hydrocarbon.nTrivial names of nitriles containing C1C5 carbon atoms:hydrocyanic acid acetonitrile propiononitrile butyronitrile valeronitrile 18.腈NitrilesSystematic name：80 18.腈Nitriles3-pentynenitrilecyclopentanecarbonitrile1,3,5-hexanetricarbonnitrile1,3,5-tricyanohexane 18.腈Nitriles3-pentynenitrile81 19.内酯和内酰胺 Lactones and lactamsnSystematic name：Add the suffix“(o)lactone”or“(o)lactam”to the end of the name of the hydrocarbon.4-butanelactone4-butyrolactone5-petanelactone5-valerolactone 19.内酯和内酰胺 Lactones and lactam825-heptanelactone4-butanelactam4-butyrolactamN-methyl 5-pentanelactamN-methyl 5-valerolactam 19.内酯和内酰胺 Lactones and lactams5-heptanelactone4-butanelactam8320.缩醛和缩酮 Acetals and ketalsnSystematic name：The name of dialkyloxy OR”+the name of the hydrocarbon.nTrivial names：The name of aldehyde or ketone+the name of the alkyl group R”+the suffix acetal.20.缩醛和缩酮 Acetals and ketalsSys84 20.缩醛和缩酮 Acetals and ketalsn2,2-diethoxybutanen2-butanone diethylacetalm-nitrobenzaldehyde dimethylacetal1-ethylenedioxypentanepentanal ethyleneacetal 20.缩醛和缩酮 Acetals and ketals2,8521.亚胺IminesnSystematic name：N-+the name of R3 group+the name of the hydrocarbon(omit final letter“e”)+the suffix“imine”.N-methyl 2-pentaniminecyclohexanimine21.亚胺IminesSystematic name：N-86 22.氢过氧化物-HydroperoxidesnSystematic name：The name of the R group+the suffix“hydroperoxide”.ethylhydroperoxidetert-butylhydroperoxide(TBHP)22.氢过氧化物-HydroperoxidesSyst87 23.过氧化二乙醚Ether peroxides(ROOR)nSystematic name：The name of R group+the name of R group+peroxidemethyl propyl peroxidediethyl peroxide 23.过氧化二乙醚Ether peroxides(R88 24.过氧酸 Acid peroxidesn Systematic name：Omit“ic acid”in the name of the acid+the suffix“(o)hydroperoxide”.acetohydroperoxidehexanohydroperoxidebenzohydroperoxide 24.过氧酸 Acid peroxides Syst89