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Objectives The ability of communicate accurately and effectively in the most common English language activities they may be involved in.Objectives The ability of syllabus A task-based language syllabus places task at the center of the curriculum development process.It specifies the tasks that should be carried out by learners within a program.syllabus ADefinations of taskLong(1985)defined a task as a piece of work undertaken for oneself or for others,freely or for some reward.By task is meant the hundred and one things people do in everyday life,at work,at play,and in betweenDefinations of taskLong(1985)Nunan:Any classroom work which involves learners in comprehending,manipulating,producing or interacting in the target language while their attention is principally focused on meaning rather than form.He suggests that a syllabus might specify two types of tasks.Nunan:Two Types of Tasks Real-world tasks.Pedagogical tasksTwo Types of TasksReal-World Tasks Real-world tasks,which are designed to practice or rehearse those tasks that are found to be important in a needs analysis and turn out to be important and useful in the real world.Real-World Tasks Real-world taExamples of Real-World TasksFilling out a form Buying a pair of shoesMaking an airline reservation Borrowing a bookTaking a driving test Typing a letterDressing a child Sorting lettersTaking a hotel reservation Writing a checkExamples of Real-World TasksPedagogical TasksUsed to facilitate the development of a learners general language proficiency.Do not necessarily reflect real-world tasks.A pedagogical task is“an activity or action which is carried out as the result of processing or understanding language.For example,drawing a map while listening to a tape,listening to an instruction and performing a command”(Richards,Platt,&Weber,1986).Pedagogical TasksUsed to faciListening to a tape and repeating.Solving a problem in small groups.Role-play based on a picture story.Listening to a song while filling out the missing words on a worksheet.Writing a paragraph describing what is happening in a pictureExamples of Pedagogical Tasks Listening to a tape and repeatCrookes:task is a piece of work or an activity,usually with a specified objective,undertaken as part of an educational course,or at work.Prabhu:an activity which requires learners to arrive at an outcome from given information through some process of thought,and which allows teachers to control and regulate that process.Types of learning and teaching activitiesCrookes:task is a piece of woBreen(1987)defined a language task as a structured language endeavor which has a specific objective,appropriate content,a particular working procedure,and a range of possible outcomes for those who undertake it.Long and Grookes:Selection of task,should be based on a careful analysis of the real-world needs of learning.Breen(1987)defined a languagJane Willis:Tasks are always classroom activities where the target language is used for the purpose of communication in order to achieve an outcome.The task is a goal-oriented activity with a clear purpose.Doing a communication task involves achieving an outcome,creating a final product that can be appreciated by other.Examples include compiling a list of reasons,features,or things;comparing two pictures to find the differences;and solving a problem or designing a brochure.Jane Willis:ListingOrdering and sortingComparingProblem solvingSharing personal experiencesCreative tasksSix kinds of tasksListingSix kinds of tasks For example,taking the topic cats,a listing task might be:List three reasons why people think cats make good pets.A comparing task might be to compare cats and dogs as pets.A problem-solving task could be to think of three low budget solutions to the problem of looking after a cat when the family is absent.An experience sharing task could involve sharing stories about cats.For example,taking the Pica,Kanagy,and Falodun(1993)jigsaw tasks(拼插型任务拼插型任务）decision-making tasksopinion exchange tasksinformation-gap tasksproblem-solving tasks Pica,Kanagy,and Falodun(19 Other Types of Tasks:1.One-way or two-way:2.Convergent or divergent:3.single or multiple outcomes:4.Reality-based or not Reality-based:5.Collaborative or cooperative:6.Concrete or abstract:the outcome may be something concrete(e.g.a report or presentation)or something intangible(e.g.agreement or the solution to a problem)Other Types of Task Difficulty The member of participatersAbstractInformationTime-preparingTask Difficulty The member of Characteristics of Tasks:1.An emphasis on learning to communicate through interaction in the target language.强调通过用目标语而非母语交流来学会交际强调通过用目标语而非母语交流来学会交际 2.The introduction of authentic texts into the learning situation.将真实的语言材料引入学习的环境将真实的语言材料引入学习的环境Characteristics of Tasks:1.A3.Provision of opportunities for learners to focus,not only on language itself,but also on the learning process.关注语言的本身，也关注学习的过程关注语言的本身，也关注学习的过程4.An enhancement of the learners own personal experiences as important contributing elements to classroom learning.学习者的个人经历对语言学习具有重要意义学习者的个人经历对语言学习具有重要意义3.Provision of opportunities 5.An attempt to link classroom language learning with language activation outside the classroom.强调以真实生活任务为教学中心活动强调以真实生活任务为教学中心活动6.Avoid structure and emphasize on meaning.避免结构，注重意义。避免结构，注重意义。5.An attempt to link classroo
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