自考综合英语二 lesson 2 上册

自考综合英语二自考综合英语二 lesson lesson 2 2 上册上册contents1 Words&Expressions2 Text Focuses&Difficulties3 Exercises4 Review&Homework If you were asked to list ten American heroes and heroines,you would probably name some or all of the following:George Washington,Abraham Lincoln,Daniel Boone,Martin Luther King Jr.,Amelia Earhart,Susan B.Anthony,Jacqueline Kennedy Onassis,Helen Keller,Elizabeth Cady Stanton,and Rosa Parks.Abraham Lincoln Martin Luther King Jr.Jacqueline Kennedy Onassis Helen Keller Rosa Parks If next you were asked to list people who are generally admired by society,who somehow seem bigger than life,you might come up with an entirely different list.You might,in fact,name people who are celebrated for their wealth and glamour rather than their achievements and moral strength of character.如果有人请你列举在社会上受到普遍赞赏、貌似非凡的人，你所列举的恐怕是完全不同的人。who somehow appear distinguished from ordinary people.And you would not be alone,because pollsters have found that people today do not choose political leaders who shape history for their Most Admired list,but rather movie and television celebrities,fashion models,professional athletes,and even comic book and cartoon characters.In short media icons.仅是你一个人提出的这些人，民意调查发现，今天人们不再选择创造过历史的政治领袖为他们“最钦佩的人物”。And many other people would list the same kind of people as their Most Admired.By definition,heroes and heroines are men and women distinguished by uncommon courage,achievements,and self-sacrifice made most often for the benefit of others 就定义而言，英雄之所以与众不同是因为他们有非凡的勇气、取得卓越的成就、常常为他人的利益而作出牺牲。by definition：按定义 be distinguished by：由于而有别（于）heroes and heroines are people who are different from other people because of their unusual courage,achievements and the sacrifices they make in the interests of others.they are people against whom we measure others.他们是我们评价别人的标准。theyve become a sort of standard;we judge others by what they do and what they are.They are men and women recognized for shaping our nations consciousness and development as well as the lives of those who admire them.Yet,some people say that ours is an age where true heroes and heroines are hard to come by,where the very ideal of heroism is something beyond us an artifact of the past.Some maintain that because the Cold War is over and because America is at peace our age is essentially an unheroic one.可是有人说，我们的时代是很难出现真正英雄的时代，英雄主义这一概念本身我们就很难理解它已经成为历史。ours：是名词性代词，作为宾语从句的主语。where引出两个定语从句，修饰an age。come by：找到 be beyond sb：为某人所不能理解；对某人来说太难。Yet,some people say that we are living in a new age.In this age heroes and heroines are rare,and heroism is only something people admire but do not practice.Heroic and noble conduct is a thing of the past.Furthermore,the overall crime rate is down,poverty has been eased by a strong and growing economy,and advances continue to be made in medical science.Consequently,bereft of cultural heroes,we have latched onto cultural icons media superstars such as actors,actresses,sports celebrities,television personalities,因此，缺少了本民族（即本民族的文化）英雄，我们就迷上了通俗文化偶像。consequently是副词，其连接词的作用，将本句与上句连接起来。bereft：（正式）失去，缺少。As a result,when we no longer have national heroes to admire and worship,we have become crazy about cultural icons and people who are simply famous for being famous.仅仅因为有名而成名的那些人。who are well-known just because they are frequently seen in public,so that a lot of people know them or know about them(not because they possess unusually fine qualities or because they have made great contributions to society).Cultural icons are harder to define,but we know them when we see them.They are people who manage to transcend celebrity(超越名流）,who are legendary,who somehow manage to become mythic.But what makes some figures icons and others mere celebrities?Thats hard to answer.他们超越了名流，成为传奇式人物，甚至在某种程度是神话式的人物。Cultural icons make themselves more famous than celebrities;they inspire great admiration;and to a certain degree,they become important people.In part,their lives have the quality of a story.（传奇色彩）For instance,the beautiful young Diana Spencer who at 19 married a prince,bore a king,renounced marriage and the throne,and died at the moment she found true love.Good looks certainly help.部分原因是他们的生平带有传奇故事的特点。in part：partly,not completely 部分地。Part of the reason is that their lives are unusual,full of ups and downs like people in legends or myths.漂亮的长相当然有用。Attractive appearance is surely very useful in the making of an icon.So does a special indefinable charisma,with the help of the media.But nothing becomes an icon more than a tragic and early death（does）such as Martin Luther King Jr.,John F.Kennedy,and Princess Diana.另外，在媒体的炒作下某种难以描述的、特殊的个人魅力也起作用。A particular great charm that is hard to define also proves useful.The media help to impress people with it.Being Somebody One hundred years ago,people became famous for what they had achieved.Men like J.P.Morgan,E.H.Harriman and Jay Gould were all notable achievers.So were Thomas Edison,Mark Twain,and Susan B.Anthony.Their accomplishments are still evident in our own day.Todays celebrities,however,often do not become known for any enduring achievement.The people we most admire today are usually those who are most highly publicized by the media.Today we still see or feel what they achieved in the past.But,today,people often do not become famous because theyve achieved something(a great book,an invention,a discovery,a way of thinking,etc.)that will last or influence people for a long time.In 1981,a Gallup poll revealed that Nancy Reagan was the nations most admired woman.The year before,that distinction went to President Carters wife,Rosalynn.In fact,the wife of the current president is always one of the nations most admired women.Todays celebrities,as the writer Daniel Boorstin says,are people well-known for their well-knownness.To become such a celebrity,one needs luck,not accomplishment.As Boorstin says,The hero was distinguished by his accomplishment;the celebrity by his image or trademark.英雄因其成就而出众，而名流则因其形象或者说是其特征而出名。The hero was different from ordinary people because of what he had achieved;the celebrity differs from ordinary people merely because he is well-known.The hero created himself;the celebrity is created by the media.The hero was a big man;the celebrity is a big name.The hero was admired for what he had hone for society;the celebrity bursts onto the scene through the work of the media.英雄是了不起的人物，名流是了不起的名声。the hero was an outstanding man with excellent qualities;the celebrity is an average person with an enviable reputation.There is another distinction:heroes inspire respect;celebrities inspire envy.Few of us believe we could be another Jonas Salk or Eleanor Roosevelt,but we could be another TV star like Telly Savalas or Suzanne Somers.Except for the attention they get from the media,these people are exactly like us.Another way to distinguish heroes and celebrities is that people respect heroes and envy celebrities.要是没有媒体的关注，这些人和我们完全一样。If the media didnt give them so much attention,they wouldnt be any different from ordinary people.The shift from hero-worship to celebrity-worship occurred around the turn of the century.It was closely tied to the rise of new forms of media first photography,and later moving pictures,radio and television.For the first time,Americans could see and recognize their heroes.Previously,men like Gould and Harriman,whose names everyone knew,could easily have passed through a crowd without being recognized.以前，像古尔德和哈里曼这样家喻户晓的人完全可能穿过人群而没被人认出来。whose names everyone knew：非限制性定语从句，修饰Gould and Harriman。being recognized：动名词的被动形势。In the past,when famous men like Gould and Harriman walked through a crowd,it was quite possible that people dont recognize them,though everyone knew of them.The reproduction of photos in newspapers turned famous people into celebrities whose dress,appearance,and personal habits were widely commented upon.Slowly,the focus of public attention began to shift away from knowing what such people did to knowing what they looked like.现在报纸上能刊登照片，这使名人成为名流，他们的衣着、外貌和体态举止都成为人们评论的对象。When famous peoples photos appeared in newspapers,their outward featurestheir appearance,their clothes,and the way they carried themselvesbegan to attract public attention and get talked about,In this way these famous people gradually became celebrities.The shift was accelerated by the arrival of moving pictures.Between 1901 and 1914,74 percent of the magazine articles about famous people were about political leaders,inventors,professionals,and businessmen.After 1922,however,most articles were about movie stars.With the arrival of television,the faces of the stars became as familiar as those we saw across the breakfast table.We came to know more about the lives of the celebrities than we did about most of the people we know personally.Less than seventy years after the appearance of the first moving pictures,the shift from hero-worship to celebrity-worship was complete.电视的出现Because we now have television 多于对我们认识的多数人的了解。than we did：比较从句，did 代表knew。people we know personally：指我们常见并有接触的人（相对于那些我们只是在媒体上见过的名流）than we know about most of the people we actually know.Today an appearance on a television talk show is the ultimate proof of making it in America.Actually,the term talk show is misleading.今天在电视台的一个脱口秀节目上一露脸就绝对能证明你在美国“一举成名”。Today,if you are invited as a guest on a TV talk show,you definitely have proved yourself successful in America.Celebrities do not appear on such a program because of an actual desire or ability to talk,but simply to gain recognition,and prove,merely by showing up,that they are somebody.”名流在这样的节目中出场，并不是因为他们真想说些什么，或是口才很棒，而纯属为了出名，并通过（在荧屏上）露脸，证明他们是“重要人物”。Celebrities often appear on talk shows,not because they really want to talk,or because they have something to say,but simply because they want to become famous and to show that they are important.Being a guest on a talk show does not require qualities of wit,eloquence,brilliance,insight,or intelligence.A former talent coordinator for the Tonight Show,says that when he would ask a scheduled guest,What would you like to talk to the host about?“the reply he got most often was,Have him ask me anything.“This,he says,usually meant,I am a typical Hollywood actor,so I have never had an original thought and I have nothing to say of any interest to anyone anywhere.Most hosts are grateful just to get someone who will fill the room with sound.多数主持人只要有人说话，让演播室老有声音就很满意。Most hosts are more than happy as long as the guests keep talking.One talk show coordinator comments,We look for the guest who is sure to talk no matter what(he talks about).Ten seconds of silence appears very awkward on television;thirty seconds is disastrous.A guest whos got to stop to think about everything he says before he opens his mouth is a ratings nightmare.”This kind of attitude rewards smooth,insincere talk,and makes hesitancy look like stupidity.encourages We wouldnt have used George Washington on our show(if he had been alive),says one talent coordinator.He might have been first in the hearts of his countrymen,but today hed be dragging his bottom in the ratings.重点词汇重点词汇1.make vt.做，制作；将变成；把制成；促使，迫使，使【例句】She is making a cake.她正在做蛋糕 We will make this place into a summer resort.我们要使这个地方变为避暑胜地。The good n ews makes her happy.这个消息使她很高兴。相关短语：make sure 确保；确定 make it 成功，做成 make up 编造make friends with 与交朋友 make up ones mind 下决心2.recognize vt.认识，识别；承认，认可；赏识，表彰【例句】He was so much changed that I could hardly recognize him.他变化太大，我简直认不出他来了。He recognized John as his lawful heir.他确认约翰为自己的合法继承人。The manager recognized the employees worth by giving them a bonus.公司经理发给雇员们一笔奖金以报偿他们的劳绩。Recognition n.认出；（正式）承认；褒奖，赞赏相关短语：gain recognition 得到赞赏3.define vt.解释，给下定义；限定；确定的界线【例句】People define him as a genius.人们说他是天才。The boundary between the two nations is defined by treaty.两国间的边界是由条约规定的。definition n.定义 相关短语：by defintion 按定义 重点词汇重点词汇4.shape vt.塑造，制作，使成形；影响，决定【例句】We should remember those who shape history forever.我们应该永远记住那些塑造历史的人们。These policies will shape the countrys future.这些政策将决定国家的发展前途。5.maintain vt.主张，认为；维持，保持；继续；维修，保养【例句】I maintain that we should set off at once.我认为我们应该立即出发。The school maintains English as the medium of instruction.这个学校继续以英语为教学用语。He is careful to maintain his own car.他小心翼翼地保养自己的轿车。6.original adj.独具创造性的，有独到见解的；最初的，原先的【例句】He always has the original viewpoints.他总是有独到见解。The original plans were changed.原先的计划改变了。重点短语重点短语1.be known for 因著称【例句】Mrs.Smith is known for her cooking.史密斯太太以烹饪闻名。2.go to sb./sth.授予，被赢得【例句】The Nobel Prize for literature went to the American novelist.诺贝尔文学奖被授予那位小说家。3.pass through 经过【例句】The troops passed through the village yesterday evening.部队于昨晚经过这个村庄。ment on/upon 评论【例句】He wrote an article to comment on the recent developments.他写了一篇文章，对进近来的形式发表意见。5show up 出现，到达【例句】我们等了一个小时，但他没有出现。We waited for an hour,but he did not show e to realize(开始)认识到，意识到【例句】He came to realize that being conceited was harmful.他开始意识到自以为是是有害的。Vocabulary1.Icon 偶像，崇拜对象偶像，崇拜对象2.Celebrated 著名的，驰名的著名的，驰名的3.Glamour 魅力，诱惑力魅力，诱惑力4.Achievement 成就，成绩成就，成绩5.Distinguish 区分，有别于，使显著区分，有别于，使显著6.Benefit 益处，好处益处，好处7.Economy 经济经济8.Consequently 所以，因此所以，因此Vocabulary9.Bereft 缺少缺少，失去，失去的的10.Transcend 超越超越的界限的界限11.Evident 明显的明显的12.Publicize 宣扬；广为宣传宣扬；广为宣传13.Inspire 激起激起14.Photography 摄影摄影15.Recognition 赞誉，认可赞誉，认可16.Hesitancy 犹豫不决，踌躇犹豫不决，踌躇VocabularyPhrases:1.Distinguished(from)by 因因有别于（有别于（）2.Measure against 对照对照评价评价3.Be known for 以以著称著称4.Go to sb./sth 授予，被授予，被赢得赢得5.Pass through 经过经过6.Turninto 把把变成变成7.Comment on/upon 评论评论8.Shift fromto 从从转为转为9.Look like 看似看似10.Show up 出现出现11.Fillwith 使使充满充满12.Come to realize 认识到认识到 ReadingAnswer the question:How does Goshgarian define heroes and heroines?And who are cultural icons?ReadingOutline of the Text Vocabulary Exercise1.名词+-ize/-ise动词【例句】He apologized to me for what he had said.2.带确定数量词的名词词组作主语时的主谓一致当主语是表示数目、时间、重量、距离等的复数名词,如果该名词被看做一个整体，其后的动词用单数。【例句】Sixty miles is a short run in a car.与上面情况相同，但如果该名词被看作单个个体，其后的动词用复数。【例句】Five kilos of apples are placed into the baseket.当主语为“分数或百分数+of+名词”时，动词的形式依照of后的名词的单复数形式来定。【例句】One-fourth of the region is underdeveloped.当主语是单数与复数同行时，动词的形式以名词单、复数意义为准。【例句】Tereh aircraft are reported missing.Grammar3.all 的主谓一致 代词all 表示可数的人或物时，其后的动词用复数形式。【例句】All who have seen the film love it.代词all表示不可数的名词时，其后的动词用单数形式。【例句】All is going well.All of his money is gone.形容词all+可数名词时，其后的动词用复数形式。【例句】All roads lead to Rome.形容词all+不可数名词时，其后的动词用单数形式。【例句】Not all food is good to eat.4.带none的词组作主语时，其后的动词但单、复数都可以用。【例句】None of you have/has had my experience.None of the lifts are/is working.Exercises:Translation 1)1.make it/achieve ones aim,worship heroes/money,2.gain recognition,gain confidence,3.remain silent,break the silence,4.renounce ones responsibility,5.arouse attention,distinguish friends from enemies,6.accelerate,reveal a secret,7.shape history,shape the future,8.Make a new life,ease poverty,9.make advance,the present president,10.work focus,original viewpoints11.Sincere wishes Exercises1.On the way to Zhengzhou,we passed through a village damaged by flood.(pass through 经过)2.The uncommon experience turned Bob into a patient and tolerant person.(turninto 把变成)3.His hair was dyed bright green,and he looks like a clown.(look like 看似)4.They always measure their work against professionals.(measureagainst 对照评价)5.The police in plain clothes are waiting in the dark for the thief to show up.(show up 出现)6.Mrs.Joness kindness filled the heart of the boy with hope and gratefulness.(fillwith 使充满)7.The private life of the superstar is often commented on by the tabloid.(comment on/upon 评论)8.The girl is distinguished from her classmates by her uncommon willpower.(distinguished form/by 因有别于.)9.At sunset,the strong cold wind shifted from southeaster to northwester.(shift form to 从转为)10.The highest amount of scholarship went to a postgraduate majoring in physics.(go to sb/sth 授予，被赢得)11.Andersons fairy tales are known for their deep message.(be known for 以著称)12.Quite a few people came to realize the negative effect of using cellular phones in public places.(come to realize 认识到)Exercises:Use make,recognize and define.1.It is internationally recognized that Peoples Republic of China represents the whole of China.2.When she was a child,her parents taught her to be ready to make self sacrifice for the benefit of their nation.3.At first sight,we recognized the Romeo on the stage to be our British teacher.4.The reserved manner of the British people makes them appear proud.5.Different nations define human rights in very different ways.6.My friend George gained recognition for his original views,and his success made my effort insignificant.7.Mr.Lin,would you please define the purposes of your organization?8.Our compassion for others and our passion to learn makes our lives more meaningful.9.My younger sister is a fan of pop music,but she just couldnt recognize the song I hummed just now.10.By definition,cultural icons generally refer to famous television celebrities,fashion models,profession athletes,and movie stars who are highly publicized by the media.复习及作业复习及作业1 记忆重点词语及词组（会读、会拼、会写）2 熟读课文 特别是重点难句理解（英英解释）3 课后习题4 依据课文，缩写短文。（120-150）Being somebodyDistinctions between a hero and a celebrityReasons for celebrity-worshipReasons for celebrities on talk shows Thank you!