英语教学设计理论与实践-1

英语教学设计理论与实践英语教学设计理论与实践 任务型教学设计任务型教学设计主讲：尹国杰（副教授）2013年3月20日星期三Instructional Design“Design”of teaching?Instructional DesigndesignscientificartisticInstructional DesignWhat is instructional design?the practice of creating instructional experiences which make the acquisition of knowledge and skill more efficient,effective,and appealing.Instructional Design1.Development of instructional design:1940s-The Origins of Instructional Design,World War II1946 Edgar Dales Cone of ExperienceMid-1950s through mid-1960s-The Programmed Instruction MovementEarly 1960s-The Criterion-Referenced Testing Movement1965-Domains of Learning,Events of Instruction,and Hierarchical Analysis1967-Formative EvaluationThe 1970s-Growing of Interest in the Systems ApproachThe 1980s-Introduction of Personal Computers into the Design ProcessThe 1990s-A Growing Interest in Constructivist Theory and the Importance of PerformanceThe 2000s-Rise of the Internet and Online Learning2010 and forwardInstructional Design1940s-The Origins of Instructional Design,World War IIDuring the war a considerable amount of training materials for the military were developed based on the principles of instruction,learning,and human behavior.Tests for assessing a learners abilities were used to screen candidates for the training programs.After the success of military training,psychologists began to view training as a system,and developed various analysis,design,and evaluation procedures.Instructional DesignInstructional DesignMid-1950s through mid-1960s-The Programmed Instruction MovementSkinner:effective instructional materials should include small steps,frequent questions,immediate feedback,and allow self-pacing.Robert Mager:how to write objectives including desired behavior,learning condition,and assessment.Benjamin Bloom:taxonomy of three domains of learning:Cognitive,Psychomotor and Affective.Instructional DesignInstructional DesignEarly 1960s-The Criterion-Referenced Testing MovementRobert Glaser:first user of the term“criterion-referenced measures”in 1962.a criterion-referenced test is designed to test an individuals behavior in relation to an objective standardInstructional Design1965-Domains of Learning,Events of Instruction,and Hierarchical AnalysisRobert Gagne:five domains of learning outcomes and nine events of instruction in“The conditions of Learning(1965).Gagnes work in learning hierarchies and hierarchical analysis led to an important notion in instruction to ensure that learners acquire prerequisite skills before attempting superordinates ones.Instructional Design1967-Formative EvaluationMichael Scriven:the need for formative assessment e.g.,to try out instructional materials with learners(and revise accordingly)before declaring them finalized.Instructional DesignThe 1970s-Growing of Interest in the Systems ApproachMany instructional design theorists began to adopt an information-processing-based approach to the design of instruction.David Merrill for instance developed Component Display Theory(CDT),which concentrates on the means of presenting instructional materials(presentation techniques).Instructional DesignThe 1980s-Introduction of Personal Computers into the Design Processlittle evolution of ID in schools or higher educationpersonal computer as a new tool:PLATO(Programmed Logic for Automatic Teaching Operation)growing interest in how cognitive psychology can be applied to instructional design.In the late 1980s and throughout the 1990s cognitive load theory began to find empirical support for a variety of presentation techniques.Instructional DesignThe 1990s-A Growing Interest in Constructivist Theory and the Importance of PerformanceConstructivists:learning experiences should be“authentic”and produce real-world learning environments that allow the learner to construct their own knowledge.the recognition of performance improvement as being an important outcome of learning that needed to be considered during the design process.The World Wide Web:a potential online learning tool.Instructional DesignThe 2000s-Rise of the Internet and Online LearningThe Internet:very popular tool for online learninga great increase in the number of online courses offered by higher education institutions.Technology:providing more authentic and realistic learning experiences.Instructional Design2010 and forwardThe influence of e-tools continues to grow and has seemingly encouraged the growth of informal learning throughout a persons lifetime.The challenge for instructional designers is how to create learning opportunities that now may occur anywhere and anytime.Instructional DesignInstructional MediaEraMedia1900s Visual media 1914-1923 Visual media films,Slides,Photographer Mid 1920s to 1930s Radio broadcasting,Sound recordings,Sound motion pictures World War II Training films,Overhead projector,Slide projector,Audio equipment,Simulators and training devices Post World War II Communication medium 1950s to mid-1960s Television 1950s-1990s Computer Instructional Design2.Cognitive load theory and the design of instructionCognitive load theory developed out of several empirical studies of learners,as they interacted with instructional materials.Sweller and his associates began to measure the effects of working memory load,and found that the format of instructional materials has a direct effect on the performance of the learners using those materials.Instructional Design3.Gagns Theory of Instruction Synthesizing ideas from behaviorism and cognitivism,Gagn provides a clear template,which is easy to follow for designing instructional events.Instructional designers who follow Gagns theory will likely have tightly focused,efficient instruction.Instructional DesignInstructional DesignA taxonomy of Learning Outcomes Cognitive DomainVerbal information-is statedIntellectual skills-label or classify the conceptsIntellectual skills-to apply the rules and principlesIntellectual skills-problem solving allows generating solutions or proceduresCognitive strategies-are used for learningAffective DomainAttitudes-are demonstrated by preferring optionsPsychomotor DomainMotor skills-enable physical performanceInstructional Design4.Learning design the description of the teaching-learning process that takes place in a unit of learning(eg,a course,a lesson or any other designed learning event).As summarized by Britain,learning design may be associated with:The concept of learning designThe implementation of the concept made by learning design specifications like PALO,IMS Learning Design,LDL,SLD 2.0,etc.The technical realisations around the implementation of the concept like TELOS,RELOAD LD-Author,etc.Instructional Design5.Instructional modelsADDIE processRapid prototyping(快速成型)Dick and CareyInstructional Development Learning System(IDLS)Instructional Design5.1 ADDIE process Perhaps the most common model used for creating instructional materials is the ADDIE Model.This acronym stands for the 5 phases contained in the model(Analyze,Design,Develop,Implement,and Evaluate).Instructional DesignInstructional Design5.2 The Dick and Carey Systems Approach ModelThe model was originally published in 1978 by Walter Dick and Lou Carey in their book entitled The Systematic Design of Instruction.Instructional DesignThe model addresses instruction as an entire system,focusing on the interrelationship between context,content,learning and instruction.According to Dick and Carey,Components such as the instructor,learners,materials,instructional activities,delivery system,and learning and performance environments interact with each other and work together to bring about the desired student learning outcomes.Instructional Designcomponents of this Model:Identify Instructional GoalConduct Instructional AnalysisAnalyze Learners and ContextsWrite Performance ObjectivesDevelop Assessment InstrumentsDevelop Instructional StrategyDesign and Conduct Formative Evaluation of InstructionRevise InstructionDesign and Conduct Summative EvaluationInstructional Design5.3 Instructional Development Learning System(IDLS)The model was originally published in 1970 by Peter J.Esseff,PhD and Mary Sullivan Esseff,PhD in their book entitled IDLSPro Trainer 1:How to Design,Develop,and Validate Instructional Materials.Instructional Designcomponents of the IDLS Model:Design a Task AnalysisDevelop Criterion Tests and Performance MeasuresDevelop Interactive Instructional MaterialsValidate the Interactive Instructional Materials Instructional Design6.Motivational DesignMotivation is defined as an internal drive that activates behavior and gives it direction.The term motivation theory is concerned with the process that describe why and how human behavior is activated and directed.Instructional DesignThe ARCS Model of Motivational Designcreated by John Keller based on Tolmans and Lewins expectancy-value theory,which presumes that people are motivated to learn if there is value in the knowledge presented(i.e.it fulfills personal needs)and if there is an optimistic expectation for success.four main areas:Attention,Relevance,Confidence,and Satisfaction.Instructional DesignReview:Concept of“instructional design”Development of instructional design(including instructional media)Gagnes theory of instructionInstructional modelsMotivational designInstructional DesignFurther thought:Instructional design vs.curriculum designInstructional design vs.teaching planInstructional design vs.instructional technologyInstructional DesignHomeworkWhat is a“task”in task-based instruction?Instructional DesignInstructional Design