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十年（20102020）高考英语真题分项详解25完形填空说明文体类1.(2015年，重庆卷）Imagine the first days in a new time zone. Slow to respond to the 1 , your body clock is confused. Youre sleepy all day, but when its time for bed, you can hardly fall asleep. Obviously you are 2 jet lag（时差反应）.Travelers have traditionally fought this 3 with sleeping pills or alcohol. There are actually healthier ways that can work just as 4 .For example, the moment you get on the airplane, start 5 your biological block to the destinations time. If its daytime in your destination, try to stay 6 . Walking around the cabin（客舱） can be of help. When its nighttime, try to sleep. In that case, eat before the flight, 7 an empty stomach will prevent you from sleeping. These tips will help you start a new 8 of sleep and wakefulness.1.A.flightB.changeC.demandD.climate2.A.suffering fromB.working onC.looking intoD.leading to3.A.dangerB.problemC.wasteD.fear4.A.brieflyB.slowlyC.suddenlyD.effectively5.A.checkingB.sendingC.adjustingD.stopping6.A.awakeB.aloneC.hungryD.calm7.A.thoughB.soC.wholeD.or8.A.understandingB.cycleC.researchD.trend【答案】BABDC ADB【解析】本文讲述在旅行中如何调整你的生物钟。1.B 考查名词辨析。A flight航班； B change变化； C demand要求； D climate气候；句意：慢慢地对于变化做出反应，你的生物钟就要混淆。根据语境可知本文是关于对于时差的反应，故选B项。2.A 考查动词短语辨析 suffer from 遭受战争破坏的 work on 从事于；look into调查；lead to 导致；根据时区的变化可知很明显会导致时间反应，故选A项。3.B 考查名词辨析。Adange 危险性 B problem 问题在于 C waste浪费者 D fear恐惧；句意：游客会用药片和酒精来处理这个问题。根据语境可知对待时差的问题，故选B项。4.D 考查副词辨析。A briefly 简洁地址 B slowly慢慢地址 C suddenly 突然地址 D effectively有效地；句意：这有几种健康的方法，并且很有效。根据语境可知选D项。5.C 考查动词辨析。A checking 检查员 B sending送到 C adjusting 调整结构 D stopping停止播送句意：比如，在上飞机前，开始调整你的生物钟到你的目的的的时间。Adjust to 把。调整到，故选C项。6.A 考查形容词辨析。A awake B alone C hungry D calm句意：如果是白天到目的地，试着保持清醒。Stay awake保持清醒，故选A项。7.D 考查连词辨析。A Though 虽然如此 B so 因此次 C while虽然如此 D or 否则；句意：在这种情况下，提前吃饭，否则，空腹会让阻止你睡。Or表示转折，故选D项。8.B 考查名词辨析。A Understanding 明白的 B cycle圈； C research 研究；D trend趋势；句意：这些建议能帮你开始新生物钟。根据语境可知选B项。2.(2015年，安徽卷） In our modern world, when something wears out, we throw it away and buy a new one. The 1 is that countries around the world have growing mountains of 2 because people are throwing out more rubbish than ever before.How did we 3 a throwaway society? First of all, it is now easier to 4 an object than to spend time and money to repair it. 5 modern manufacturing (制造业)and technology, companies are able to produce products quickly and inexpensively. Products are plentiful and 6 .Another cause is our 7 of disposable (一次性的) products. As 8 people, we are always looking for 9 to save time and make our lives easier. Companies 10 thousands of different kinds of disposable products: paper plates, plastic cups, and cameras, to name a few.Our appetite for new products also 11 to the problem. We are 12 buying new things. Advertisements persuade us that 13 is better and that we will be happier with the latest products. The result is that we 14 useful possessions to make room for new ones.All around the world, we can see the 15 of this throwaway lifestyle. Mountains of rubbish just keep getting bigger. To 16 the amount of rubbish and to protect the 17 , more governments are requiring people to recycle materials. 18 , this is not enough to solve (解决) our problem.Maybe there is another way out. We need to repair our possessions 19 throwing them away. We also need to rethink our attitudes about 20 . Repairing our possessions and changing our spending habits may be the best way to reduce the amount of rubbish and take care of our environment.1.A.keyB.reasonC.projectD.problem2.A.giftsB.rubbishC.debtD.products3.A.faceB.becomeC.observeD.change4.A.hideB.controlC.replaceD.withdraw5.A.Thanks toB.As toC.Except forD.Regardless of6.A.safeB.funnyC.cheapD.powerful7.A.loveB.lackC.preventionD.division8.A.sensitiveB.kindC.braveD.busy9.A.waysB.placesC.jobsD.friends10.A.donateB.receiveC.produceD.preserve11.A.adaptsB.returnsC.respondsD.contributes12.A.tired ofB.addicted toC.worried aboutD.ashamed for13.A.newerB.strongerC.higherD.larger14.A.pick upB.pay forC.hold ontoD.throw away15.A.advantagesB.purposesC.functionsD.consequences16.A.showB.recordC.decreaseD.measure17.A.technologyB.environmentC.consumersD.brands18.A.HoweverB.OtherwiseC.ThereforeD.Meanwhile19.A.byB.in favour ofC.afterD.instead of20.A.spendingB.collectingC.repairingD.advertising【答案】DBBCA CADAC DBADD CBADA【解析】本文是一篇说明文。文章主要讲的是堆积如山的垃圾给环境带来的影响。随着社会的发展，人们倾向于扔掉用旧了的东西，以新物品取而代之。而且，包装盒等一次性产品给人们带来方便的同时，也给环境带来很大的压力。1.考查名词词义辨析。句意：问题是，世界各国的垃圾堆积如山，因为人们扔出的垃圾比以往任何时候都多。A. key答案；B. reason原因；C. project项目；D. problem问题。根据上文In our modern world, when something wears out, we throw it away and buy a new one.可知，此处指带来的问题。故选D。2.考查名词词义辨析。句意：问题是，世界各国的垃圾堆积如山，因为人们扔出的垃圾比以往任何时候都多。A. gifts礼物；B. rubbish垃圾；C. debt债务；D. products产品。根据下文中的throwing out more rubbish可知，此处指如山的垃圾。故选B。3.考查动词词义辨析。句意：我们如何成为一个一次性的社会的？A. face面对；B. become成为；C. observe观察；D. change改变。根据语境可知，此处在问我们如何成为了一个一次性的社会。故选B。4.考查动词词义辨析。句意：首先，现在替换一个物体要比花时间和金钱来修复它更容易。A. hide隐藏；B. control控制；C. replace代替；D. withdraw撤退。根据下文than to spend time and money to repair it.可知，我们可以更容易地替换一个物体。故选C。5.考查介词短语辨析。句意：由于现代制造业和技术，公司能够迅速而廉价地制造产品。A. Thanks to幸亏，由于； B. As to至于，关于；C. Except for除之外；D. Regardless of不管，不顾。根据句意可知，此处表示原因。故选A。6.考查形容词词义辨析。句意：产品丰富多样并且廉价。A. safe安全的；B. funny滑稽可笑的；C. cheap便宜的；D. powerful强大的，强有力的。根据上文_5_ modern manufacturing (制造业)and technology, companies are able to produce products quickly and inexpensively.可知，产品丰富多样并且廉价。故选C。7.考查名词词义辨析。句意：另一个原因是我们对一次性产品的喜爱。A. love爱；B. lack缺乏；C. prevention预防，阻止；D. division部门，分割。根据下文As _8_ people, we are always looking for _9_ to save time and make our lives easier.可知，我们喜爱一次性产品。故选A。8.考查形容词词义辨析。句意：作为忙碌的人，我们总是在寻找节省时间和使我们的生活更容易的方法。A. sensitive敏感的；B. kind和蔼的；C. brave勇敢的；D. busy忙碌的。根据下文to save time and make our lives easier可知，忙碌的人总是在寻找节省时间和使我们的生活更容易的方法。故选D。9.考查名词词义辨析。句意：作为忙碌的人，我们总是在寻找节省时间和使我们的生活更容易的方法。A. ways方法；B. places地方；C. jobs工作；D. friends朋友。根据语境可知，此处指我们总是在寻找节省时间和使我们的生活更容易的方法。故选A。10.考查动词词义辨析。句意：公司生产成千上万的不同种类的一次性产品：纸盘子、塑料杯、照相机等等。A. donate捐赠；B. receive收到；C. produce生产；D. preserve保护，维持。根据语境可知，此处指公司生产成千上万的不同种类的一次性产品。故选C。11.考查动词短语辨析。句意：我们对新产品的需求也导致了这个问题。A. adapts to适应；改编；B. returns to返回；回复；C. responds to对做出反应；D. contributes to有助于，导致。根据语境可知，此处指导致了这个问题。故选D。12考查形容词短语辨析。句意：我们热衷于购买新东西。A. tired of对厌倦；B. addicted to对上瘾，迷恋于；C. worried about担心；D. ashamed for为感到惭愧。根据上文Our appetite for new products also _11_ to the problem.可知，我们热衷于购买新东西。故选B。13.考查形容词词义辨析。句意：广告说服我们，越新越好，我们会更乐于使用最新产品。A. newer更新的；B. stronger更强的；C. higher更高的；D. larger更大的。根据下文that we will be happier with the latest products.可知，广告说服我们，产品越新越好。故选A。14.考查动词短语辨析。句意：结果是，我们扔掉有用的东西，为新的物品腾出空间。A. pick up捡起，学会；B. pay for付款；赔偿；C. hold onto紧紧抓住，抓住不放，保持住；D. throw away扔掉，丢弃。根据下文to make room for new ones.可知，此处指扔掉有用的东西，为新的物品腾出空间。故选D。15.考查名词词义辨析。句意：在世界各地，我们可以看到这种一次性生活方式的后果。A. advantages优势，优点；B. purposes目的；C. functions功能；D. consequences后果，结果。根据下文Mountains of rubbish just keep getting bigger.可知，此处指一次性生活方式的后果。故选D。16.考查动词词义辨析。句意：为了减少垃圾的数量和保护环境，越来越多的政府要求人们回收材料。A. show显示，表明；B. record记录，记载；C. decrease减少；D. measure测量，权衡。根据下文more governments are requiring people to recycle materials.可知，此处指为了减少垃圾的数量。故选C。17.考查名词词义辨析。句意：A. technology技术；B. environment环境；C. consumers消费者；D. brands品牌。根据下文more governments are requiring people to recycle materials.可知，此处指保护环境。故选B。18.考查副词词义辨析。句意：然而，这并不足以解决我们的问题。A. However可是，然而；B. Otherwise否则；C.Therefore所以；D. Meanwhile与此同时。根据语境可知，前后是转折关系。故选A。19.考查介词（短语）辨析。句意：我们需要修复我们的财产而不是丢弃。A. by通过；B. in favour of支持，赞成；C. after在之后；D. instead of而不是。根据语境可知，前后是对比关系。故选D。20.考查动词词义辨析。句意：我们还需要重新思考我们对消费的态度。A. spending消费；B. collecting收集；C. repairing修复；D. advertising作广告。根据语境可知，此处指重新思考我们对消费的态度。故选A。3.(2012年，上海卷）People on a college campus were more likely to give money to the March of Dimes if they were asked for a donation by a disabled woman in a wheelchair than if asked by a nondisabled woman. In another 29 , subway riders in New York saw a man carrying a stick stumble（绊脚） and fall to the floor. Sometimes the victim had a large red birthmark on his 30 ; sometimes he did not. In this situation, the victim was more likely to 31 aid if his face was spotless than if he had an unattractive birthmark. In 32 these and other research findings, two themes are 33 : we are more willing to help people we like for some reason and people we think 34 assistance.In some situations, those who are physically attractive are more likely to receive aid. 35 , in a field study researchers placed a completed application to graduate school in a telephone box at the airport. The application was ready to be 36 , but had apparently been lost. The photo attached to the application was sometimes that of a very 37 person and sometimes that of a less attractive person. The measure of helping was whether the individual who found the envelope actually mailed it or not. Results showed that people were more likely to 38 the application if the person in the photo was physically attractive.The degree of 39 between the potential helper and the person in need is also important. For example, people are more likely to help a stranger who is from the same country rather than a foreigner. In one study, shoppers on a busy street in Scotland were more likely to help a person wearing a(n) 40 T-shirt than a person wearing a T-shirt printed with offensive words.Whether a person receives help depends in part on the worth of the case. For example, shoppers in a supermarket were more likely to give someone. 41 to buy milk rather than to buy cookies, probably because milk is thought more essential for 42 than cookies. Passengers on a New York subway were more likely to help a man who fell to the ground if he appeared to be 43 rather than drunk.29.A.studyB.wayC.wordD.college30.A.handB.armC.faceD.back31.A.refuseB.begC.loseD.receive32.A.challengingB.recordingC.understandingD.publishing33.A.importantB.possibleC.amusingD.missing34.A.seekB.deserveC.obtainD.accept35.A.At firstB.Above allC.In additionD.For example36.A.printedB.mailedC.rewrittenD.signed37.A.talentedB.good-lookingC.helpfulD.hard-working38.A.send inB.throw awayC.fill outD.turn down39.A.similarityB.friendshipC.cooperationD.contact40.A.expensiveB.plainC.cheapD.strange41.A.timeB.instructionsC.moneyD.chances42.A.shoppersB.researchC.childrenD.health43.A.talkativeB.handsomeC.calmD.sick【答案】ACDCA BDBBA ABCDD【解析】研究表明，出于某种原因，我们更愿意帮助我们喜欢的人和我们认为值得帮助的人。29.根据下文these and other research findings和in a field study提示，在另一份研究中，所以选A。【考点定位】考查名词词义及语境理解。30.根据下文if his face was spotless提示。受害者脸上有一个巨大的红色胎记。【考点定位】考查名词词义及语境理解。31.根据下文are more likely to receive aid提示选receive。如果受害者的脸无污点的比有不引人注意的胎记更有可能获得援助。【考点定位】考查动词词义及语境理解。32.此处challenge挑战； record记录；understand理解，了解；publish出版。在了解这些和其他研究结果过程中， 发现两个重要的主题。【考点定位】考查动词词义及语境理解。33.此处important重要的； possible可能的； amusing 娱乐的； missing失去的。在了解这些和其他研究结果过程中， 发现两个重要的主题。【考点定位】考查形容词词义及语境理解。34.deserve意为“值得”。因为某种原因我们更愿意帮助我们喜欢的人和我们认为值得帮助的人。【考点定位】考查动词词义及语境理解。35.下文举列说明观点：In some situations, those who are physically attractive are more likely to receive aid，所以选D。【考点定位】考查介词短语词义及语境理解。36.根据下文actually mailed it or not提示选mailed。意思是申请被邮寄。【考点定位】考查动词词义及语境理解。37.此处talented有才能的； good-looking好看的；helpful 有帮助的；hard-working勤奋的。附在申请上的照片一张是相貌好看的、一张不太有吸引力的人。【考点定位】考查形容词词义及语境理解。38.结果表明，如果照片上人外表上有吸引力，人们更可能递送这个申请。send in意为“递送”。【考点定位】考查动词短语含义及语境理解。39.在潜在的助手和有需要的人之间的相似程度也很重要。【考点定位】考查名词词义及语境理解。40.此处expensive昂贵的； plain 普通的； cheap便宜的； strange奇怪的。穿着T恤上印上挑衅的话和穿着朴素的T恤的人相对比，人们更愿意帮助穿着朴素T恤的人。plain意为“简朴的;朴素的”。【考点定位】考查形容词词义及语境理解。41.此处time 时间； instructions 说明；money 钱； chances机会。根据常识应该给钱买牛奶。【考点定位】考查名词词义及语境理解。42.对健康来说，牛奶被认为比饼干更不可缺少。【考点定位】考查名词词义及语境理解。43.此处talkative 健谈的；handsome英俊的； calm平静的； sick有病的。生病的似乎比喝醉的更容易得到到帮助。【考点定位】考查形容词词义及语境理解。4.(2011年，上海卷） Everyone in business has been told that success is all about attracting and retaining (留住) customers. It sounds simple and achievable. But, 44 , words of wisdom are soon forgotten. Once companies have attracted customers they often 45 the second half of the story. In the excitement of beating off the competition, negotiating prices, securing orders, and delivering the product, managers tend to become carried away. They forget what they regard as the boring side of business 46 that the customer remains a customer. 47 to concentrate on retaining as well as attracting customers costs business huge amounts of money annually. It has been estimated that the average company loses between 10 and 30 per cent of its customers every years. In constantly changing 48 , this is not surprising. What is surprising is the fact that few companies have any idea how many customers they have lost.Only now are organizations beginning to wake up to those lost opportunities and calculate the 49 implications. Cutting down the number of customers a company loses can make a big 50 in its performance. Research in the US found that a five per cent decrease in the number of defecting (流失的) customers led to 51 increases of between 25 and 85 per cent.In the US, Dominos Pizza estimates that a regular customer is worth more than $5,000 over ten years. A customer who receives a poor quality product or service on their first visit and 52 never returns, is losing the company thousands of dollars in 53 profits (more if you consider how many people they are likely to tell about their bad experience).The logic behind cultivating customer 54 is impossible to deny. “In practice most companies marketing effort is focused on getting customers, with little attention paid to 55 them”, says Adrian Payne of Cornfield University School of Management. “Research suggests that there is a close relationship between retaining customers and making profits. 56 customers tend to buy more, are predictable and usually cost less to service than new customers. Furthermore, they tend to be less price 57 , and may provide free word-of-mouth advertising. Retaining customers also makes it 58 for competitors to enter a market or increase their share of a market.44.A.in particularB.in realityC.at leastD.first of all45.A.emphasizeB.doubtC.overlookD.believe46.A.denyingB.ensuringC.arguingD.proving47.A.MovingB.HopingC.StartingD.Failing48.A.marketsB.tastesC.pricesD.expenses49.A.cultureB.socialC.financialD.economical50.A.promiseB.planC.mistakeD.difference51.A.costB.opportunityC.profitD.budget52.A.as a resultB.on the wholeC.in conclusionD.on the contrary53.A.hugeB.potentialC.extraD.reasonable54.A.beliefsB.loyaltyC.habitsD.interest55.A.alteringB.understandingC.keepingD.attracting56.A.AssumedB.RespectedC.EstablishedD.Unexpected57.A.agreeableB.flexibleC.friendlyD.sensitive58.A.unfairB.difficultC.essentialD.convenient【答案】BCBDA CDCAB BCCDB【解析】本文是一篇说明文。文章讲述了很多公司把很多精力放在了吸引顾客的方面，而很少去关注如何留住老客户，并说明留住老客户的重要性。44.考查介词短语辨析。句意：但在现实中，智慧的话语很快就会被遗忘。A. in particular特殊地，特别地；B. in reality事实上；C. at least至少；D. first of all首先。根据空前的but判断应事实并不那么简单。选B。45.考查动词辨析。句意：公司一旦吸引了顾客，他们常常忽略故事的另一部分。A. emphasize强调；B. doubt怀疑；C. overlook俯瞰，眺望，忽略；D. believe相信。成功吸引顾客之后，常常会忽略故事的另一部分。故选C。46.考查动词辨析。句意：他们忘记了他们把什么作为生意让人厌烦的那一方面，确保让顾客成为顾客。A. denying拒绝；B. ensuring确信，确保；C. arguing争吵；D. proving 证明。这里指确保顾客仍然是顾客，而不是流失。故选B。47.考查动词辨析。句意：未能像吸引顾客那样保持顾客真地让公司损失大量资金。A. Moving移动；B. Hoping希望；C. Starting开始；D. Failing未能。fail to do sth未能做某事。如果不能集中精力留住和吸引客户，每年都会给企业带来巨额损失。故选D。48.考查名词辨析、句意：在持续变化的市场上，这是不令人吃惊的。A. markets市场；B. tastes味道；C. prices价格；D. expenses花费。此文讲的是公司做生意，故应是市场。选A。49.考查形容词辨析。句意：直到现在，组织才开始意识到那些失去的机会，并计算其对财务的影响。A. culture文化的；B. social社交的，社会的；C. financial金融的；D. economical经济的。financial implication财务影响。故选C。50.考查名词辨析。句意：减少一个公司失去的客户数量会对它的业绩产生很大的影响。A. promise承诺；B. plan计划；C. mistake错误；D. difference区别，意义。make a difference有影响，有关系。这里指对业绩有很大的影响。故选D。51.考查名词辨析。句意：百分之十五的流失的客户导致预算增长在25 - 85%之间。A. cost 费用；B. opportunity机会；C. profit利润；D. budget预算。顾客的流失带来公司预算的增加，故选C。52.考查介词短语辨析。句意：如果一个顾客第一次拜访就得到了质量差的产品或服务，结果却再也没有回来。A. as a result结果；B. on the whole总体来讲；C. in conclusion总之；D. on the contrary相反。空后是前文的结果，故应选A。53.考查形容词辨析。句意：那么他就会让公司损失数千美元的潜在利润。A. huge巨大的；B. potential潜在的；C. extra额外的；D. reasonable 合情合理的。没有回头客，损失的潜在的利润。故选B。54.考查名词辨析。句意：培养客户忠诚度背后的逻辑是不可否认的。A. beliefs相信；B. loyalty忠诚；C. habits习惯；D. interest兴趣。故选B。55.考查动词辨析。句意：实际上，大多数公司的营销努力都集中在争取客户上，而很少注意到如何留住客户。A. altering改变；B. understanding理解；C. keeping保持；D. attracting吸引。此处应是保持顾客、留住顾客。故选C。56.考查形容词辨析。句意：与新客户相比，老客户倾向于购买更多、可预测且通常服务成本更低。A. Assumed假定的，假想的；B. Respected受尊重的；C. Established已建立的；D. Unexpected意想不到的。这里指已建立的顾客。故选C。57.考查形容词辨析。句意：此外，他们往往对价格不太敏感，可能会提供免费的口碑广告。A. agreeable一致的；B. flexible灵活的；C. friendly友好的；D. sensitive敏感的。price sensitive价格敏感性。故选D。58.考查形容词辨析。句意：留住客户也使得竞争对手很难进入一个市场或增加他们的市场份额。A. unfair不公平的；B. difficult困难的；C. essential重要的；D. convenient方便的。make it difficult for sb to do sth使某人做某事方便。 根据题意选B。5.A detailed study of biological diversity（多样性）in town and city gardens has found that they offer a vital refuge for animals and plants. It has also found that many of the ideas about wildlife gardening are not 59 .In fact, small gardens are just as good as big gardens at 60 wildlife, suburban gardens are not always better than city gardens and non-native plants are not always harmful to native insects and birds. Britains 16,000,000 gardens are a refuge for hundreds of species of animals and plants that would find it 61 to survive on intensively （精细地）farmed land. According to the study, gardens are amazingly varied even compared to 62 environments that are good for wildlife. Small gardens are more interesting 63 they vary a great deal in botanical environment, All the wildlife responds to the variation.Ken Thompson of Sheffield University was involved n the first detailed study of the 64 living in British gardens when he and his colleagues surveyed 61 gardens in Sheffield. They really found a（n） 65 diversity of plants and animals. They also identified a range of simple 66 that improved a gardens environment for wildlife. The top thing is to grow more big trees as these greatly 67 the volume of vegetation in the garden and a lot of 68 means a lot of places to live and a lot of things to eat. 69 , create a pond for insects and frogs. Think before stocking it with fish which will eat insect eggs. Also, it is not wise to light up the garden at night with bright lawn lamps, which will 70 many night creatures, Finally, dont be too tidy: dont be 71 to clear up everything when the garden stops flowering. Just 72 a bit of things lying around.To sum up, people who want to turn their gardens into wildlife refuges should 73 and let the grass grow tall, the flowers turn to seed and trees expand skyward.59.A.trueB.basicC.vividD.simple60.A.selectingB.importingC.offeringD.attracting61.A.impossibleB.illegalC.luckyD.convenient62.A.peacefulB.warmC.naturalD.clean63.A.beforeB.unlessC.butD.because64.A.wildlifeB.menC.germD.pet65.A.confusingB.completeC.surprisingD.orderly66.A.measuresB.standardsC.servicesD.functions67.A.occupyB.increaseC.limitD.reduce68.A.vegetationB.reservationC.preparationD.decoration69.A.By contrastB.As a resultC.In other wordsD.In addition70.A.blockB.disturbC.benefitD.protect71.A.in a messB.in a wayC.in a hurryD.in a while72.A.forgetB.removeC.avoidD.leave73.A.escapeB.relaxC.striveD.retire【答案】ADACD ACABA DBCDB【解析】这是一篇说明文。短文介绍了城镇和城市花园对生物多样性的重要性以及改善野生生物的花园环境的措施。59.考查形容词词义辨析。句意：它还发现许多关于野生生物花园的想法并不是正确的。A. true真的；B. basic基本的；C. vivid形象的；D. simple简单的。由“In fact, small gardens are just as good as big garde
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