资源描述
The upper limb The muscles of backSuperficial group Trapezius 斜方肌 Latissimus dorsi 背阔肌 Levator scapulae 肩胛提肌 Rhomboideus菱形肌 Deep group Erector spinae 竖脊肌 Splenius 夹肌 Thoracolumbar fascia 胸腰筋膜 The muscles of thoraxExtrinsic muscles Pectoralis major 胸大肌 Pectoralis minor 胸小肌 Serratus anterior 前锯肌Intrinsic muscles Intercostales externi 肋间外肌 Intercostales interni 肋间内肌 Intercostales intimi 肋间最内肌 Major muscles of the trunkTrapezius Origin: superior nuchal line, external occipital protuberance, ligamentum nuchae and spinous processes of seventh cervical and all thoracic vertebrae Insertion: lateral third of clavicle, acromion, and spine of scapulartery Acton: upper fibers elevate scapula, lower fibers depress scapula; if scapula is fixed, one side acting along, draws head toward the same side, and turn face to opposite side; both sides together, draw head directly backward Latissimus dorsi Origin: spinous processes of lower six thoracic and all lumbar vertebrae, median sacral crest, and posterior part of iliac crest. Insertion: floor of intertubercular groove of humerus. Action: trunk fixed, extends, adducts and medially rotates arm ; arm fixed, elevates trunk. Erector spinae Position: fills the vertebral groove on each side of the spine Action: extends vertebral column (draw head backwar) Pectoralis major Origin: medial half of clavicle,sternum,1th-6th costal cartilages. Insertion: crest of greater tubercle of humerus. Action: flexes, adducts and rotates arm medially; arm fixed, elevates trunk; elevates ribs 1-6,aidding in forced inspiration. The Muscles of Upper LimbMuscles of shoulder Deltoid supraspinatus Infraspinatus Teres minor Teres major subscapularis Muscles of arm Antererior group Biceps brachii 肱二头肌 Coracobrachialis喙肱肌 Brachialis 肱肌 Posterior group triceps brachii肱三头肌 Muscles of forearm Superficial layer Brachioradialis 肱桡肌 Pronator teres 旋前圆肌 Flexor carpi radialis 桡侧腕屈肌 Palmaris longus 掌长肌 Flexor carpi ulnaris 尺侧腕屈肌 Third layer Flexor digitorum profundus 指深屈肌 Flexor pollicis longus 拇长屈肌 Fourth layer pronator quadratus 旋前方肌Action: flex radiocarpal joint and fingers, pronate forearm Second layer flexor digitorum superficials 指浅屈肌 Posterior group (10) Superficial layer (5) Extensor carpi radialis longus 桡侧腕长伸肌 Extensor carpi radialis brevis 桡侧腕短伸肌 Extensor digitorum 指伸肌 Extensor digiti minimi 小指伸肌 Extensor carpi ulnaris 尺侧腕屈肌 Deep layer (5) Supinator旋后肌 Abductor pollicis longus拇长展肌 Extensor pollicis brevis拇短伸肌 Extensor pollicis longus拇长伸肌 Extensor indicis 示指伸肌 Action: extend radiocapral joint and fingers, and supinate forearm Muscles of hand Lateral groupthenar 鱼际 (4) Abductor pollicis brevis拇短展肌 Flexor pollicis brevis 拇短屈肌 Opponens pollicis 拇对掌肌 Adductor pollicis 拇收肌 Action: flex, abduct, adduct and oppose thumb Medial grouphypothenar (3) Abductor digiti minimi 小指展肌 Flexor digiti minimi brevis小指短屈肌 Opponens digiti minimi小指对掌肌 Action: flex, abduct , and oppose little finger Intermedial group Lumbricales 蚓状肌(4)flex fingers at MP joints; extend fingers at IP joints Palmar interossei 骨间掌侧肌(3) adduct fingers towards middle finger at MP joints Dorsal interossei 骨间 背侧肌(3)abduct fingers away from middle finger at MP joints Major muscles of upper limbDeltoid Origin: lateral third of clavicle, acromion, and spine of scapula Insertion: deltoid tuberosity of humerus Action: abducts，flexes and medically rotates, extends, and laterally rotates arm Teres major Origin: dorsal surface of inferior angle of scapula Insertion: crest of lesser tubercle of humerus Action: medially rotates and adducts arm Biceps brachii Origin: long head, supraglenoid tubercle; short head, coracoid process Insertion: radical tuberosity Action: supinator of forearm, flexor of elbow joint, weak flexor of should jointPronator teres Origin: medical epicondyle of humerus and deep fascia of forearm Insertion: middle of lateral surface of radius Action: pronation of forearm and flexion of elbow Triceps brachii Origin: long head, infraglenoid tubercle; lateral head, above groove for radical n., medical head, below groove for radical n. Insertion: olecranon of ulna Action: extends elbow joint), long head can extend and adduct shoulder joint Supinator Origin: lateral epicondyle of humerus and upper part of lateral border of ulna Insertion: upper third of anterior surface of radius Action: supination of forearm Arteries of upper limbAxillary artery Continuation of subclavian artery at lateral border of first rib Becomes brachial artery at lower border of teres major Divided into three parts by overlying pectoralis minor First portion, above musclegives rise to thoracoacromial a. 胸肩峰动脉 Second portion, behind musclegives rise to lateral thoracic a. 胸外侧动脉 Third portion, below musclegives rise to subscapular a. 肩胛下动脉, anterior and posterior humeral circumflex a. 旋肱前、后动脉; the former then divides into throcodorsal a. 胸背动脉 and circumflex scapular a. 旋肩胛动脉 Brachial artery Continuation of axillary artery Divides into radial and ulnar arteries at level of neck of radius Branches Deep brachial a. 肱深动脉accompanies with radial nerve Superior ulnar collaeral a. 尺侧上副动脉accompanies with ulnar nerve Inferior ulnar collateral a.尺侧下副动脉 Radial artery and branches Radial recurrent a. 桡侧返动脉 Superfical palmar branch 掌浅支 Principal artery of thumb 拇主要动脉Ulnar artery and branches Ulnar recurrent a. 尺侧返动脉 Common interosseous artery 骨间总动脉 Anterior interossous a. 骨间前动脉 Posterior interosseous a. 骨间后动脉 Deep palmar branch 掌深支 Superficial palmar arch 掌浅弓 Formed by ulnar artery and superficial palmar branch of radial artery Curve of arch lies across the palm, level with the distal border of fully extended thumb Gives rise to three common palmar digital arteries each then divides into two proper palmar digital arteries Deep palmar arch 掌深弓 Formed by radial artery and deep palmar branch of ulnar artery Curve of arch lies across upper part of palmar at level with proximal border of extended thumb Gives rise to three palmar metacarpal arteries Veins of the upper limbDeep veins: accompany the arteries of the same region and bear similar names Superficial veins Cephalic vein 头静脉 Arises from the lateral side of the dorsal venous rete of hand Ascends on radial side of the forearm to the elbow and then in the lateral side of biceps brachii furrow, continues up the arm in the deltopectoral groove and then to the infraclavicular fossa, where it pierces clavipectoral fascia to drain into axillar y vein Basilic vein 贵要静脉 Arises from the medial side of the dorsal venous rete of hand Ascends on the ulnar side of forearm to the elbow and then in the medial bicepital brachii furrow to middle of the arm where it pierces the deep fascia and joins the brachial vein or axillar y vein Median cubital vein 肘正中静脉 links cephalic vein and basilic vein in the cubital fossa. It is a frequent site for venipuncture to remove a sample of blood or add fluid to the blood The lymphatic drainage of upper limbLymphatic vessels Superficialfollow the superficial veins, drain into supratrochlear and axillary lymph nodes Deepaccompany main vessels, end in axillary lymph nodes lymph nodes Cubital lymph node: lies above medial epicondyle of humerus Axillary lymph nodearranged in five groups Axillary lymph nodes腋淋巴结arranged in five groups Lateral lymph nodes 外侧淋巴结 lie around the distal end of axillary vein , receiving drainage from the arm, forearm, and hand Pectoral lymph nodes 胸肌淋巴结lie along lateral thoracic vessels, receive afferents from anterior thoracic wall including central and lateral portion of mamma Subscapular lymph node 肩胛下淋巴结along subscapular vessels, receive lymph from nape and scapular region Efferents above three groups pass to central lymph node Central lymph node中央淋巴结lie in fat of axillary fossa, receive drainage from all the above nodes, efferents pass to apical lymph node Apical lymph node 尖淋巴结 Lie in the apex of the axilla, along the proximal end of axillar y vessels Receive drainage chiefly from central lymph node , upper portion of mamma Efferents form subclavian trunk , the right subclavian trunk joints the right lymphatic duct; left usually drains directly into thoracic duct Brachial plexus 臂丛Formation: Five roots: formed by anterior rami of C5-C8 and T1 spinal nerves, roots C5C7give rise to long thoracic n.胸长神经 Three trunks The upper trunk is formed by the joining of root C4,C5,C6. The middle trunk is the continuation of root C7. The lower trunk is formed by the joining of root C8 and T1. Six divisions: above clavicle, trunks form anterior and posterior divisions Three cords: below clavicle, divisions form three cords that surround the second portion of axillary a. Position: passes through the scalene fissure to posterosuperior of subclavian artery, then enters the axilla to form lateral, medial and posterior cordsMain branches Lateral cord Musculocutaneous n. 肌皮神经 Lateral root to median n. 正中神经外侧根 Medial cord Medial root to median n. 正中神经内侧根 Ulnar n. 尺神经 Medial brachial cutaneous n.臂内侧皮神经 Medial antebrachial cutaneous n. 前臂内侧皮神经 Posterior cord radial n. 桡神经 axillary n. 腋神经 thoracodorsal n. 胸背神经 Musculocutaneous 肌皮神经 Distribution: Biceps brachii, brachalis and coracobrachialis BBC nerve; skin on anterior aspect of forearm Median 正中神经 Distribution: Flexor of forearm except brachioradialis, flexor carpi ulnaris and ulnar half of flexor digitorum profundus, thenar except adductor pollicis, first two lumbricals; skin of thenar, central part of palm, palmar aspect of radial three and one-half fingers, including middle and distal fingers on dorsum Injury: Apehand 猿手produces sign of benediction, in which the index and middle fingers cannot be flexed and the thumb cannot be opposed Ulnar nerve Distribution: Flexor carpi ulnaris, ulnar half of flexor digitorum profundus, hypothenar muscles, interossei, 3rd and 4th lumbricals and adductor pollicis; skin of hypothenar, palmar surface of ulnar one and one- half fingers, ulnar half of dorsum of hand, posterior aspect of ulnar two and one-half fingers Injury: clawhand Radial 桡神经 Distribution: Extensor muscles of arm and forearm, brachioradialis; skin on back of arm, forearm, and radial side of dorsum of hand and radial two and one-half fingers Injury: Wristdrop Axillary 腋神经 Distribution: Deltoid and teres minor muscle; skin over deltoid and upper posterior aspect of arm Injury: result in deltoid andteres minor paralysis (loss of shoulser abdution and weel external rotation) with loss of sensation over the deltoid Regional anatomy of upper limb 山 东 大 学 医 学 院 解 剖 教 研 室李 振 华 Parts and regions Shoulder regionjunction of arm and trunk Armbetween should and elbow Elbowbend of arm, joint between arm and forearm Forearmbetween elbow and hand Hand Surface anatomy Shoulder region: acromion, spine of scapula, coracoid process, greater tubercle, anterior and posterior axillar y folds Armmedial and lateral biceps brachii furrow, deltoid tuberosity Elbowmedial and lateral epicondyles, head of radius, olecranon, tendon of biceps brachii Forearmbetween elbow and hand Handstyloid process, dorsal tubercle Anatomical snuff box 鼻烟壶 When the thumb is abducted and extended, a triangular hollow appears between the tendon of the extensor pollicis longs medially and the tendons of the extensor pollicis brevis and abductor pollicis longus laterally. The floor of the snuff box is the scaphoid and trapezium bones and crossed by the radial a. 16501700Carring angle 提携角 Mamma 乳房Position Lie in superficial fascia over the pectorals major and pectoral fascia Extend from 3rd to 7th ribs vertically, and from parasternal line to midaxillary line transversally Structurescontains skin, mammary glands and adipose tissue Each brest has about 1520 lobes of mammary gland Each lobe radiates out from the nipple and has a lactiferous duct输乳管 which opens separately on the summit of the nipple and possesses a dilated lactiferous sinuses输乳管窦 just prior to its termination Suspensory ligaments of breast乳房悬韧带(cooper s ligaments )strands of connective tissue runs between skin and deep fascia and serve to support the mammary glands Axillary fossa 腋窝 The axillary fossa is a pyramid-shaped space through which major neurovascular structures pass between the thorax and upper extremity Boundaries The apex is a triangular space limited by the first rib, the scapula, and the middle third of clavicle. The baseskin and fascia of the axillary fossa The anterior wall Pectoralis major, pectoralis minor and subclavius muscles Clavipectoral fascia 锁胸筋膜 The deep faxcia which extends between subclavius, coracoid process and pectoralis minor muscles The structures pass through the clavipectoral faxcia Cephalic v. Thoracoacromial a. Lateral pectoral n. The posterior wallteres major, latissimus dorsi, subscapularis and scapula Trilateral and quadrilateral foramina 三边孔和四边孔 Between the subscapularis and teres major, there is a long triangular space whose lateral side is surgical neck of humerus. The long head of triceps brachii subdivides this space into a medial trilateral foramen and a lateral quadrilateral foramen. The posterior humeral circumflex a. and axillary n. pass through the quadrilateral foramen. The circumflex scapular a. passes through the triangular space to reach the dorsum of the scapula. The broad medial wallserratus anterior，intercostal muscles and upper four ribs The narrow lateral wallcoracobrachialis, biceps brachii and intertubercular grooveContents Brachial plexus, axillary a. and principal branches, axillary v. and tributaries, axillary lymph nodes and loose connective tissue Brachial plexus 臂丛Formation: Five roots: formed by anterior rami of C5-C8 and T1 spinal nerves, roots C5C7give rise to long thoracic n.胸长神经 Three trunks The upper trunk is formed by the joining of root C4,C5,C6. The middle trunk is the continuation of root C7. The lower trunk is formed by the joining of root C8 and T1. Six divisions: above clavicle, trunks form anterior and posterior divisions Three cords: below clavicle, divisions form three cords that surround the second portion of axillary a. Position: passes through the scalene fissure to posterosuperior of subclavian artery, then enters the axilla to form lateral, medial and posterior cordsMain branches Lateral cord Musculocutaneous n. 肌皮神经 Lateral root to median n. 正中神经外侧根 Medial cord Medial root to median n. 正中神经内侧根 Ulnar n. 尺神经 Medial brachial cutaneous n.臂内侧皮神经 Medial antebrachial cutaneous n. 前臂内侧皮神经 Posterior cord radial n. 桡神经 axillary n. 腋神经 thoracodorsal n. 胸背神经 Axillary sheath 腋鞘extension of deep cervical fascia of the neck, forming a tubular sheath that surrounds axillary a. and v., and brachial plexus Axillary artery Continuation of subclavian artery at lateral border of first rib Becomes brachial artery at lower border of teres major Divided into three parts by overlying pectoralis minor First portion, above musclegives rise to thoracoacromial a. 胸肩峰动脉 Second portion, behind musclegives rise to lateral thoracic a. 胸外侧动脉 Third portion, below musclegives rise to subscapular a. 肩胛下动脉, anterior and posterior humeral circumflex a. 旋肱前、后动脉; the former then divides into throcodorsal a.胸背动脉 and circumflex scapular a. 旋肩胛动脉 Axillary lymph nodearranged in five groups Lateral lymph nodeslie around the distal end of axillar y arter y vein , receive afferent vessels from upper limb. Pectoral lymph nodeslie along lateral thoracic vessels, receive afferents from anterior thoracic wall including central and lateral portion of mamma Subscapular lymph nodealong subscapular vessels, receive lymph from nape and scapular region Efferents above three groups pass to central lymph node Central lymph nodelie in fat of axillar y fossa, receive lymph from all the above nodes, efferents pass to apical lymph node Apical lymph nodelie in the apex of the axilla, along the proximal end of axillar y vessels, receive afferents chiefly from central lymph node , upper portion of mamma; efferents form subclavian trunk , the right subclavian trunk joints the right lymphatic duct; left usually drains directly into thoracic duct Cubiral fossa 肘窝Boundaries Baseline drawn through epicondyles of humerus Apexbrachioradialis laterally and pronator teres medially Roofskin, superficial faxcia, deep faxcia and aponeurosis of biceps Floorbrachialis, supinator and capsule of elbow joint Contentsfrom lateral to medial Biceps brachii tendon Brachial a.divides into radial and ulnar a.,usually at apex of fossa Median n.Lateral to the biceps brachii tendonradial n. and lateral antebrachial cutaneous n. Carpal tunnel 腕管Flexor retinaculum Thickening of deep fascia in the hand Attached laterally to scaphoid and trapeziun and medially to pisiform and hamate Form an osseofibrous tunnel (carpal tunnel) with carpal groovetransmits median n., flexor digitorum supericialis, flexor digitorum profundus, and flexor pollicus longus from forearm into hand Common flexor sheathTeninous sheath of flexor pollicis longus Skin incisions Cephalic v.Lateral cutaneous branchAnterior cutaneous branchSuperficial fascia Clavipectoral fascia 锁胸筋膜 The deep faxcia which extends between subclavius, coracoid process and pectoralis minor muscles The structures pass through the clavipectoral faxcia Cephalic v. Thoracoacromial a. Lateral pectoral n. Axillary a. Thoracoacromial a. Musculocutaneous n.Median n.Medial antebrachial cutaneous n.Ulnar n.Medial brachial cutaneous n. Intercostobrachial n.Thoracodorsal n. tendons of extensor carpi radialis longus and brevis and their synovial sheaths; tendon of pollicis longus and its synovial sheath; tendons of extensor digitorum, extensor indicis and their synovial sheaths; tendon of extensor digiti minimi and its synovial sheaths; tendon of extensor carpi ulnaris and its synovial sheaths Fascia of the dorsal hand The superficial fascia Deep fasciathe dorsal fascia of hand Superficial layer (dorsal aponeurosis) 手背腱膜 Deep layer (dorsal interosseous fascia) 骨间背侧筋膜 Two spaces The dorsal subcutaneous space 手背皮下间隙 The dorsal subaponeurotic space 手背腱膜下间隙 Superficial fasciaDorsal aponeurosisDorsal interosseous fascia Dorsal subcutaneous spaceDorsal subaponeurotic space Nerves of hand Median n.thenar except adductor pollicis, first two lumbricals; skin of thenar, central part of palm, palmar aspect of radial three and one-half fingers, including middle and distal fingers on dorsum Ulnar n.hypothenar muscles, interossei, 3rd and 4th lumbricals and adductor pollicis; skin of hypothenar, palmar surface of ulnar one and one-half fingers Radial n.skin of radial side of dorsum of hand and radial two and one-half fingers Fingers 手指 Pulp space 指髓间隙 On the palmar side of the tips of the fingers and thumb. They contain fatty tissue that is divided into numerous compartments by fibrous septa that pass between the distal phalanx and the skin. The pulp space is limited proximally by the firm adherence of skin and the distal flexion crease to the underlying tissue; this prevents pulp infection from spreading proximally along the finger. vessels : 有2条指掌侧固有动脉和2条指背动脉，分别走行于手指的两侧。 Ner ves： 神经与同名动脉伴行。 Major muscles of upper limbDeltoid Origin: lateral third of clavicle, acromion, and spine of scapula Insertion: deltoid tuberosity of humerus Action: abducts，flexes and medically rotates, extends, and laterally rotates arm Brachial plexus 臂丛Formation: Five roots: formed by anterior rami of C5-C8 and T1 spinal nerves, roots C5C7give rise to long thoracic n.胸长神经 Three trunks The upper trunk is formed by the joining of root C4,C5,C6. The middle trunk is the continuation of root C7. The lower trunk is formed by the joining of root C8 and T1. Six divisions: above clavicle, trunks form anterior and posterior divisions Three cords: below clavicle, divisions form three cords that surround the second portion of axillary a. Axillary 腋神经 Distribution: Deltoid and teres minor muscle; skin over deltoid and upper posterior aspect of arm Injury: result in deltoid andteres minor paralysis (loss of shoulser abdution and weel external rotation) with loss of sensation over the de
展开阅读全文