资源描述
专题限时训练(二十二)史地自然型阅读理解(二)(限时：25分钟)(一)Animals can move from place to place, but plants cannot. When an animal is under attack, it can run away or fight back. Plants certainly cannot run away, and they lack teeth and claws. But plants can defend themselves by using both physical and chemical means.Some plants have their own ways to keep animals away. For example, the leaves of the holly plant have sharp spines (刺) that discourage grasseating animals. Holly leaves on lower branches have more spines than leaves on upper branches. This is because the lower leaves are easier for most animals to reach.Some plants, such as the oak tree, have thick and hard leaves that are difficult for animals to eat. Some grasses may contain a sandy material; eating such grasses wears down the animals teeth.Many plants also have chemical defenses. Some plants produce chemicals that taste bitter or cause an unpleasant reaction. Some plants may fight against an attack by increasing the production of these chemicals. When a caterpillar (毛虫) bites a tobacco leaf, the leaf produces a chemical messenger. This messenger sends to the roots the information to produce more nicotine. The higher levels of nicotine discourage the caterpillar.Many plants depend on both physical and chemical defenses. A certain plant in China, for instance, has prickly (多刺的) leaves, and each prickle contains poisonous venom (毒液). A single experience with this kind of plant will teach an animal to stay away from it in the future.1The holly plant has more spines on the lower leaves because most animals_Aare not tall enoughBlike the lower leaves onlyCare not clever enoughDcan get the lower leaves easily2To defend themselves, oak trees use_Achemical meansBphysical meansCbitter chemicalsDsandy materials3How does tobacco protect itself against an attack from a caterpillar?AIts leaves fight against the attack by physical means.BIts roots send a messenger to discourage the caterpillar.CIts roots increase the production of nicotine when it is attacked.DIts leaves produce poisonous sand to drive the caterpillar away.4What would be the best title for this passage?APlants and animalsBHow plants defend themselvesCAttacks and defensesDHow animals eat plant leaves(二)If you are afraid of the dark，its not a big deal.Its perfectly normal to feel afraid. After all，animals do，too. “Fear matters，”says Karen Warkentin，an ecologist.“Its a good thing，” she adds, “because fear makes you do things that keep you alive.”Like kids，many animals experience fear and they respond to the feeling in variety of ways.A frightened turtle pulls its head and legs inside its shell.A small fish will swim away when a big，hungry fish approaches.Some animals respond to fear in ways you might not expect.The first example is that the fear of being eaten can scare some frogs right out of their eggs. Warkentin made the surprising discovery while studying redeyed tree frogs in Costa Rica.In this species，female frogs attach jellylike clumps(果冻一样的块状物)of their eggs to the undersides of leaves.The leaves hang on branches that dangle(悬挂)over ponds.After they hatch from the eggs，the tadpoles(蝌蚪)then fall into the water，where they eventually grow into adult frogs.Tree frog eggs usually grow for 6 days before hatching.If they sense that a hungry snake is about to attack，however，they can hatch up to 2 days ahead of the schedule. As the snakes are unable to swim，by falling into the water early，the tadpoles can escape.If hatching early helps protect redeyed tree frogs from snakes，you might wonder why their eggs dont always hatch sooner.It turns out that hatching early brings its own danger.Once tadpoles land in the water，hungry fish and other animals like to eat them, too.Staying in their eggs for 6 days，then，allows frog embryos(胚胎)to grow big and strong.This extra growth improves their chances of surviving in the water.1It can be inferred from the passage that fears_Ahelp animals grow bigger and strongerBare less common among young animalsChelp animals move a lot to fit the environmentDare more or less important for animals to survive2We are told in the passage that tree frogs_Aface danger both inside their eggs and in the waterBwill grow fast if they fall into the water laterCare surprisingly clever when inside their eggsDstay in their eggs longer if they are frightened3What is the best title of the passage?AWhat is fear?BWhy do we feel afraid?CYou feel afraid；animals do, tooDFear is a good thing4What would be discussed in the following paragraph?AFurther explanations as to why tree frogs hatch ahead of the schedule.BHow the unborn frogs know when a snake is about to attack them.CAnother example of animals that respond to fear in an unexpected way.DHow tree frogs improve their chances of survival before falling into the water.(三)Earlier this year, the Environmental Protection Agency proposed a stricter nationwide health standard for smogcausing pollutants that would bring substantial benefits to millions of Americans. With a final rule expected by the end of this month, some opponents, mainly from industrial and oilproducing states, are pushing back. They say investments required to produce cleaner air are too expensive and not scientifically justified.Lisa Jackson, the EP.A.administrator, needs to stick to her guns. This is only the first of several political tests to come this fall, as she also seeks to tighten rules governing individual pollutants like mercury and global warming gases like carbon dioxide.The health standard she is proposing covers groundlevel ozone, commonly known as smog, which is formed when sunlight mixes with pollutants from factories, refineries, power plants and automobiles. Ozone is a major health threat, contributing to heart disease and various respiratory (呼吸道的) problems.Ms Jacksons proposalto reduce the permitted level of smog in the air from the current 75 parts per billion to between 60 parts per billion and 70 parts per billionis sensible, no matter what industrys defenders may claim. It had been recommended by the agencys independent scientific panel but rejected by the Bush administration, which proposed a weaker standard.Industry will have to make investments in cleaner power plants, and new technologies may be required. As it is, about half the countries that monitor ozone levels are not yet in compliance with current standards, let alone the proposed standard.Fears about burdening industry raised by critics like George Voinovich, a Republican of Ohio, and Mary Landrieu, a Democrat of Louisiana, cannot be dismissed out of hand, especially in the middle of a recession (萧条). But the health benefits, EP.A.says, far outweigh the costs, and the time frame for compliance is generous.1Why are some people strongly against a stricter limitation of smogcaused pollutants?ABecause they have to live a poorer life.BBecause they think they have to spend more money.CBecause they hold different political views.DBecause they want to make more money.2What does Ms Jackson propose to do?ATo reduce the permitted smog level as much as possible.BTo raise the permitted smog level as much as possible.CTo keep the permitted smog level from 60 to 70 to 75 parts per billion.DTo lower the permitted smog level from 75 to 60 to 70 parts per billion.3What is the attitude of the author to the smogcontrolling issue?AObjective. BSubjective.CCritical. DUnknown.4Which of the following can serve as the best title of the whole passage?ACleaner power plants on the wayBSay no to smog pollutantsCLower smog pollutants, better our lifeDDebate on smog pollutants专题限时训练(二十二)(一)【要点综述】本文主要讲述的是不能移动的植物是如何保护自己的。1D细节理解题。根据文章第二段中“For example，the leaves of the holly plant have sharp spines (刺) that discourage grasseating animalsbecause the lower leaves are easier for most animals to reach.”可知D项正确。2B细节理解题。根据第三段中“Some plants，such as the oak tree，have thick and hard leaves that are difficult for animals to eat.”可知。故B项正确。3C细节理解题。根据第四段中“When a caterpillar (毛虫) bites a tobacco leaf，the leaf produces a chemical messenger.This messenger sends to the roots the information to produce more nicotine.”可知树根分泌出更多的nicotine。故C项正确。4B主旨大意题。本文主要讲述的是不能移动的植物是如何保护自己的。故B项正确。(二)【要点综述】本文主要论述的是恐惧是人类和动物常见的一种现象，有时恐惧是一件好事。动物对于恐惧的反应是不同的，有些反应方式甚至超乎人们的想象。1D推理判断题。根据“because fear makes you do things that keep you alive.”可知D项正确。2A细节理解题。根据“If they sense that a hungry snake is about to attack，however，they can hatch up to 2 days ahead of schedule.”和“Once tadpoles land in the water，hungry fish and other animals like to eat them，too.”可知，它们在孵化期间害怕蛇的攻击，在水里害怕被其他动物吃掉。故选A项。3D主旨大意题。文章通过举例说明害怕是一件好事。故选D项。4C篇章结构题。根据“Some animals respond to fear in ways you might not expect.The first example is that the fear of being eaten can scare some frogs right out of their eggs.”可知，既然这是举例，有了第一个例子，那么它的后面还会有例子。故选C项。(三)【要点综述】本文论述了美国的环境保护局提出，为了人们的健康，要求各公司各企业采取措施，减少污染物的排放。可是，提议遭到了一些企业主的反对，他们认为排污的设备和技术的投资太大，一些批评家也说在经济萧条期要做到减少排污量很难。1B细节理解题。根据“They say investments required to produce cleaner air are too expensive and not scientifically justified.”可知减少污染的投资太大。故选B项。2D细节理解题。根据“Ms Jacksons proposalto reduce the permitted level of smog in the air from the current 75 parts per billion to between 60 parts per billion and 70 parts per billionis sensible，no matter what industrys defenders may claim.”可知选D项。3A作者态度题。根据“As it is，about half the countries that monitor ozone levels are not yet in compliance with current standards，let alone the proposed standard.”可知，作者只是客观地描述事实，所以A项正确。4C标题归纳题。根据整篇短文的意思可知，作者在倡导减少污染，还人们美好的生活，故选C项。
展开阅读全文