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Grammar 1：Step 1: Activity one: Give the ss some sentences to read and then point out what tenses are used.1) A: Has the plane arrived?B: yes.A: when did it arrive?B: half an hour ago2). He is not in. he has gone to town. He just left before you came. Suggested answers: 1). The present perfect tense; the past simple tense2). The present perfect tense; the past simple tenseActivity two: Read the sentences from the A lively city on page 34 and answer the questions based on these sentences.Step 2 Group work -competitionThe First group: find out the similarities of the sentences in activity two.Conclusion:S + have/has + doneThe second group: findout the differencesthe followingsentences.1. I have done my homework2. He has done his homework3. She has done her homework4. You have done your homework5. They have done their homework Conclusion:I have done she has done they have doneGuessWhats the negative form of those sentences above?S+ havehas not doneConclusion: 现在完成时用来表示过去发生的动作对现在造成的影响或结果。Consolidation:Complete the exercise two on page34Grammar 2.Give Ss these sentences and decide which group they belong to A or B.A: describe events that continue over a period of timeB: describe events that happen at a particular point in time.1). you have lived here all your life.2). Ive worked for it 4 years now3). We ve started a holiday club for children4). A lot of children have joined it.Suggested answers:Sentences1and 2 describe events that continue over a period oftime (things which happened in the past and are still continuing up to this moment)Sentences 3and 4 describe events that happen at a particular point in timeConclusion:表示从过去开始一直延续到现在的动作或状态。在此必须强调动词必须是延续性动词。这一点也是这一用法的重点和难点。常见的非延续动词有come, start/ begin, buy, borrow, leave, die and so on.备课资料：现在完成时时态讲解一、注意弄清时态的实际意义现在完成时表示的是在过去某个时间开始并持续到现在的动作 / 状态 , 或者过去的动作或状态对现在造成的影响或结果。They have left. -他们已经离开了 , 也就是说现在他们人不在这里I have had my lunch. -我已经吃过午饭了 , 也就是说我现在不饿也可表示持续到现在的动作或状态，或有可能有可能停止，或有可能继续延续下去。He has learned English since 2001.-从 2001 年开始学的 , 现在还在继续学着呢二、基本句型结构现在完成时的构成形式：have /has (助动词 )+done( 过去分词 )I/You/They/We have talked .He/She has talked.现在完成时的否定结构就是在助动词have 或 has 后加上否定词I/You/They/Wehavent(havenot)talked.not ； He/Shehasnt(has not) talked.其一般疑问句就是将助动词Have I/You/They/We talked .have 或 has 提到句首，Has he/she talked.肯定的简略回答是： Yes，主语 have/has . ，否定的简略回答是： No，主语 have/has not.。如：I have seen the film.Have you seen the film？Yes， I have./No， I haven t.三、 注意掌握两种基本用法1. “过去的经历”：动作发生在过去的某一时刻且已经结束，但未说明动作发生的具体时间或情景， 强调该经历 ( 即动作发生后 ) 对现在所造成的影响或产生的结果。 如：I have heard of the man.我听说过这个人。2. “完成情况”：表示过去已经开始并持续到现在的动作或状态，或有可能继续延续下去。句子中一般有说明其完成情况的短语或从句。句子中有“已发生了多久”的时间状语的短语或从句。如：I have lived in Shanghai since I was ten years old.我从十岁起就住在上海。说明“到说话时为止，已完成了多少”。即句中，含有表示“完成了多少”的宾语或表示动作发生次数的状语。如： I have read the book three times. 这本书我看了三遍。四一般过去时与现在完成时的区别1）一般过去时表示过去某时发生的动作或单纯叙述过去的事情，强调动作；现在完成时为过去发生的，强调过去的事情对现在的影响，强调的是影响。I saw this film yesterday.I have seen thisfilm.（强调看的动作发生过了。 ）（强调对现在的影响，电影的内容已经知道了。）2）一般过去时常与具体的表示过去的时间状语连用;现在完成时通常与模糊的时间状语连用，或无时间状语。一般过去时的时间状语: yesterday, last week， ago, in1990, inOctober, just now,from.on, -具体的过去时间状语现在完成时的时间状语 : for,since,so far,ever,never,just,yet,till/until, up to now, in the past few years, recently,- 模糊的时间状语句子中如有过去时的时间副词（如 yesterday, last, week, in 1960 ）时，不能使用现在完成时，要用过去时（错） Tom has written a letter to his parents last night.（对） Tom wrote a letter to his parents last night.3）现在完成时可表示持续到现在的动作或状态，动词一般是延续性的，如 live, teach, learn, work, study, know.一般过去时常用的非持续性动词有 come, go, leave,start, die, finish,become, get married 等。She joined the League three years ago.(加入的动作不是延续的)She has been in the League forthreeyears (sincethreeyears ago).( 在团内的状态可延续 )She has been a League memberforthree years (sincethree years ago).是团员的状态可持续 )五比较延续动词与瞬间动词延续动词表示经验、经历；瞬间动词表示行为的结果，不能与表示一段时间的状语连用。He has finished the work.I ve know n him since then.他已完成了那项工作。( 表结果 )我从那时起就认识他了。( 表经历 )注意延续性动词和短暂性动词的用法1. 短暂性动词与短暂性时间 ( 时间点 ) 连用。如：He joined the Party three years ago.他入党三年了。 ( 他三年前入党的 )2.用“ It is/has been时间段 since ”句型。如： It is/has beenthree years since I bought the book.这本书我买了三年了。 ( 从买这本书起到现在已三年了 )3. 用相应的延续性动词替换短暂性动词，句中谓语动词用现在完成时，时间状语为“ for 时间段”或“ since 时间点”。如：He has been in the Greener China for three years.-He has been a member of the Greener China fot three years.他加入“绿色中国”已经三年了。The old man died 4 years ago.-The old man has been dead for4 years.He joined the Party 2 years ago.-He has been in the Partyfor 2 years.I bought the book 5 days ago.- I have had the book for 5days.英语延续动词与非延续动词的转换延续性动词表示能够延续的动作, 如： learn, work, stand, lie, know,walk, keep, have, wait, watch, sing, read, sleep, live, stay等。延续性动词可以与表示时间段的状语连用。表示时间段的短语有 :for+一段时间 :for 2 years; since从句 ,since he came here;since+时间点名词 ,since last year, since 5 days ago;how long; for a long time等。非延续性动词也称终止性动词、瞬间动词发生后立即结束。如:open, die,close,borrow, lend, buy等。, 表示不能延续的动作 , 这种动作begin, finish,come, go, move,非延续性动词在肯定句中与表示时间点的状语连用，如：two years ago;at 5 oclock;例:He died 5 years ago.延续性动词与非延续性动词之间的转换leave - be awayborrow - keepbuy - havebegin/start -be ondie-be deadfinish -beoveropen sth - keep sth openfall ill -be illgetup-be upcatch a cold - have a coldcome here - be herego there - be therefall asleep - be asleepget to/ arrive/reach - be (in) leave - be away fromget to know -know go (get) outbe output on wear比较 since 和 forsince 用来说明动作起始时间“自从”for 用来说明动作延续时间长度“长达”I have lived here for more than twenty years.I have lived here since I was born.My aunt has worked in a company since 1949.I have not heard from my uncle for a long time.注意：并非有 for作为时间状语的句子都用现在完成时I worked here for more than twenty years.( 我现在已不在这里工作。)I have worked here for many years.( 现在我仍在这里工作。)比较 have/has been tohave/has gone to have/has been inHe went to Shanghai last week上周他 做了一件事 : 那就是 去了上海He has been to Shanghai.他( 曾经 ) 到/ 去过上海在他人生中曾经有过这样的经历 , 但他人现在肯定不是在上海而是回来了He has gone to Shanghai.他已经去上海了 也许刚动身出发, 也许已经到了 , 也许还在路上, 反正他人不在这里He has been in Shanghai for 10 years.他呆在上海迄今为止已经10年了现在还在上海没有离开呢He lived in Shanghai for 10 years.以前他在上海住过10 年现在不在上海了 延续性动词和瞬间性动词之间的转化1. He died 10 years ago. - He _ _ for 10 years / since 10 years ago.2. He borrowed the book 2 weeks ago.- He _ _ the book for 2 weeks.3.He bought the motorbike a month ago. -He _ _ the motorbikefor a month.4.He arrived here three days ago. -He _ _ here since threedays ago.5. They turned off the light 2 hours ago.- The light _ _ for 2 hours.6. He left here 2 years ago.- He _ _ _ from herefor 2 years.7. The film began 30 minutes ago.- The film _ _ _ for 30 minutes.8. They opened the door an hour ago.- The door _ _ _ for an hour.9. They closed the door an hour ago.- The door _ _ _ for an hour. 10. He joined the army last year.- He _ _ a _ for a year.- He _ _ _ the army for a year.- It _ a year _ he joined the army.
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