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Tess of the DUrbervillesThomas Hardy (1840-1928)17112303 顾蓉 17112307 蒋爱家17112312 吴晶 Contents The Author Analysis on Characters Main Idea Plot of the Text Analysis on the Text Thomas Hardy(18401928) Thomas Hardy Life Works Theme rather all these shades together,” like “an almost standard woman.” a “standard” story Tess Durbeyfield the changing role of the agricultural workers in England in the late nineteenth century financial constraints aristocracy in Tesss blood not quite up to the level of Alecs or Angels a symbol of unclear and unstable notions of class Alec dUrberville the nemesis and downfall of Tesss life Alexander the Great Alexander Stoke-dUrbervillethe split character of his family divided duplicitous Alec dUrberville diabolical 残忍的，恶魔的 The first part of his surname conjures associations with fiery energies, as in the stoking of a furnace or the flames of hell. He seduces her as the serpent in Genesis seduced Eve. Alec does not try to hide his bad qualities. “I suppose I am a bad fellowa damn bad fellow. I was born bad, and I have lived bad, and I shall die bad, in all probability. Alec dUrberville He represents a larger moral principle rather than a real individual man. Like Satan, Alec symbolizes the base forces of life that drive a person away from moral perfection and greatness. Angel Clare a freethinking son born into the family of a provincial parson a rebellious striving toward a personal vision of goodness secularist 现世主义者，世俗主义者 work for the “honor and glory of man” a typical young nineteenth-century progressive He rejects the values handed to him, and sets off in search of his own. Angel Clare Angel is not quite of this world, but floats above it in a transcendent sphere of his own. his love for Tess may be abstract Daughter of Nature or Demeter Angels ideals of human purity are too elevated to be applied to actual people. It is not the angel who guides the human in this novel, but the human who instructs the angel, although at the cost of her own life. Main Idea Tess comes from a farmers family, the Durbeyfields. She has lived a poor but peaceful life. they are descended from the DUrbervilles. the girl comes in contact with the Stoke, DUrbervilles. There she meets Alec DUrbervilles, who shows off the estate and always seduces her. Being humiliated and resolute, Tess returns home, and gives birth to a baby who dies soon Tess has to leave home and goes to work as a dairymaid at a distant farm, where she meets Angel Claire. They fall in love, but Angel abandon her. Main idea Alec DUrbervilles, the evil person appears again. He takes advantage of the Durbeyfields poverty and continues to tempt Tess. Angel Claire, who is remorseful for his mercilessness, comes back, but to find the cruel reality. After Angel leaves, she stabs Alec in the heart and kills him. Then she follows Angel and escape with him They manage to hide for a while in a wood before they come to Stonehenge, where she is arrested. She is hanged later. The plot of Chapter LVIII Chapter LIX The last paragraph “Justice” was done, and the President of the Immortals (in Aeschylean phrase) had ended his sport with Tess. And the dUrberville knights and dames slept on in their tombs unknowing. The two speechless gazers bent themselves down to the earth, as if in prayer, and remained there a long time, absolutely motionless: the flag continued to wave silently. As soon as they had strength they arose, joined hands again, and went on. “死刑”执行了，用埃斯库罗斯的话说，那个众神之王对苔丝的戏弄也就结束了。德贝维尔家的骑士和夫人们在坟墓里躺着，对这件事一无所知。那两个一言不发的观看的人，把身体躬到了地上，仿佛正在祈祷，他们就那样躬着，过了好久好久，一动也不动。黑旗继续不声不响地在风中飘着。他们等到有了力气，就站起来，又手拉着手往前走 I n t h e G r e e k t r a g e d i a n Aeschylus Prometheus Bound, Prometheus dared to steal fire from the gods for the benefit of men, thus improving human life, but he was punished by eternal agony sent by the president of the gods. Aeschyluss view of that divine justice was ironicjust as Hardys justice is placed in ironic quotation markssince it seemed deeply unjust to punish Prometheus so severely. Analysis Analysis However, compared with Prometheuss brave deed, Tesss suffering seems simply a game or “sport” . It is hard to know whether Tess has brought any benefits to anyone.In any case, Hardy hints that Tesss life may have a mythical and tragic importance like that of Prometheus, but it is up to us to judge how ironic this justice is, or what her lifes importance might be. Analysis Its tired and unimpassioned tone suggests the narrators weariness with the ways of the world, as if quite familiar with the fact that life always unfolds in this way. Nothing great is achieved by this finale: the two figures of Liza-Lu and Angel “went on” at the end, just as life itself will go on. Tragedy Society environment Law system Morality ethic Religion factor Themes Criticism of social conventions of Victorian England (ideas of social class as well as the sexual double standard) Naturalism as against the ache of modernism The injustice of existence; Men dominating women Naturalism Modernism is vague term referring to the art, poetry, literature, architecture, and philosophy of Europe and America in the early twentieth-century. In general, modernism is marked by the following characteristics: (1) the desire to break away from established traditions, (2) a quest to find fresh ways to view mans position or function in the universe, (3) experiments in form and style, particularly with fragmentation-as opposed to the organic theories of literary unity appearing in the Romantic and Victorian periods. ModernismNaturalism is a literary movement seeking to depict life as accurately as possible, without artificial distortions of emotion, idealism, and literary convention. The school of thought is a product of post-Darwinian biology in the nineteenth century. It asserts that humanity is a higher order animal whose character and behavior are entirely determined by two kinds of forces, hereditary and environment. The individuals compulsive instincts toward sexuality, hunger, and accumulation of goods are inherited via genetic compulsion and the social and economic forces surrounding his or her upbringing. Naturalistic writers include Zola, Frank Norris, Stephen Crane, and Theodore Dreiser, who try to present their subjects with scientific objectivity
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