非谓语 to do课件.ppt

不 定 式 由 “ to+动 词 原 形 ” 构 成 ,其 否 定 形 式 是“ not/never to do” ,不 定 式 可 以 带 宾 语 或 状 语构 成 不 定 式 短 语 ,没 有 人 称 和 数 的 变 化 ,但 有 时态 和 语 态 的 变 化 。 不 定 式 可 以 作 主 语 、 宾 语 、状 语 、 表 语 和 定 语 ， 但 不 能 单 独 作 谓 语 。不 定 式 1结构 : to do (否定) not to do 二. 时态与语态主动语态被动语态一般式进行式完成式完成进行式不定式 to do to be done to be doing to have done to have been done to have been doing - 1 解 释(1)不 定 式 的 一 般 形 式 所 表 示 的 动 作 ， 通 常 与 谓 语 的 动作 （ 状 态 ） 同 时 （ 或 几 乎 同 时 ） 发 生 ， 或 是 在 它 之后 发 生 。(2)如 果 谓 语 表 示 的 动 作 （ 情 况 ） 发 生 时 ， 不 定 式 表示 的 动 作 正 在 进 行 ， 这 时 不 定 式 就 要 用 进 行 式 。(3)如 果 不 定 式 的 动 作 发 生 在 谓 语 动 词 之 前 ， 就 要用 完 成 式 。They pretended to be studying when the teacher came in.Im sorry to have kept you waiting.I want to have a holiday as soon as possible . 1. 作主语2. 作宾语3. 作宾语补足语4. 作定语5. 作状语6. 作表语7. 作独立成分8. 与疑问词等连用 三. 用法/ 功能To see is to believe.Its important to learn .(1). 主语不定式作主语时,往往放在谓语之后,用it作形式主语.My job to help the patient.Your task to clean the classroom.is is(2). 表语 不定式做真正主语的两个特殊句型* It is/was +adj.+of sb. to do eg: It is brave of him to save the girl in the water.注意：在此句型中，adj. 只能用可以修饰行为、动作及人物的形容词。例如：kind, nice, good, brave, clever, wise, stupid, foolish, honest, careless, cruel, generous etc.*It is +adj.+for sb.(用宾格) +to do eg.1: It is not difficult for us to learn English well. eg.2: It is right for him to work here.注意：这里的adj. 不能表示人的性质，只能表示某事或某物的性 质。例如：difficult, wonderful, meaningful, painful,useful I want to go home.The workers demanded to get better pay.I found it necessary to talk to him again.(3) 宾语think/ consider/ find it + adj.+ to do 常用动词不定式作宾语的动词有：hope, refuse, learn, set outchoose, decide, agree, manage, pretend, plan. The teacher told me to clean the blackboard.I expect you to give me some help.(4). 宾补五看 watch see look at observe notice三使 let make have 二听 listen to hear一感觉: feelwarn, tell, allow, help, ask, force等 I made him do his work.He was made to do his work (by me).不定式用在but, except, besides后时,如果这些介词前有行为动词do的各种形式,那么介词后的不定式不带to,相反则带to.(1). She could do nothing but cry.(2). I have no choice but to go.(3).What do you like to do besides sleep. I have something to say.He has a lot of homework to do .He is looking for a room to live in .There is nothing to worry about.(5). 定语(如果不定式中的动词是不及物动词,则不定式中要有介词.)请给我一支写字的笔.Please give me a pen to write with. 不定式作定语时，应放在被修饰词的后面，而且放在其他后置定语之后。1. 不定式做定语与所修饰的词之间有三种关系：(1)动宾关系 I have a lot of work to do.我有很多工作要做。 (2)主谓关系 He is always the first to come.他总是第一个来。 (3)同位关系 We all have a chance to go to college. 我们都有上大学的机会。 2. 作定语的不定式如果是不及物动词，或不定式所修饰的名词或代词是不定式动作的地点工具等，不定式后面须有相应的介词。 He is looking for a room to live in. 他在找一个房间住。3. 不定式所修饰的名词如果是time, place或way，不定式后面的介词习惯上要省去。 He had no money and no place to live. 他没钱没地方住。 4. something, anything, nothing, everything等复合不定代词常用不定式做后置定语。注意比较：1. Have you anything to send?你有什么东西要寄吗？（不定式to send的动作执行者是you）2. Have you anything to be sent? 你有什么要（我或别人）寄的东西吗？ （不定式to be sent的动作执行者是已被省略的me或someone else） I came here to see you.He got up early to catch the train.(6) 状语in order to , so as to ,enough to ,only to , too.to., (7).独立结构to be frank, to be honest, to tell the truthTo tell the truth, I dont agree with you. 关于小品词to (1).不定式中的动词上文已出现过,下文要 省略该动词. eg: Would you like to go with me ? Id like to .(2). 不定式是to be 结构, be 不可省. eg: Would you like to be a teacher? Id like to be. 不 定 式 与 疑 问 词 who,which, when, how, what 等 连 用 ， 在 句 中 起 名 词 作 用 ， 可 充 当 主 语 、 表语 、 宾 语 等 。He didnt know what to say.他 不 知 道 说 什 么 。(宾 语 ) How to solve the problem is very important.如 何 解 决 这 个 问 题 很 重 要 。 (主 语 ) My question is when to start.我 的 问 题 是 什 么 时候 开 始 。 (表 语 )注 意 ：在 与 why连 用 时 ， 只 用 于 why或 why not开 头 的 简短 疑 问 句 中 ， 后 面 紧 跟 的 动 词 不 定 式 不 带 to。 Why not have a rest? 1. had better/had best + (not) do sth. 最好（不）做某事2. Why (not) do sth.?3. prefer to do/prefer doing4. prefer + n./doing A +to + n./doing B5. prefer + to do A rather than (to) do B6. would rather (not) do sth.7. would rather do A than (do) B8. would rather + 句子（过去式） （虚拟语气） 要做 (1).They pretended not to see us.(2). He pretended to be sleeping. (3).She pretended to have known it before.(一 般 式 表 示 与 谓 语 的 动 作 同 时 /几 乎 /发 生 在它 之 后 .)(在 谓 语 动 词 发 生 的 同 时 ,不 定 式 的 动 作 也 正 在 进 行 )(完 成 式 表 示 动 作 发 生 在 谓 语 动 作 之 前 )(4).Were happy to have been working with you. (完 成 进 行 式 表 示 谓 语 动 作 发 生 之 前 ,不 定 式 的动 作 一 直 在 进 行 而 且 可 能 之 后 也 继 续 ) 1.My teacher was made _ his teaching because of poor health.A.giving up B. to give up C. give up D. given up2.The sentence wants _ once more.B.explained B. to explain C. being explained D. explaining3.The Arctic is considered _ the northern part of the Atlantic.C.having been B. to have beenC. to be D. being 4.The Emperor ordered the wonderful cloth _ for him without delay.A.to have woven B. to be wovenC. to be weaving D. to weave5.I found the German language hard _.B.learned B. learning C. to be learned D. to learn6.The light in the office is still on. - Oh, I forgot _.A.turning it off B. turn it offC. to turn it off D. having turned it off 7.-How do you deal with the disagreement between the company and the customers? -The key _ the problem is to meet the demand _ by the customers.A.to solving, making B. to solving, madeC. to solve, making D. to solve, made8. -What do you think of the school? -It is a very good _.B.school to study in B. school for children to studyC. studying school D. school to study 9. -Did you get a job? - No, I _ , but its no use.A.expected B. tried to C. managed to D. planned10.We find it impossible for the work _ ahead of time.B.to finish B. finishing C. being finished D. to be finished11.-I usually go to Shanghai by train. -Why not _ there by boat for a change?C.to try to go B. try going C. to try going D. try to go 12._ a living, she had to work from morning till night.A.To make B. MadeC. Making D. To have made13. I would rather starve to death than _ for food.B.beg B. begging C. begged D. to beg14.The boy pretended _ when his mother entered.C.reading B. to read C. to be reading D. being read 1. Robert is said _ abroad, but I dont know what country he studied in.A.to have studied B. to study C. to be studying D. to have been studying2. The purpose of new technologies is to make life easier, _ it more difficult.A.not make B. not to make C. not making D. dont make3. Ive worked with children before, so I know what _ in my new job.A.expected B. to expect C. to be expecting D. expects 4. Having a trip abroad is certainly good for the old couple, but it remains _ whether they will enjoy it.A.to see B. to be seen C. seeing D. see5. It is said in Australia there is more land than the government knows _.A.it what to do with B. what to do with it C. what to do it with D. to do what with it6. The mother didnt know _ to blame for the broken glass as it happened while she was out.A. who B. when C. how D. why 7. Paul doesnt have to be made _. He always works hard. A. learn B. to learn C. learned D. learning8. We agreed _ here but so far she hasnt turned up yet. A. having met B. meeting C. to meet D. to have met9. The boy wanted to ride his bicycle in the street, but his mother told him _. A. not to B. not to do C. not do it D. do not to 10. The patient was warned _ oily food after the operation. A. to eat not B.eating not C. not to eat D.not eating11. I would love _ to the party last night but I had to work extra hours to finish a report. A. to go B. to have gone C. going D. having gone12. Charles Babbage is generally considered _the first computer. A. to invent B. inventing C. to have invented D. having invented 13. Little Jim should love _ to the theatre this evening. A. to be taken B. to take C. being taken D. taking14. _ late in the afternoon, Bob turned off the alarm. A. To sleep B. Sleeping C. Sleep D. Having sleep15. The teacher asked us _ so much noise. A. dont make B. not make C. not making D. not to make 1. He was overheard to say that he hoped John would resign.2. Peter was made to wait outside.3. He was heard to unlock the door and go out.4. The man was seen to shoot the woman on the street.5. The old lady was noticed to wipe her face with a handkerchief. 1. I forgot to ask you to go to the bank.2. It is very important to turn off the electricity before you check the machine.3. I know how to make a mouse out of my handkerchief.4. Luckily, we dont have much more work to do.5. She was very pleased to have the opportunity to travel while she was young.6. She has been very successful in her work, and now her greatest wish is to get married and have a child. 1. started pushing/ to push2. promised to go3. advise you to eat4. began shouting/to shout5. avoid falling 6. forget to call7. felt like throwing8. let them stay1. a. to tell b. spending2. a. putting b. to check3. a. talking b. to make c. to drink4. a. to get b. thinking