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英 语 平 行 结 构 和 比 较 结 构Parallelism _, they should also try to learn to fulfill their knowledge. 4 . Someone must be coming , _ the dog is barking . 5 . That was our first lesson, _ she didnt know all our names. while butyet forso 1 . One day John was late, _ his missed the first class. 2 . Not only did he speak more correctly, _he spoke more easily. 3 . The children can go with us, _ they can stay at home. 4 . You must tell the truth, _ you will be punished. 5 . Either you can do it by yourself,_ you can ask someone else to help you.6 . Do you have a table for two? -Im sorry,_ there arent any seats now.and but alsooror or but Paired conjunctionsDirections: Add is or are to each sentence 1 .Both the teacher and the student _ here. 2 .Neither the teacher nor the student _here. 3 .Not only the teacher but also the students _ here. areisare Error Analysis: Paired Conjunctions 1 .Either John will call Mary or Bob. 1 .John will call either Mary or Bob. 2 .Not only Sue saw the mouse but also the cat. 2 .Sue saw not only the mouse but also the cat. 3 .I enjoy not only reading novels but also magazines. 3 .I enjoy reading not only novels but also magazines. 4 .Oxygen is plentiful. Both air contains oxygen and water. 4 .Oxygen is plentiful. Both air and water contain oxygen. 并 列 结 构 的 标 点 符 号 由 两 个 以 上 项 目 构 成 的 并 列 结 构 通 常 只 在 最 后一 个 项 目 之 前 用 并 列 连 词 , 其 他 项 目 之 间 用 逗号 连 接 。 There are five types of discharge from military service: honorable, general, undesirable, bad conduct, and dishonorable. 两 个 以 上 项 目 全 用 连 词 连 接 起 来 的 并 列 结 构 ,在 修 辞 色 彩 上 给 人 以 悠 闲 缓 慢 、 延 续 持 久 的 感觉 。 Raising vegetables presents endless opportunities for weeding and thinning and hoeing and watering. 有 时 也 可 全 用 逗 号 , 在 修 辞 色 彩 上 给 人 以 紧 张 、急 促 、 明 快 、 利 落 的 感 觉 。 除 了 逗 号 , 分 号 和 冒 号 也 能 起 并 列 连 词 的 作 用 。 分 号 连 接 两 个 并 列 分 句 , 通 常 表 示 对 比 关 系 。 Golf demands the best of time and space; tennis, the best of personal energy. 用 冒 号 连 接 两 个 并 列 分 句 , 通 常 表 示 下 文 是 对上 文 的 解 释 和 发 挥 。 Hijackers and kidnappers offer two equally impossible alternatives: a refusal to meet their terms may mean death for their victims; meeting their terms may mean more victims in the future. 在 某 些 连 接 性 副 词 如 accordingly, furthermore, hence, however, nevertheless, therefore 等 之 前通 常 要 用 分 号 , 而 不 用 逗 号 。 He had worked in the foreign service for two years without leave; hence he was tired almost beyond endurance. From a running start Pedro launched his body into a vigorous racing drive; however, he was about thirty feet from the pool at the time. 二 、 对 连 接 词 连 接 的 成 分 要 求 : 形 式 对 称 ; 功 能 相 同 ( 充 当 同 样 的 句 子 成 分 ) , 时 态 平 衡 。 并 列 平 行 结 构 应 该 是 名 词 和 名 词 , 副 词 和 副 词 ,分 词 和 分 词 , 不 定 式 和 不 定 式 , 动 词 和 动 词 , 句子 和 句 子 等 的 并 列 , 而 不 能 其 中 一 个 概 念 用 分 词结 构 表 达 , 而 另 一 个 概 念 用 不 定 式 或 从 句 来 表 达 。 比 如 下 面 句 子 就 违 反 了 平 行 结 构 的 准 则 : Do some nice things for your parents that they dont expect like cooking, doing the dishes, washing clothes, or clean the floors. “做 饭 ”、 “刷 碗 ”、 “洗 衣 服 ”、 “拖 地 ”在 本 句 中 应为 并 列 结 构 作 为 介 词 like“像 ” 的 宾 语 , 故 应 用 相同 的 形 式 , 都 用 动 名 词 , 所 以 应 将 clean改 为cleaning。 三 、 平 行 结 构 主 要 类 型 1 . 名 词 和 名 词 平 行 结 构 The patients symptoms were fever, dizziness, and headache. 病 人 的 症 状 是 发 烧 、 头 晕 和 头 痛 。 2 . 形 容 词 和 形 容 词 平 行 结 构 Early to bed and early to rise makes a man healthy, wealthy and wise. 早 睡 早 起 使 人 健 康 、 富 有 、 聪 明 。 三 、 平 行 结 构 主 要 类 型 3 .副 词 和 副 词 平 行 结 构 The work is handsomely and skillfully done. 这 项 工 作 做 得 漂 亮 , 有 水 平 。 4 . 分 词 平 行 结 构 (现 在 分 词 与 现 在 分 词 / 过去 分 词 与 过 去 分 词 ) The boys were running, shouting and laughing. 男 孩 子 们 边 跑 , 边 喊 叫 着 、 笑 着 。 ( 伴 随状 语 ) The old man returned home, disappointed and exhausted. 5 . 动 名 词 doing平 行 结 构 Henrys work is reading books and writing book reviews. 亨 利 的 工 作 是 读 读 书 , 写 写 书 评 。 6 . 动 词 不 定 式 平 行 结 构 On the other hand, 4 0 % think that fees should be charged because you need money to pay gardeners and other workers, and (to) buy plants and young trees. 另 一 方 面 , 4 0 %的 同 学 认 为 应 收 门 票 , 他们 认 为 门 票 费 可 以 作 为 支 付 园 林 工 人 及 其他 工 作 人 员 的 工 资 和 购 买 新 花 木 的 费 用 。 and 连 接 并 列 不 定 式 第 二 个 不 定 式 往 往 省略 to。 7 . 介 词 短 语 平 行 结 构 1 ) Your semester grade is based not only on how well you do on each test, but also on how you participate in class. 2 ) We often go to the countryside as well as to factories. 8 . 谓 语 动 词 平 行 结 构 谓 语 形 式 时 态 要 一 致 He went downtown, bought some books and visited his daughter. 9 .句 子 的 并 列 ( 并 列 句 ) I was tired, but I felt happy. Error Analysis :Parallel Structure 1 .By obeying the speed limit, we can save energy, lives, and it costs us less. 1 .By obeying the speed limit, we can save energy, lives and money. 2 .My home offers me a feeling of security, warm, and love. 2 .My home offers me a feeling of security, warmth, and love. 3 .The pioneers labored to clear away the forest and planting crops. 3 .The pioneers labored to clear away the forest and plant crops. 4 .When I refused to help her, she became very angry and shout at me. 4 . When I refused to help her, she became very angry and shouted at me. 5 .In my spare time, I enjoy taking care of my aquarium and to work on my stamp collection. 5 .In my spare time, I enjoy taking care of my aquarium and working on my stamp collection. 6 .With their keen sight, fine hearing, and they have a refined sense of smell, wolves hunt elk, deer, moose, and caribou. 6 .With their keen sight, fine hearing, and refined sense of smell, wolves hunt elk, deer, moose, and caribou. 7 .All plants need light, to have a suitable climate, and an ample supply of water and minerals from the soil. 7 .All plants need light, a suitable climate, and an ample supply of water and minerals from the soil. 英 语 比 较 句 型 原 级 的 句 型 “as +原 级 形 容 词 /副 词 +as”的 结 构 , 表 示前 后 两 者 的 情 况 一 样 1 ) “A+系 动 词 +as+形 容 词 原 级 +as+ B eg. Bill is as funny as his father. My handwriting is as beautiful as yours. 我的 书 法 和 你 的 一 样 好 。 2 ) “A+谓 语 动 词 +as+副 词 原 级 +as+ B” eg. Lucy speaks Chinese as well as Lily. 在 否 定 句 中 , 用 “not as/ so +原 级 形 容 词 as”结 构 , 表 示 前 者 不 如 后 者 。 “A+系 动 词 +not as so+形 容 词 原 级 +as + B” eg. These books arent as interesting as those. I am not as/ so busy as I used to be. 我 没 有 过 去 那 么 忙 了 。 区 别 : Tom is not as tall as Mike. Tom is not so tall as Mike.“A+助 动 词 情 态 动 词 +not+谓 语 动 词 +as so+ 副 词 原 级 +as +B” eg. She didnt sing so well that night as she usually does. the same () as 与 相 同 /同 样 Youve made the same mistake as Tom.有 时 the same可 以 单 独 使 用 : My mother is much younger than yours. She isnt! Theyre about the same age. Those two dress are the same.different from 与 不 同 ( different前 面 可 加very, much, a little等 修 饰 语 ) Is French food very different from Italian food? Were planning something different this year from what we did last year. 常 用 词 组1 . as good as几 乎 已 经 , 实 际 上 等 于 , 和 几 乎 一样 He is as good as dead. 他 跟 死 了 一 样 。 The second hand geography book is as good as new. 这 本 二 手 地 理 书 几 乎 还 是 新 的 。2 . as soon as一 就 Please let us know as soon as you arrive in Beijing. 一 到 北 京 , 请 通 知 我 们 一 声 。 As soon as she got home, she began cooking. 她 一 到 家 就 开 始 做 饭 。 3 . as much / many as多 达 , 达 到 之 多 , 实 际 上 等 于 ,差 不 多 Some of the stones even weigh as much as fifteen tons. 有 些 石 块 甚 至 重 达 1 5 吨 。 The number of people who lost homes reaches as many as 2 5 0 ,0 0 0 . 失 去 家 园 的 人 数 多 达 2 5 万 。 Thats as much as to say he was a thief. 那 无 异 于 说 他 曾 是 个 小 偷 。4 . as far as就 而 言 , 尽 As far as I know, hell be away for three months. 就 我 所 知 , 他 将 离 开 三 个 月 。 We will help you as far as we can. 我 们 会 尽 力 帮 助 你 。 5 . as long as只 要 You can go where you like as long as you get back before dark. 你 去 哪 儿 都 可 以 , 只 要 你 在 天 黑 前 返 回 。 You will be happy as long as I am living. 只 要 我 活 着 , 你 就 会 幸 福 。6 . as often as每 当 , 每 次 As often as he came, he would stay with us for a time. 每 次 他 来 , 总 要 和 我 们 呆 上 一 阵 子 。 The boy always says hello to me as often as I meet him. 每 次 我 遇 见 那 个 小 男 孩 , 他 总 是 向 我 问 好 。 7 . as well as和 , 同 , 既 又 , 不 仅 而且 My parents as well as my elder brother enjoy music. 我 父 母 亲 和 我 哥 哥 都 喜 欢 音 乐 。 He is clever as well as hard working. 他 不 仅 努 力 工 作 而 且 聪 明 。 8 . asas possible / one can尽 可 能 , 尽 ( 某 人 )所 能 Please sweep the floor as clean as possible. 请 把 地 打 扫 得 尽 可 能 干 净 。 Ill get back as soon as I can. 比 较 级 + than ( 比 更 )This bridge is longer than that one. Our school is larger than theirs. 比 较 级 + and + 比 较 级 ( 越 来 越 ) In spring, the days are getting longer and longer The flowers are more and more beautiful. The +比 较 级 , the+比 较 级 ( 越 就 越 ) 1 ) The sooner, the better. 2 ) The more you eat, the fatter you will be. Which is + 比 较 级 , A or B ?( A和 B, 哪 一 个 比 较 ? ) Which is longer, this one or that? the + 最 高 级 +( 名 词 ) +in/of/among 在 ( 范 围 内 ) 最 1 ) Tom is the tallest in his class.2 ) This apple is the biggest of the five. one of the + 形 容 词 最 高 级 + 复 数 名 词表 示 “ 是 中 最 之 一 ” 。Beijing is one of the largest cities in China. Which is +the+ 最 高 级 + ? 在 ( 范 围 内 ) 哪 一 个 最 ? Which is the biggest of the five balls 运 用 比 较 级 表 达 最 高 级 的 概 念“比 较 级 +than any other+名 词 单 数 ”, “比 较 级+than the other+名 词 复 数 ”或 “比 较 级+than the rest of +the+名 词 复 数 ”都 可 表 示 最 高级 意 义 。 Julia is taller than any other girl in her class. Julia is taller than the other girls in her class. Julia is taller than the rest of the girls in her class. 以 上 三 句 表 达 的 意 思 等 同 于 最 高 级 的 含 义 : Julia is the tallest of the girls in her class. 朱 丽 叶 是 她 们 班 上 最 高 的 女 生 。 比 较 级 和 最 高 级 的 修 饰 语 比 较 级 的 修 饰 语 Much( 得 多 ) , far( 得 多 ) , even( 甚 至 ,更 ) , still(更 ), a bit( 有 点 ) , a little( 有 点 ) ,a lot( 很 ) , a great deal(大 大 地 ), twice(两倍 ), five times(五 倍 ), two-fifths(五 分 之二 ), a half(一 半 )等 修 饰 比 较 级 表 示 程 度 , 但 决 不可 用 very修 饰 。 eg. Tom is a little taller than Mike. Tom比 Mike稍 高 一 点 ; It is even colder today than yesterday. 今 天 甚 至 比 昨 天 更 冷 比 较 结 构 的 同 义 转 换 有 时 , 不 同 的 比 较 结 构 可 以 表 示 相 同 的 意 思 , 因 此 , 它 们 可 以 相 互 转换 。 1 . not as/ soas与 lessthan的 转 换 The place was not as/ so crowded as it usually is yesterday. The place was less crowded than it usually is yesterday. 昨 天 , 这 个 地 方 不 像 平 常 那 样 挤 满 了 人 。 2 . morethan与 lessthan, not as/ soas的 转 换 Your picture is more beautiful than his. His picture is less beautiful than yours. His picture isnt as/ so beautiful as yours. 你 的 画 比 他 的 好 看 。 3 .最 高 级 与 morethan, nomore than的 转 换 Math is the most difficult subject of all. Math is more difficult than any other subject. No subject is more difficult than math. 数 学 是 所 有 学 科 中 最 难 的 。 Exercises 用 括 号 中 形 容 词 或 副 词 的 适 当 形 式 填 空1 ) This park is much than that one. (beautiful)2 ) Im a boy in the sun. (happy)3 ) Which book is , yours or mine? (thick)4 ) My mother drives as as my father. (good)5 ) Who is than I, he or she? (old) 6 ) He becomes and (越 来 越 胖 )7 ) The he is, the he feels 他 越 忙 就 越 高 兴 。8 ) This garden is as as that one (三 倍 大 )more beautifulhappy thicker welloldestfatter fatterbusier happierthree times big 用 所 给 的 词 组 翻 译 句 子1 .一 旦 关 系 有 所 改 善 , 他 们 就 可 以 获 准 离 开 。 (as soon as)As soon as relations improve they will be allowed to go.2 .据 我 所 知 , 它 仅 仅 维 持 了 两 三 年 。 (as far as)It only lasted a couple of years, as far as I know.3 .只 要 你 离 他 们 远 一 点 , 你 就 会 安 全 . (as long as)As long as you can keep away from them, youre safe.4 .选 花 不 仅 要 观 其 形 还 要 闻 其 香 。 (as well as)Flowers are chosen for their scent as well as their look. 不 改 变 意 思 , 改 写 下 列 句 型1 ) Lin Tao is the tallest boy in his class.Lin Tao is any other in his class.2 ) Science is not so interesting as music. Science is than music. Music is than science.3 ) This box is 1 2 kg. That box is 1 4 kg. The two boxes are _ weight.4 ) Mary is 6 years old. Lily is 1 2 years old. Lilys age is _ Marys. (asas) Mary is _ than Lily.taller than boyless interesting more interestingthe samethe sametwice as old asyounger 选 择 填 空( ) 1 . This book is that one. A. not so interesting B. more interesting than C. as more interesting as D. interesting than( ) 2 . I think maths is not English. A. easier B. less easy C. easy D. so easy as( ) 3 . He is one of in our country. A. the most popular singer B. the most popular singers C. the more popular singers D. most popular singers( ) 4 . Which do you prefer, vegetables or fruit? I prefer fruit vegetables. A. to B. than C. of D. and( ) 5 . The weather in Beijing is as in Shanghai today. A. wetter than the weather B. wet as the weather C. wet than that D. wet as thatBDBAD 6 . No one runs as fast as John in his class. The sentence means _. A. John runs fastest in his class. B. John runs faster than any other boy in his class. C. John runs more slowly than any other student in his class. D. John runs as fast as others in his class.7 . New York is _ in the United States. A. larger than any city B. larger than any other city C. bigger than any cities D. biggest of all the cities8 . Of the two pencil-boxes, the boy chose _ expensive one. A. less B. the least C. the less D. the most9 . How was the weather yesterday? -It was terrible. It rained _. People could _ go out. A. hardly; hardly B. hardly; hard C. hard; hard D. hard; hardly 1 0 . This chair is not _ for him to _. A. strong enough; sit B. enough strong; sit C. enough strong; sit in D. strong enough; sit on AB CD D Translate the following sentences. 你 工 作 越 努 力 , 你 就 会 得 到 越 好 结 果 。 你 英 语 听 得 越 多 , 英 语 就 会 越 容 易 。 你 越 爬 得 高 , 就 看 得 越 远 。 你 越 吃 得 多 ,就 会 越 胖 。The harder you work, the better result you will get.The more you listen to English, the easier it becomes. The higher you climb, the farther you will see.The more you eat, the fatter you will be.
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