企业实力的解决方案

企业实力的解决方案企业实力的解决方案Logistics/Supply-Chain ManagementlEvolution and Characteristics of Extended Enterprise 外延/扩展型企业lFuture Trends in Supply Chain ManagementlManagement Best Practices are Evolvingltotal supply chain costs consume about 7-12%of corporate annual revenue across all industries.lintegrated supply-chain management(一体化的供应链管理)is now at the epicenter of business transformation.Extended Enterprise 外延外延/扩展型企业扩展型企业lThe term extended enterprise represents the concept that a company is made up not just of its employees,its board members,and executives,but also its business partners,its suppliers,and even its customers.lThe extended enterprise can only be successful if all of the component groups and individuals have the information they need in order to do business effectively.Extended Enterprise 外延外延/扩展型企业扩展型企业ltrue enterprise-strength solutions（企业实力的解决方案）l随着全球化的发展，企业之间的竞争也日趋激烈。单个企业已经没有能力适应快速变化的市场，而必须和其它相关企业组成紧密的合作伙伴关系，形成扩展企业（Extended Enterprise），保证竞争力优势互补，来共同面对变化的市场和激烈竞争的对手。1.Evolution and Characteristics of Extended Enterpriselthe genesis（起源）of extended enterprise logistics lJapanese automobile makers 精益生产精益生产,Lean Productionl精益生产（Lean Production，LP），又称精良生产，其中“精”表示精良、精确、精美；“益”表示利益、效益等等。精益生产就是及时制造，消灭故障，消除一切浪费，向零缺陷、零库存进军。l精益生产的来源l精益生产的特点1、含义：一体化战略指企业以现有经营领域为基础，根据物流的方向，不断地向深度和广度发展，使企业的经济规模扩大或在上下游之间扩展的一种战略。2、分类：纵向纵向/垂直一体化战略垂直一体化战略(vertical integration)横向横向/水平一体化战略水平一体化战略一体化一体化(成长成长)战略战略（Integrative Growth/Strategy）一体化战略一体化战略纵向纵向/垂直一体化战略垂直一体化战略横向横向/水平一体化战略水平一体化战略前向一体化战略前向一体化战略后向一体化战略后向一体化战略一体化一体化(成长成长)战略战略（Integrative Growth/Strategy）一体化一体化(成长成长)战略战略（Integrative Growth/Strategy）竞争者竞争者供应商供应商企业企业批发商批发商零售商零售商顾客顾客后向一体化后向一体化前向一体化前向一体化水平一体化水平一体化前向一体化前向一体化供应链管理供应链管理横向一体化的代表横向一体化的代表横向一体化横向一体化外包外包供应链供应链1.Evolution and Characteristics of Extended EnterpriselThe best companies:Enjoy an advantage in total supply chain management cost of 3-6 percent of revenueHold 50-80 percent less inventory than their competitorsHave a 40-65 percent advantage in cash-to-cash cycle time over average companies.Stage 1:StuntedLogistics PerformerStage 2:Neophyte Logistics PerformerStage 3:InternallyIntegrated PerformerStage 4:ExternallyIntegrated Logistics PerformersLogistics buried at lowest levels of corporate organizations.Stovepiped logistics;each function acts in relative autonomyInternal cross-functional teams spanning physical distribution functionsIntercorporate networked logistics teams and shared performance management information systemsLogistics defined as shipping function.Logistics defined as shipping and warehousing functions.Logistics defined as shipping,warehousing,and customer service functions.Logistics defined as total supply-chain integration;Run by shipping clerksRun by military-style logisticiansRun by a chief logistics officerRun by a VP for supply chain供应链是物流发展的高级阶段供应链是物流发展的高级阶段2.2.Future Trends in Supply Chain ManagementFuture Trends in Supply Chain Management lFull-spectrum visibility and real-time management lExample：Ford Motor Company 2.2.Future Trends in Supply Chain ManagementFuture Trends in Supply Chain Management Total Connectivity Total Connectivity 整体连通性整体连通性整体连通性整体连通性lInformation technology and telecommunicationslThe emergence of the internetlInternet-enabled shared information helps break down organization politics and functional fences,helping supply-chain alliance members（供应链联盟成员）develop a common understanding of the competitive environment.2.2.Future Trends in Supply Chain ManagementFuture Trends in Supply Chain Management Total ConnectivityTotal ConnectivitylAll companiescan benefit from a more open information flow by using the information to:Reduce or eliminate unnecessary inventoryImprove their planningDevelop active rather than reactive operationsSmooth product flowsTrim costImprove service2.2.Future Trends in Supply Chain ManagementFuture Trends in Supply Chain Management Holistic Holistic（整体的整体的整体的整体的,全盘的全盘的全盘的全盘的）Supply-Chain Supply-Chain Management MethodsManagement Methods lTop management encourages this kind of segmentation and departmentalization lSenior executives ability to manage supply-chain costs and therefore the profitability of a company is dependent on their ability to take a holistic approach to the companys operations.2.2.Future Trends in Supply Chain ManagementFuture Trends in Supply Chain Management Global Third-Party Logistics(Global Third-Party Logistics(3PL3PL)Providers)ProviderslGlobal logistics companies are now acting as systems integrators for major corporate clients,conducting elaborate,highly sequenced“milk runs”to pick up and deliver components and products with a whole host of suppliers and vendors on an international basis.名词名词解解 释释第一方物流第一方物流需求方需求方为采购而进行的物流，如赴产地采购、为采购而进行的物流，如赴产地采购、自行运回商品。自行运回商品。第二方物流第二方物流供应方供应方为了提供商品而进行的物流，如供应商为了提供商品而进行的物流，如供应商送货上门。送货上门。第三方物流第三方物流由物流的供应方和需求方之外的由物流的供应方和需求方之外的第三方第三方所进行所进行的物流。的物流。Third-party logistics providers(3PLPs，第三方物流（服务）商)第四方物流第四方物流提供各种物流提供各种物流信息咨询服务信息咨询服务的企业。提供各层的企业。提供各层次物流次物流人才培训服务人才培训服务的企业。的企业。各方物流的概念Milk Runl来自牛奶公司每天清晨挨家挨户在牧场收购牛奶，送牛奶的工人送牛奶时拿走一个空瓶，再放一瓶牛奶。物流配送中常用这样的方式。l牛奶式取货、循环取货，集货配送，多仓储间巡回装卸货混载运送，定时定点取货。l国内最早是汽车制造业（东风、上海通用）使用的一种物料集货模式。2.2.Future Trends in Supply Chain ManagementFuture Trends in Supply Chain Management Global Third-Party Logistics ProvidersGlobal Third-Party Logistics ProviderslThe computer company reports a high degree of satisfaction with the arrangement,which allows the company to:Avoid sunk costs in information systems and ware-housing capacityGain greater market leverage over ocean,air,and surface transportation service providers Achieve greater flexibility in meeting the needs of customers 2.2.Future Trends in Supply Chain ManagementFuture Trends in Supply Chain Management Government Trade Facilitation systemsGovernment Trade Facilitation systemslNew trade facilitation systems implemented by national governments have also supported the globalization of supply chains.lSingapore lThe U.S.Customs ServicelDHL World-wide Express3.3.Management Best Practices are Evolving Management Best Practices are Evolving lManaging the extended enterprise will increasingly focus on these three domains of best practice:Physical network managementInformation and knowledge network managementComputer-based infrastructure management供应链结构示意图供应链结构示意图供应商制造商仓储和配送中心客户：物流：信息流现金流供应链管理与物流管理供应链管理与物流管理实物分销实物分销Physical Distribution物流物流Logistics供应链供应链Supply Chain供应链管理是物流管理的延伸供应链管理是物流管理的延伸供应链管理是物流管理的延伸供应链管理是物流管理的延伸供应链管理和物流管理的比较供应链管理和物流管理的比较 物流一词最早出现于美国。1915年，阿奇肖在市场流通中的若干问题一书中用的是Physical Distribution。第二次世界大战以后，物流获得了长足的发展。物流一词也逐渐由Physical Distribution演化为Logistics。美 国 物 流 管 理 理 事 会（Council of Logistics Management）的定义。供应链概念的提出要比物流晚得多供应链概念的提出要比物流晚得多l1982年，凯思奥立夫（Keith R.Oliver）和麦考尔威波尔（Michael D.Webber）在观察杂志上发表了供应链管理：物流的更新战略，首次提出“供应链管理”的说法。l供应链管理的出现源于对物流管理的研究。从这个意义上讲，供应链管理是物流管理的发展和延续。尤其是现代物流一体化的提出，更使得物流管理和供应链管理的研究领域和研究方法雷同。供应链管理与物流管理的区别供应链管理与物流管理的区别l首先，供应链管理不仅包括对于供应链中物流的管理，还包首先，供应链管理不仅包括对于供应链中物流的管理，还包括对于商流、信息流和资金流的管理。括对于商流、信息流和资金流的管理。l其次，战略联盟的出现使得供应链管理理论日趋成熟。其次，战略联盟的出现使得供应链管理理论日趋成熟。l再次，从研究重点来看，物流管理主要研究各种旨在改善物再次，从研究重点来看，物流管理主要研究各种旨在改善物流效率的物流管理技术和方法。流效率的物流管理技术和方法。l最后，供应链管理和物流管理的目标不同。最后，供应链管理和物流管理的目标不同。供应链管理和营销渠道管理的比较供应链管理和营销渠道管理的比较l营销渠道是“一系列相互独立的组织机构，它主要从事为最终的消费或使用提供产品或服务的活动。”l这个概念与供应链的概念很相似。二者都是由商品流通过程涉及到的一组企业连接而成的渠道或网络。供应链管理与营销渠道管理的主体不同。供应链管理与营销渠道管理的客体不同。供应链管理与营销渠道管理的内容不同。供应链管理与营销渠道管理的重点不同战略联盟战略联盟l供应链的基本模式供应链的基本模式：一般来说，企业构筑供应链的方式主要有三种一般来说，企业构筑供应链的方式主要有三种方法，即方法，即正常交易正常交易纵向一体化纵向一体化战略联盟战略联盟1、正常交易、正常交易l企业可以通过传统的交易手段同供应商和分销商建立业务联系以实现供应链的物流功能。这也是截至目前最为普遍的方式。然而这种短期的安排虽然可以实现物流功能，却无法带来长期的战略优势。2、纵向一体化、纵向一体化l企业可以通过直接投资、购并等纵向一体化手段整合供应链。l这种方法的优点是企业可以强化对供应链的控制及增加其侃价能力。l缺点是不利于企业核心竞争力的形成和发挥。3、战略联盟、战略联盟l战略联盟是在竞争、合作的市场环境下，由供应链上一些相互独立的实体而组成的联盟，每个伙伴企业在各自优势领域为联盟贡献自己的核心能力，相互联合起来实现优势互补、风险共担和利益共享。l这种准整合的供应链模式可以避免纵向一体化的缺陷，联盟成员的共同目标可以带来正常交易所不会有的更多的承诺。Q&A!Exercises教材 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