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Chapter 9: 文學的 寫實主義 與 自然主義Realism and Naturalism in LiteratureI. What is “Realism”?Portrayal of life with fidelity (逼真描寫人生) or truthful representation of reality (忠實再現實体)Depiction (描寫) of subjects as they appear in everyday life, without embellishment (修飾) or interpretation (詮釋), and without personal bias (偏見).It is a mid-19th century movement following Romanticism. II. What is “Naturalism”? It is originally a philosophical term referring to materialism, Epicureanism (享樂主義), secularism (世俗主義), etc. Later it becomes a belief that every existing thing is a part of nature and thus can be explained by natural and material causes. It is an extreme form of Realism. It is best explained in Zolas Le Roman exprimental (The Experimental Novel ) Today in the west, Naturalism is a literary movement/school hardly differentiated from Realism. III. Similarities and Difference between the Two Movements/Schools：同： 1. Method: inductive, observational, and hence objective (歸納、觀察、客觀) They want to observe and analyze “a slice of life” (人生的切片) objectively. 2. Implications: a. material determinism (物質決定論) b. all-inclusiveness of subject matter (題材全包) 強調 heredity (遺傳) he must abandon the subjective line; he must know that dung heaps play a very respectable part in a landscape, and that evil passions are as inherent in life as good ones.” -Chekhov “Even the most artful of writers will give himself (and his morality) away in about every third sentence.” -Conrad VI. Two Orientations:1. Social realism: It emphasizes accuracy of external detail. (外在細節) It develops towards Marxism (馬克斯主義). 2. Psychological realism: It focuses on complexity of the inner workings of the mind. (心靈內部作用之複雜性) It develops towards the “stream of consciousness” technique (意識流技巧). VII. Representative Authors & Works:France: Balzac (巴爾札克): Pre Goriot (高老爹) in La Comdie Humaine (90多個故事) Flaubert (福樓貝爾): Madame Bovary (包法利夫人) Dumas, fils (小仲馬): The Lady of the Camellias (茶花女) Maupassant (莫泊桑): “The Necklace” (項鍊) Zola (左拉): Thrse Raquin, the Rougon-Macquart novels (20冊) Stendhal (史丹達爾): The Red and the Black (紅與黑) Representative authors & works:England: Dickens (狄更斯): David Copperfield 塊肉餘生錄, Oliver Twist 孤雛淚, Hard Times 艱硬的時代, ATale of Two Cities 雙城記 Thackeray (薩克萊): Vanity Fair (浮華世界) George Eliot: Adam Bede 亞當畢德, Silas Marner 織工馬南， The Mill on the Floss 福洛斯河上的磨坊 Hardy (哈代): The Return of the Native, 返鄉者 Tess of the DUrbervilles 黛絲姑娘, Jude the Obscure Shaw (蕭伯納): Pygmalion (電影 My Fair Lady窈窕淑女) Ireland: Joyce (焦易士): The Dubliners都柏林人，其中有篇 ”Clay” (泥巴) Representative authors & works:Russia: Gogol 果戈里: “The Cloak” (大衣), Turgenev 屠格涅夫: Fathers and Children (父與子) Tolstoy 托爾斯泰: War and Peace (戰爭與和平) Anna Kerenina (安娜 卡烈尼娜) Dostoevsky 朵斯妥 也夫斯基: Crime and Punishment (罪與罰) The Brothers Karamazov Gorky 高爾基: The Lower Depths Chekhov 契柯夫: The Cherry Orchard (櫻桃園) The Three SistersGermany: Hauptmann: The Weavers Representative authors & works: Scandinavia: 挪威 與 瑞典 Ibsen 易卜生: A Dolls House (娃娃之家), Hedda Gabler, Ghosts Strindberg 史特林保: Miss Julie (朱莉小姐) America: Howells: The Rise of Silas Lapham Anderson: Winesberg, Ohio (小城故事) Steinbeck: The Grapes of Wrath (憤怒的葡萄) Dreiser: Sister Carrie (嘉麗妹妹) Mark Twain: Tom Sawyer, Huckleberry Finn (頑童歷險記) Henry James: The Portrait of a Lady, The Ambassadors, Daisy Miller VIII. Conclusion: There has been realism of all sorts since the year dot. (自古就有各種寫實) Realism is often hardly differentiated from naturalism. (寫實主義與自然主義很難分辨) Realism or naturalism is best expressed in the novel and the drama. (小說與戲劇為主) Realism or naturalism has spread from Europe to America and other parts of the world. (兩主義已推展至全世界)
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