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Unit 4Inside the BrainBook 2 Think and DiscussViewing the WorldExploring the ThemeAnalytical ListeningSharing Your IdeasEngagingFurther ListeningContent Unit 4 Inside the BrainThink and Discuss Think and Discuss1. What skills do you need to juggle?2. Why do you think learning to juggle changes the structure of your brain?3. What would you like to know about the brain?A juggler balances six basketballs in Xing Qing Park, Xian, China. Studies show that juggling can change the structure of your brain in just seven days. Questions Think and Discuss Example Answers In order to juggle, I need to have good concentration, good balance, a good sense of spatial relationships, and good hand-eye coordination. 1. What skills do you need to juggle?Questions Think and Discuss2. Why do you think learning to juggle changes the structure of your brain? Example Answers Learning to juggle makes me use and exercise certain parts of the brain. By using these parts of the brain, the number of neurons sending signals and / or the number of connections between parts of the brain can be increased.Questions Think and Discuss3. What would you like to know about the brain?Questions Example Answers I would like to know how we remember things, and how to improve my memory. I would like to know if all people are born with the same ability to learn things. I would like to know more about mental illness. I would like to know how our diet and exercise habits affect our brains. Unit 4 Inside the BrainExploring the Theme Exploring the ThemeLook at the photos and read the captions. Then discuss the questions.1. What are some things your brain helps you do?2. What happens to your brain when you learn something new?3. What is your hippocampus? Inside the Brain Exploring the Theme Studies show that when we learn something new, it changes the structure of our brains.Inside the Brain Exploring the ThemeGlen McNeill spends six or seven hours a day riding his motorbike through the streets of London, Britain so he can become a taxi driver. When he finishes his training, his hippocampus, the area of the brain used for memory, will be larger than most adults. Inside the Brain Exploring the ThemeA laurel（月桂树）maze（迷宫）at Glendurgan in Cornwall, England Inside the Brain Exploring the Theme1. What are some things your brain helps you do?Inside the Brain Example Answers Our brain helps us to learn and remember things, create and imagine stories, make judgements and inferences, have different feelings, etc. Exploring the Theme2. What happens to your brain when you learn something new?Inside the Brain Example Answers When I learn something new, it changes the structure of my brain, for example, the hippocampus may become larger. Exploring the Theme3. What is your hippocampus?Inside the Brain Example Answers The hippocampus is the part of the brain used for memory. Unit 4 Inside the BrainAnalytical Listening Analytical Listening Listening 1 documentary n. 纪录片calculate v. 计算sensory organ n. 感觉器官microscopic a. 极小的，微小的neuron n. 神经元，神经细胞sensory neuron n. 感觉神经元spinal cord n. 脊髓motor neuron n. 运动神经元transmit v. 传送，传输pathway n. 神经通路An image of the human brain Analytical ListeningPredicting Content. You are going to listen to a documentary about the human brain. With a partner, discuss the question. Before Listening Listening 1 Which of these topics do you expect to hear about in the documentary? Check ( ) your ideas. exercise learning food neurons memory intelligence Analytical ListeningA | Checking Predictions. Listen to the documentary and check your predictions.A Documentary Listening Listening 1 exercise learning food neurons memory intelligence Analytical ListeningB | Listening for Main Ideas. Listen again and check ( ) the main ideas of the documentary.Listening 1 Your brain is a very important and complex organ. Your brain tells your muscles what to do. Your brain is very powerful. You brain can send messages very quickly. Your brain helps you protect your pets. Learning changes your brain. Exercise helps you learn. Analytical ListeningC | Listening for Details. Read the statements. Then listen again and check ( ) T for true or F for false.Listening 1 1. Your brain weighs five pounds.2. Computers can process information more quickly than our brains can.3. Your brain contains about 100 million neurons.4. Motor neurons can send information at 200 miles per hour. T F To be continued Analytical Listening5. Exercise can improve your mood.6. Exercise produces chemicals that make it easier to learn. T F C | Listening for Details. Read the statements. Then listen again and check ( ) T for true or F for false.Listening 1 Analytical Listening Listening 1 Example Answers1. F (Your brain weighs three pounds.)2. F (In the documentary, it is said that “No computer can come close to your brains ability ”)3. F (Your brain contains about 100 billion neurons.)4. T5. T6. T Analytical ListeningD | Listening for Details. Read the sentences. Then listen again and complete the sentences with what you hear.Listening 1 1. The brain is also an amazingly powerful organ. It generates enough electricity to power a _.2. Whenever you dream, laugh, think, see, or move, its because _ are moving at high speed between these neurons along billions of tiny neuron highways. To be continued light bulbtiny chemical and electrical signals Analytical Listening3. We know that learning increases knowledge, but studies show that when you learn, you actually change _.4. As you practice, your brain sends “bike riding” messages along certain pathways of neurons over and over, forming new _. Listening 1 the structure of your brain connectionsD | Listening for Details. Read the sentences. Then listen again and complete the sentences with what you hear. Analytical ListeningA | Discussion. With your partner, discuss the questions.Listening 1 After Listening 1. What are some activities or skills that were difficult for you at first, but are easy for you now (e.g., riding a bicycle)? 2. Do you agree that exercise improves your mood? Why or why not? 3. Do you think that exercise helps you study or solve problems more easily? Why or why not? Analytical Listening Listening 1 Example AnswersAt first, playing the guitar / understanding English / sewing / playing volleyball / doing mathematical calculations / drawing pictures was difficult for me, but its easy for me now.1. What are some activities or skills that were difficult for you at first, but are easy for you now (e.g., riding a bicycle)? Analytical Listening Listening 1 Example Answer 1 I agree that exercise improves my mood because I feel happy and relaxed after I exercise.2. Do you agree that exercise improves your mood? Why or why not? Analytical Listening Listening 1 Example Answer 2 I dont agree that exercise improves my mood because I feel tired after I exercise, and dealing with city traffic to go to the place where I exercise is stressful.2. Do you agree that exercise improves your mood? Why or why not? Analytical Listening Listening 1 Example Answer 1 I do think that exercise helps me to study or solve problems more easily because I walk or ride my bicycle to school in the morning, and I remember information from my morning classes better than I remember information from my afternoon classes.3. Do you think that exercise helps you study or solve problems more easily? Why or why not? Analytical Listening Listening 1 Example Answer 2 I dont think that exercise helps me to study or solve problems more easily because I exercise some evenings, and some evenings I dont exercise. My homework isnt any easier on the nights when I have exercised earlier.3. Do you think that exercise helps you study or solve problems more easily? Why or why not? Analytical ListeningB | Self-Reflection. Work in pairs to test how your brain works. Follow the instructions and then switch roles.Listening 1 1. Write down eight numbers between one and 100 in any order across a piece of paper.2. Show your partner the paper and read the numbers aloud.3. Take the paper away and ask your partner to repeat the numbers. Analytical Listening Listening 1 Your Amazing Brain . You carry around a three-pound organ in your head that controls everything you will ever do. It enables you to think, learn, create, and feel emotions, and controls every breath and heartbeatthis fantastic control center is your brain. It is so amazing that a famous scientist once called it “the most complex thing we have yet discovered in our universe”. Your brain works faster than a supercomputer . Imagine your cat is on your kitchen counter. Shes about to step onto a hot stove. You have only seconds to respond. By using the signals coming from your eyes, your brain quickly calculates when, where, and how quickly you will need to move to stop your cat from stepping on the stove. Your brain then tells your muscles what to do. You run across the kitchen, and pick your cat up, and shes safe. No computer can come close to your brains ability to receive, process, and respond to the enormous amount ofTo be continued Analytical Listening Listening 1 information coming from your eyes, ears, and other sensory organs. The brain is also an amazingly powerful organ. It generates enough electricity to power a light bulb. Your brain contains about 100 billion microscopic cells called neuronsso many it would take you over 3,000 years to count them all. Whenever you dream, laugh, think, see, or move, its because tiny chemical and electrical signals are moving at high speed between these neurons along billions of tiny neuron highways. The activity in your brain never stops. Thousands and thousands of messages are sent around inside your brain every second. Your neurons create and send more messages than all the phones in the entire world. And while a single neuron generates only a tiny amount of electricity, all your neurons together can generate enough electricity to power a light bulb To be continued Analytical Listening Listening 1 Your neurons are not only able to send lots of messages, they are able to send them very quickly. Neurons send information to your brain at more than 150 miles per hour. For example, imagine that a bee lands on your bare foot. Sensory neurons in your skin send this information to your spinal cord and brain at a speed of more than 150 miles per hour. Your brain then uses motor neurons to transmit, or send the message back, through your spinal cord, telling your foot to shake the bee off quickly. Motor neurons can transmit this information at more than 200 miles per hour. What about learning? We know that learning increases knowledge, but studies show that when you learn, you actually change the structure of your brain. For example, an activity like riding a bike seems impossible at first. But soon you master it. But how do you do this? As you practice, your To be continued Analytical Listening Listening 1 brain sends “bike riding” messages along certain pathways of neurons over and over, forming new connections. In fact, the structure of your brain changes every time you learn, as well as whenever you have a new thought or memory. Exercise also has an impact on your brain. Research shows that exercise actually helps make you smarter. It is well-known that any exercise that makes your heart beat faster such as jogging or playing soccer is good for your body and can even help improve your mood. But scientists have recently learned that for a period of time after youve exercised, your body produces a chemical that makes it easier for your brain to learn. So the next time youre stuck trying to solve a homework problem, go out for a bike ride or go jogging, then try the problem again. You just might discover that youre able to solve it. Analytical Listeningshort-term a. 短期的long-term a. 长期的Listening 2 Analytical ListeningA | Listening for Main Ideas. Read and listen to part of a conversation. What are the classmates talking about?Listening 2 Cathy: Did you understand everything Professor Wong said yesterday about short-term memory?Toshi: Yeah, I think so.Cathy: Im not sure that I did. Toshi: Well, heres what I got from the lecture. Your short-term memory only lasts a few seconds, right? Information enters the brain through the sensesthings we taste, touch, smell, and so on and we remember it long enough to function normally. To be continued Before Listening Analytical Listening Listening 2 Cathy: Sorry, but what do you mean by “function normally”?Toshi: Well, for example, if I ask you a question, you can remember the question long enough to answer it.Cathy: Im not sure that I did. Liz : Right, but you might not remember the question tomorrow.A | Listening for Main Ideas. Read and listen to part of a conversation. What are the classmates talking about? Analytical Listening Listening 2 Answer KeysThe students are talking about a professors lecture about memory. Analytical ListeningB | Understanding Visuals. Look at the flow chart below. Then discuss the questions with a partner.Listening 2 Sensory Information Information enters the brain through our senses (what we taste, smell, touch, see, and hear), and it is stored for a very short timeless than a second. Some of the information moves to our short-term memory.The Memory ProcessShort-Term MemoryOnly the information we need to use immediately moves to our short-term memory, such as a classmates name or an address. To be continued Analytical Listening Listening 2 B | Understanding Visuals. Look at the flow chart below. Then discuss the questions with a partner.Long-Term Memory Only information that we try to remember or that the brain decides is important moves to our long-term memory. This information, such as the name of our first teacher or the lyrics to a song, can last a lifetime. Memories become stronger when they are sent down the same pathway in the brain many times. These memory pathways or connections become our longest-lasting memories. Analytical Listening1. How does information enter the brain? What are some examples?2. What information from short-term memory moves to long-term memory?3. What are some things you have difficulty remembering (names, new vocabulary, etc.)? Listening 2 B | Understanding Visuals. Look at the flow chart below. Then discuss the questions with a partner. To be continued Analytical Listening4. In your opinion, whats the best way to remember something you want to remember? a. Repeat it to yourself. b. Write it down. c. Pay extra attention to it. d. Other: _Listening 2 B | Understanding Visuals. Look at the flow chart below. Then discuss the questions with a partner. Analytical Listening1. How does information enter the brain? What are some examples? Example AnswersInformation enters the brain through the senses; for example, we might see a friends face, or hear a professors lecture, or feel a piece of ice.Listening 2 Analytical Listening2. What information from short-term memory moves to long-term memory? Example Answers Information that we try to remember or that the brain decides is important moves from short-term memory to long-term memory. Listening 2 Analytical Listening3. What are some things you have difficulty remembering (names, new vocabulary, etc.)? Example Answers I have difficulty remembering telephone numbers, the year in which something happened, the names of plants and trees, and what I did yesterday.Listening 2 Analytical Listening4. In your opinion, whats the best way to remember something you want to remember? a. Repeat it to yourself. b. Write it down. c. Pay extra attention to it. d. Other: _ Example Answers In my opinion, the best way to remember something is to visualize it (make a mental picture), think about it or analyze it in some way, or connect it to something I already know or feel.Listening 2 Analytical ListeningCathy: Did you understand everything Professor Wong said yesterday about short-term memory?Toshi: Yeah, I think so.Cathy: Im not sure that I did.Toshi: Well, heres what I got from the lecture. Your short-term memory only lasts a few seconds, right? Information enters the brain through the sensesthings we taste, touch, smell, and so on and we remember it long enough to function normally.Cathy: Sorry, but what do you mean by “function normally”?Toshi: Well, for example, if I ask you a question, you can remember the question long enough to answer it. Liz: Right, but you might not remember the question tomorrow. Listening 2 Analytical Listening Listening 2 ListeningA Conversation Between StudentsA | Listening for Main Ideas. Listen to the whole conversation. What do the students say about short-term and long-term memory? Short-term memory: _ _ _ _Information enters the brain through the senses, and we remember it for a few seconds, which is long enough for us to function normally; for example, we remember a question long enough to answer it. Analytical Listening Listening 2 ListeningA Conversation Between StudentsA | Listening for Main Ideas. Listen to the whole conversation. What do the students say about short-term and long-term memory? Long-term memory: _ _ _ _We decide, or our brain decides, that something is important, and we form memories that last much longer than short-term memories. We may have to focus on something or practice it again and again inorder to remember it long term. Analytical Listening Listening 2 B | Listening for Details. Read the sentences. Then listen again and complete the sentences with what you hear. 1. To create a long-term memory, your brain has to . 2. To learn new information, you have to _. 3. To learn how to ride a bicycle, you have to . 4. To memorize information for an exam, you have to _ _ and _.decide that something is importantconcentrate do it again and againconcentrate on the information when you hear it or read it maybe review it several times Analytical Listening After ListeningA | Critical Thinking. Take turns asking and answering the questions with your partner. 1. In your own words, whats the difference between short- term and long-term memory? 2. What kinds of information can you remember easily (e.g., names, songs, directions, etc.) for a long time?Listening 2 Analytical Listening 1. In your own words, whats the difference between short- term and long-term memory? Example Answers Short-term memory doesnt last very long at all, whereas long-term memory can last a lifetime. In addition, we dont have to think much or practice something in order for it to become a short-term memory. But we do have to decide to remember something and perhaps practice or review it in order for it to become a long-term memory.Listening 2 Analytical Listening2. What kinds of information can you remember easily (e.g., names, songs, directions, etc.) for a long time? Example Answers I can easily remember very good or very bad experiences for a long time. I can also remember smells, recipes, and the locations of places in my city quite easily.Listening 2 Analytical ListeningB | Self-Reflection. Read the statements and check ( ) Agree or Disagree. 1. It was easier to learn something new when I was younger. 2. Even with practice, there are some things I just cant learn how to do.3. I learn from mistakes more quickly than I learn in other ways. Listening 2 To be continued Agree Disagree Analytical Listening 4. Its easier for me to learn how to do something new if someone shows me rather than tells me how to do it. 5. Its easier for me to remember information if I write it down.6. Memorization is a kind of skill that can be trained. Listening 2 Agree DisagreeB | Self-Reflection. Read the statements and check ( ) Agree or Disagree. Agree Disagree Analytical ListeningC | Discussion. Form a group with another pair of students. Discuss the statements in exercise B. Give reasons why you agree or disagree with each statement.Listening 2 Analytical Listening Listening 2 Example Answer 1 I agree because there was much less to remember when I was younger. I hadnt experienced many things, so ever
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