《西方文化导论》简单题

V Questions 30% 四选二1. Give a brief account of the major achievements of Greek culture, such as those in religion, philosophy and literature.Greek religion really took shape during the Homeric Age and featured polytheism with gods taking human form and feeling. Greek religion made a great contribution to Greek literature, philosophy and art. It is an important origin of Greek mythology which was fully developed by the religious tales of the Homeric epic and thus affected the later development of all kinds of Greek culture. 简述希腊文化的主要成就，如宗教、哲学和文学等。在荷马时代，希腊宗教真正成型，并以多神论以及人类的形态和情感为特征。希腊宗教对希腊文学、哲学和艺术作出了巨大贡献。希腊宗教是希腊神话的重要开端，荷马史诗中的宗教故事使希腊神话得到充分的发展，从而影响了后来的各种希腊文化的发展。Greek philosophy started with Thales (640 BC547 BC) who believed that the material world originated in water. His philosophy was materialism. He was followed by Pythagoras who assumed that the key to the understanding of the world is numbers, on the opposition of the spokesman for idealism.The core Greek philosophers are Socrates, Plato and Aristotle. Socrates had scant regard for material wealth, but was keen on probing into the definition of some ethical and behavioral issues, such as “friendship” and “courage”.希腊哲学始于泰利斯（希腊哲学家，公元前640年公元前547年）他认为物质世界起源于水。他的哲学属于唯物主义。他跟着毕达哥拉斯的人认为，对世界的理解的关键是数字，对理想主义的发言人反对。Plato established the Academy the first Greek institution of higher learning. His contributions included his theory of ideas and his arguments on “republic” which was supposed to embrace his ideals about a future state where humans could enjoy a happy life. Aristotle is also a learned man and his work covers wide-ranging areas. His reputation as a philosopher largely depends on his argument on metaphysics which he tried to achieve a compromise between matter and divinity.希腊哲学家的核心（代表人物）是苏格拉底、柏拉图和亚里士多德。苏格拉底很少考虑物质财富，但热衷于探讨一些道德和行为问题的定义，例如“友谊”和“勇气”。达成妥协。柏拉图建立高等学院 希腊第一所高等学校。他的贡献包括他的思想理论和他关于“共和国”的论点，这一观点包括他对未来国家的理想，即人类可以享受幸福的生活。亚里士多德也是一个博学的人，他的工作涉及广泛的领域。他作为哲学家的声望很大程度上取决于他关于形而上学的论点，他试图在物质和神性之间Literary representation centered round the two epic poems of the Iliad and the Odyssey, lyrical poetry by Sappho and Pindar and drama by Aeschylus, Euripides and Aristophanes. Their works combined Greek myths and social life and won much appreciation and enthusiasm from the public. 文学表现围绕着伊利亚特和奥德赛这两首史诗，抒情诗有莎孚和品达，戏剧有埃斯库罗斯、欧里庇得斯和阿里斯多芬尼斯，他们的作品融合了希腊神话和社会生活，赢得了公众的赞赏和热忱。2. Tell briefly the major characteristics and contributions of Roman culture, as are demonstrated in religion, poetry and architecture.In the early period, Roman culture often depended heavily on the introduction and imitation of other cultures, particularly, Greek culture. However, the Romans showed the eclectic aspect in their culture，i.e. Romans did not take in all that they collected from other cultures but modified and developed it according to their own need. Thus Romans created their own powerful culture, laying the foundation for subsequent Western culture in many fields. 简述罗马文化的主要特点和贡献，如宗教、诗歌和建筑。Before Christianity appeared in Rome, ancient Romans were polytheists. They adopted many cults from other religions, fusing them into their own religion. According to Greek culture and others culture, they created their own gods and myth, such as Jupiter, Juno, and Venus, which become subject matter for the artist, writers, and architects in their creative production.在早期，罗马文化经常依赖于对其他文化的引进和模仿，尤其是希腊文化。然而，罗马人在他们的文化中显示了折衷的方面，也就是说罗马人没有全盘接受从其他文化中收集到的一切，而是根据自己的需要修改和发展它。罗马人创造了自己强大的文化，为后来的西方文化在许多领域奠定了基础。在罗马出现基督教之前，古罗马人是多神论者。他们从其他宗教中吸收了许多教派，把他们融合到自己的宗教中。根据希腊文化和其他文化，他们创造了自己的神和神话，如朱庇特、朱诺和维纳斯，这成为艺术家、作家和建筑师创作的主题。In poetry, ancient Rome made brilliant achievements, producing numerous distinguished poets and poems. The poet Virgils Aeneid is considered as a model epic in the European literary tradition. He is so famous in poetry that he was modeled for many pastoral writers. For example, Italian poet.在诗歌方面，古罗马取得了辉煌的成就，造就了众多杰出的诗人和诗歌。诗人维吉尔的诗被认为是欧洲文学传统史诗的典范。他在诗歌方面很有名，所以他被许多田园作家所模仿。例如，意大利诗人。Dante called him his teacher in his masterpiece The Divine Comedy. Horace was not only famous for his poems but his critic. In his Epistles, he advanced many influential principles for creative writing, exerting great influences on later generations. In the 17th century his work was translated into English. Another important poet was Ovid, whose Metamorphosis was translated into English and quoted frequently by many famous writers, such as Chaucer, Shakespeare, Ben Jonson, Shirley and T.S. Eliot.但丁在他的代表作神曲中称他为老师。贺拉斯不仅以诗歌出名，而且以批评家著称。在他的书信中，他提出了许多具有影响力的创作原则，对后世产生了巨大的影响。十七世纪，他的作品被译成英文。另一个重要的诗人是奥维德，他的蜕变被翻译成英文并且被许多著名作家频繁引用，如乔叟、莎士比亚、本琼森、雪莉、艾略特。A number of important historians came forth in the ancient Roman period. Polybius created his tremendous works consisting of 40 books, History, which spanned about 500 years. Livy was responsible for the great History of Rome in 142 volumes. His works has always been cited by later statesmen, writers and scholars such as Niccolo Machiavelli and Shakespeare.The architecture of ancient Rome adopted the Greek style for its own purposes, but the Romans also developed a new kind. They were more utilitarian and showed an interest in grandeur and scale. They constructed many public edifices which still existed today and became the famous key point of interest for the world. Romans used the arch, the vault and the dome, and discovered how to make concrete. 古罗马时期出现了许多重要的历史学家。波力比阿斯（古希腊历史学家）创作由40本书组成的巨作，该作品跨距约500年历史。李维（荷马历史学家）参与了罗马的重大史的142卷。他的作品一直被后来的政治家、作家和学者如尼古拉（意大利作家）和莎士比亚所引用。古罗马的建筑以希腊风格为参考，但罗马人也开发了一种新的风格。他们更功利，表现出对宏伟和规模（建筑）的兴趣。他们建造了许多公共建筑物，今日依旧存在，并成为世界关注的焦点。罗马人使用拱门、拱顶和圆屋顶，并且发现如何制作混凝土。3. Why could Christianity be accepted as the official religion first by the Roman Empire and then by the following kingdoms or empires in Europe?为什么基督教可以被罗马帝国优先接受，接着被欧洲的其他王国或帝国接受？1）For the common people in the empire who were fed up with wars and social turmoil, they needed something to fill up their spiritual vacuum. Christianity could play such a role to pacify and comfort them with love and care more effectively than other organizations or religions. 对于那些厌倦了战争和社会动荡的普通百姓来说，他们需要一些东西来填补他们的精神空虚。相比其他组织或宗教，基督教发挥着这样的作用：他们用爱与关怀，更有效地安抚和安慰精神空虚者。2）It could work together with any secular regimes to offer necessary assistance to control ideologically and intellectually the ordinary people, which was thus welcomed by the kings, emperors or aristocrats.它可以与任何世俗政权合作，提供必要的援助，以控制普通民众的思想和智力，从而受到国王、皇帝或贵族的欢迎。3）The name and influence of Christianity would be a symbol of sacredness and justification, which would help the majority of people to accept the reign of a newly emerging ruler and his followers.基督教的名字和影响将是一个神圣和公义的象征，这将有助于大多数人接受一个新统治者与其追随者的支配。4）Christianity is also a kind of culture, which to many people suggests social stability and recovery of an old life style they are accustomed to. Though conservative as well, it could be tolerated because their life and property could thus be secured in the changed circumstances.基督教也是一种文化，对许多人来说，这意味着社会稳定和他们所习惯的旧生活方式的恢复。虽然保守，但也可以容忍，因为他们的生命和财产可以在变化的环境中得到保障。4. What are the basic differences between Christianity and Judaism?基督教和犹太教的基本区别是什么？In spite of the fact that the two religions both derived from Jewish culture, there are some basic differences between them.尽管这两种宗教都源于犹太文化，但它们之间存在着一些基本的差异。1）First are the different images of God. For Judaism, its God Jehovah was representation of Nature as an almighty, omnipotent supernatural being. He is expected to provide protection for the Jews who suffered so much in history and help the Jews recover their homeland. In contrast, the Christian God Jesus is both human and divine with the origin of humanity and hence shares with humans various kinds of suffering.2） Second are the different views of God. Jehovah is viewed with a sort of fear and solemnity since He is like fire or wind which would bring force and harm to the human race while the Christian God is kinder and more helpful, since He personally suffers as a human.首先是神的不同形象。对犹太教来说，它的上帝耶和华是大自然的代表，是全能的、全能的超自然存在。他希望能为那些在历史上遭受如此多苦难的犹太人提供保护，帮助犹太人恢复家园。相比之下，基督教的神耶稣，他既有人性，又有神性，具有人类的出生，因此与人类分享各种苦难。3）Third is the different position each religion holds and hence different contribution each makes. For the early period of Judaism, Jehovah enjoyed every respect and worship from the Jews since Israel was a country of integrity and built up the grand temple for its God. But with the fall of the country, all were destroyed including the temple. They could do nothing about worship but keep their respect secretly in mind for their God. Comparatively Christian worship of Jesus was not allowed in the early days since the religion was illegal and only with the improvement of the situation could the Christian disciples openly demonstrate their worship of Jesus in public.其次是对上帝的不同看法。耶和华被视为一种恐惧和庄严，因为他像火或风，这将给人类带来力量和伤害，而基督教的神（耶稣）更仁慈，更有帮助，因为他个人作为人类受苦。拜。第三是不同宗教所持有的不同地位，因此各有不同的贡献。在犹太教初期，以色列是一个完整的国家，为它的上帝建立了宏伟的圣殿，耶和华从犹太人那里享有尊敬和崇拜。但是随着国家的衰落，一切都被毁坏了，包括圣殿。他们对敬拜无能为力，只能将对他们上帝的敬拜默默地藏在心里。由于基督教是非法的，所以相对来说，早期基督教徒对耶稣的崇拜是不被允许的，随着形势的改善，基督教的信徒们才能在公众场合，公开显明对耶稣的崇4）Fourth is that Jehovah was important to Jews only in theory and affected them in spirit occasionally while Christianity became an inseparable part of the secular life of the Westerners. Pope and churches became so powerful that they even tried to seize more political power from the emperors or kings who had to depend sometimes on the Christian church for both spiritual and political support since Christianity could easily exert its influence on the church people and non-church people.第四是在理论上，耶和华对犹太人很重要，偶尔也影响到他们的精神，而基督教则成为西方人世俗生活中不可分割的一部分。教皇和教会变得如此强大，他们甚至试图从皇帝或国王那里夺取更多的政治权力，而皇帝或国王有时不得不依靠基督教教会的精神和政治上的支持，因为基督教可以很容易地对教徒和非教徒产生影响。