《细胞的结构与功能》PPT课件

2、细胞的结构与功能及微生物分类Structure and Function of Cell and Classification of Microorganism 六大元素: 碳、氢、氧、氮、硫和磷(无论什么生物，都含有这些元素)，对于单分子生物，这六大类元素可以占到整个生物的100%，如蛋白类。而在细胞生物体中，这六类元素的总量大约占干物质的9097 大量元素（macroelements or macronutrients）还有钾、钙、镁、铁等。微量元素：钼、锌、锰、硼、钴、碘、镍、钒等 元素含量元素含量元素含量C 50 P 3 Ca 0.5O 20 S 1 Mg 0.5N 14 K 1 Fe 0.5H 8 Na 1其它0.5 22 微生物分类vMicrobial TaxonomyvMicroorganisms are tremendously diverse in size, shape, physiology, and lifestyle. General Introduction and Overviewv consists of three separate but interrelated parts: v Classification is the arrangement of organisms into groups or taxa (s., taxon) based on mutual similarity or evolutionary relatedness. v Nomenclture is the branch of taxonomy concerned with the assignmennt of names to taxonomic groups in agreement with published rules. v Identification is the practical side of taxonomy, the process of determining that a particular isolated belongs to a recognized taxon. Universal Phylogenetic Tree 生物无细胞生物单分子纯蛋白原生生物纯核酸多分子核酸与蛋白复合体， 细胞生物原核生物细菌Bacteria古细菌Archaea真核生物Eucarya 非细胞生物单分子纯蛋白（，疯牛病蛋白）原生生物Protista 纯核酸质粒？多分子核酸与蛋白复合体， 病毒类 原核生物Procaryote细菌Bacteria Aquifex原生生物ProtistaThermotogaGreen nonsulfur bacteriaFlavobacteriaGram-positive bacteriaCyanobacteriaSpirochetesProteobacteria古细菌Archaea PyrodictiumThermoproteusThermococcusMethanococcusMethanobacteriumMethanosarcinaThermoplsama Halobacteria 真核生物Eucarya Diplomonads后生生物MetazoanMicrosporidiaTrichomonadsFlagellates鞭毛虫，鞭毛藻Entamoeba内生阿米巴Slime moldsCiliatesAnimals后生生物MetazoanFungi原生生物Plants后生生物Metazoan 23 原核生物的大小形状vSize, Shape, and ArrangementvProcaryotic Cell Organization Figure 2.1 Representative Bacteria Unusually Shaped Bacteria (a)放线菌. (b) 肺炎枝原体. (c) 螺原体属. (d) 生丝微菌属. (e) Walsbys 方形细菌. (f) 含铁嘉氏铁柄杆菌 24 细菌 Morphology of a Gram-Positive Bacterium. Plasma membrane Selectively permeable barrier, mechanical boundary of cell. nutrient and waste transport, location of many metabolic processes (respiration, photosynthesis). detection of environmental cues for chemotaxis Gas vacuole Buoyancy for floating in aquatic environments Ribosomes Protein synthesis Inclusion bodies Storage of carbon, phosphate, and other substances Nucleoid Localization of genetic material (DNA) Periplasmic space Contains hydrolytic enzymes and binding proteins for nutrient processing and uptake Cell wall Gives bacteria shape and protection from lysis in dilute solutions Capsules and slime layers Resistance to phagocytosis adherence to surfaces Fimbriae and pili Attachment to surfaces, bacterial mating Flagella Movement Endospore Survival under harsh environmental Conditions (nuclear region or area)核质体(nuclear body)原核(prokaryon)拟核(nucleoid)核基因组(genome)染色质体（chromatin body)是指原核生物所特有的无核膜结构、无固定形态的原始细胞核， 一般每个细胞含核区14个。在快速生长的细菌中，核区DNA可占细胞总体积的20。拟核与间体（mesosome）或质膜（plasma membrane）有联系。细菌的核区除在染色体复制的短时间内呈双倍体外，一般均为单倍体，有些也具有线状的DNA染色体。对完全除掉膜的拟核分析发现它是由重量占60% DNA, 30% RNA和10% 蛋白质组成。 planctomycetes的两个属的拟核区有膜包被，Pireltula具有单层膜包被核区，形成pirellalosome，其中含有纤维状的拟核和类似核糖体的颗粒。Gemmata obscuriglobus的核区被双膜包被。一些细菌在染色质之外还含有质粒。 223 The Cytoplasmic Matrix223.1 Inclusion Bodies223.2 Ribosomes Figure 3.31 Flagellar Distribution. Figure 4.1 Representative Examples of Eucaryotic Microorganisms.(a)Paramecium as seen with interference-contrast microscopy (115). (b) Mixed diatom frustules (100). (c) Penicillium colonies, and (d) a microscopic view of the molds hyphae and conidia (220). (e) Stentor The ciliated protozoa are extended and actively feeding, dark-field microscopy (100) (f) Amanita muscaria, a large poisonous mushroom (5). Plasma membrane Mechanical cell boundary, selectively permeable barrier with transport systems, mediates cell-cell interactionsand adhesion to surfaces, secretionCytoplasmic matrix Environment for other organelles, location of many metabolic processesMicrofilaments Cell structure and movements, form the cytoskeleton intermediate filaments, and microtubulesEndoplasmic reticulum Transport of materials, protein and lipid synthesisRibosomes Protein synthesisGolgi apparatus Packaging and secretion of materials for various purposes, lysosome formationLysosomes Intracellular digestionMitochodria Energy production thorough use of the tricarboxyllc acid cycle, electron transport oxidative phosphorylation, and other pathways Chloroplasts Photosynthesis-trapping light energy and formation of carbohydrate from CO2 and waterNucleus Repository for genetic information, control center for cellNucleolus Ribosomal RNA synthesis, ribosome constructionCell wall and pellicle Strengthen and give shape to the cellCilia and flagella Cell movementVacuole Temporary storage and transport, digestion (food vacuoles), water balance (contractile vacuole) 微管结构 Golgi Apparatus Structure Lysosome Structure, Formation, and Function. Lysosome Structure, Formation, and Function Membrane Flow in the Vacuome Proteasome Degradation of Proteins Chloroplast Structure The Nucleus The Eucaryotic Cell Cycle Coordination of Ciliary Activity Cilia and Flagella Structure Comparison of Procaryotic and Eucaryotic Cell structure. Table 4.2 Comparison of Procaryotic and Euearyotic Cells Property Procaryotes EucaryotesOrganization of Genetic Material True membrane-bound nucleus Absent Present DNA complexed with histones No Yes Number of chromosomes One a More than one Introns in genes Rare Common Nucleolus Absent Present Mitosis occurs No YesGenetic Recombination Partial, unidirectional transfer of DNA Meiosis and fusion of gametesMitochondria Absent PresentChloroplasts Absent PresentPlasma Membrane with Sterols Usually no b Yes Table 4.2 Comparison of Procaryotic and Euearyotic Cells Flagella Submicrosopic in size; composedof one fiber Microscopic in size; membrane bound; usually 20 microtubules in 9 + 2 patternEndoplasmic Reticulum Absent PresentGoigi Apparatus Absent PresentCell Walls Usually chemically complex with peptidoglycane c Chemically simpler and lacking peptidoglycandifferent in simpler organellesRibosomes 70s 80S (except in mitochondria and chloroplast)Lysosomes and peroxisomes Absent PresentMicrotubules Absent or rare Present Cytoskeleton May be absent PresentDifferentiation Rudimentary Tissues and organs