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Prat 5 Sensing Technology5.1 Sensors in manufacturing5.2 Microthermocouples5.3 Pressure Microsensors5.4 QProx QT113 Charge-Transfer Touch Sensor(1)5.5 QProx QT113 Charge-Transfer Touch Sensor(II) Sensing Technology 5.1 Sensors in manufacturing Sensing Technology 5.1 Sensors in manufacturing5.1.1Specialized English Words transducer 变换器 piezoelectric crystal 压电晶体 mechanically actuated 机械压力 physical stimulus 物理刺激 piezoelectric actuator 压电传动装置，压电驱动器 piezoelectric sensor 压电式传感器 piezo device 压电装置 magnetism 磁性，吸引力，磁学 Sensing Technology kinetic energy 动能 Radiant辐射，辐射的，发光的 electromagnetic radio waves电磁无线电波 micro waves 微波 multi-signal capability多信号处理能力 ease of integration into 易于集成到. atomic 原子，原子的，原子能的 molecular energy分子能 gravitational引力 Sensing Technology mass energy质能，质能关系 electrical discharge machining电火花加工 surface finish 表面光洁度 cutting fluid 切削液 lubricants 润滑剂，润滑物，润滑油 tooling 模具，加工 magnetic fields 磁场 strain应变，紧张，拉紧 relativity theory 相对论 pertaining to motion相对运动 Sensing Technology displacement位移 Binding energy 结合能 infrared红外线 visible light可见光 ultraviolet 紫外线，紫外线的 acceleration 加速度 flow velocity流速 rate of transport传输率 moment 力矩，弯矩 Torque转矩，扭矩，力矩 roughness表面粗糙度 Sensing Technology stiffness 刚度 viscosity粘度 Crystallinity结晶度 structural integrity结构整体性 wave velocity波速 amplitude 振幅 ，波幅 phase 相位，相 polarization 偏振，极化 spectrum频谱，光谱，谱 conductivity 电导率 Sensing Technology magnetic flux磁通量，磁通 permeability渗透率，渗透性 intensity光强，强度 emissivity发射率，辐射率 reflectivity反射率，反射，反射系数 transmissivity透射率，透过率 specific heat比热容 thermal conductivity 热导率 Sensing Technology 5.1.2 Notes A transducer is generally defined as a device that transmits energy from one system to another, often with a change in form of the energy. 此句的主句是“A transducer is defined as a device” 。全句可翻译为“一般将变换器定义为从一个系统向另一个系统传输能量的设备，往往伴随着能量形式的变化” 。 “that” 引导定语从句，修饰先行词 “device” 。 Sensing Technology We shall discuss the basic characteristics of both types of silicon micro-sensors but introduce some of the unique features of the latter which are becoming more and more utilized in manufacturing. 句中“which”引导定语从句，修饰“Features ” 。全句可译成“我们讨论这两种类型的硅微传感器的基本特征。但对在制造业中应用变得越来越多的后者，我们还要介绍一些它独有的特点。”“which”引导定语从句，修饰“Features ” Sensing Technology In practice, these 10 forms of energy are condensed into the six signal types listed as we can consider atomic and molecular energy as part of chemical energy, gravitational and mechanical as one, mechanical, and we can ignore nuclear and mass energy. 全句可译为 “在实践中，可以将原子与分子能看作化学能的一部分，可以将引力和机械能统一为机械能，还可以忽略原子能和质能，这样一来，这10种能量就可以压缩成所列出的六类信号”。第一个“as”为连接词，引导原因状语从句 “we energy” ；第二个“as”为介词，意为“当作” 。 Sensing Technology Finally, there are a number of technical specifications of sensors that must be addressed in assessing the ability of a particular sensor/output combination to measure robustly the state of the process. 此句的主句是“there are a number of technical specifications of sensors”。全句可译为 “最后，在评估某种传感-输出组合能是否具备对制造过程的状态进行稳定的测量的能力时，有一系列技术参数必须加以考虑。”“that”引导定语从句“must process，“technical”是先行词。 Sensing Technology5.2 Microthermocouples Sensing Technology 5.2 Microthermocouples 5.2.1Specialized English Words semiconducting resister 半导体电阻 thermocouple热电偶 potentiometric temperature sensor电位型温度传感器 open circuit voltage 开路电压 thermoelectric power热电势，温差电势，热电功率 linear devices线性器件，线性装置 full-scale operation 满量程 Sensing Technology silicon process 硅工艺加工，硅工艺 standard integrated circuit (IC) process 标准集成电路（ IC ）工艺 nonstandard materials 非标准材料 pt resistor铂电阻 Thermistor热敏电阻 Transistor晶体管 operating range测量范围 Sensitivity灵敏度 doped silicon 掺杂硅 Sensing Technology standard bipolar process标准双极工艺 base resistor基极电阻 emitter resistor发射极电阻 epi-resistor外延电阻 TCR电阻温度系数 intrinsic semiconductor 本征半导体 inherent temperature sensitivity 固有的温度敏感性 silicon diode 硅二极管 doping concentration 掺杂浓度 Sensing Technology planar IC process 面集成电路工艺 conductance band 导带 valence band 价带 phonon drag term 声子曳引项 carrier charge 载流子电荷 resistivity constant 电阻率常数 boron 硼 theoretical voltage 理论电压 Polysilicon多晶硅 n-type epilayer n型外延电阻 Sensing Technology 5.2.2 Notes Unlike the metal and semiconducting resisters, a thermocouple is a potentiometric temperature sensor in that an open circuit voltage VT appears when two different metals are joined together with the junction held at a temperature being sensed Ts and the other ends held at a reference temperature Tref. 此句是一个成分比较复杂的主从句结构。主句是“a thermocouple is a potentiometric temperature sensor”，介词短语“Unlike”引导状语“the metal and semiconducting resisters”“in that” （相当于“in w ich” ）引导原因状语定语从句，修饰“temperature sensor” 。“when” 引导时间状语从句“two different metals are joined together with the junction held at a temperature being sensed Ts and the other endsheld at a reference temperature Tr ” ，其中“held at a temperature being sensed Ts”为过去分词短语作定语，修饰“the junction” ，而“being sensed Ts”则是现在分词短语（被动式）作定语，修饰“temperature” 。“and the other ends held at a reference temperature Tref.”中的“held at a reference temperature Tref. ”也是定语，修饰“the other ends” 。 Sensing Technology Unlike the metal and semiconducting resisters, a thermocouple is a potentiometric temperature sensor in that an open circuit voltage VT appears when two different metals are joined together with the junction held at a temperature being sensed Ts and the other ends held at a reference temperature Tref. 全句可译为“与金属和半导体电阻不同，热电偶是一种电位型的温度传感器。当两种不同的金属连接在一起，结点一端温度为Ts，另一端为参考温度Tref时，就会有开路电压VT输出。” Sensing Technology The basic principle is known as the Seebeck effect in which the metal have a different thermoelectric power or Seebeck coefficient P; 句子可译为“金属具有不同的热电势或塞贝克系数P，称为塞贝克效应，它是热电偶的基本工作原理”。 ，“in which” 引导定语从句“the metal have a different thermoelectric power or Seebeck coefficient P” ，修饰“the Seebeck effect” 。主句 Sensing Technology Typically，they can operate from -100 to +2000 with accuracy of between 1 and 3 percent for a full-scale operation (FSO). 句子可译为“通常情况下，热电偶的测量范围为-100 2000 ，精度为（满量程的）13 ” 。介词短语“with accuracy of between 1 and 3 percent for a full-scale operation (FSO) ”做宾语补足语状语。 Sensing Technology The inclusion of nonstandard materials ,during, for example, a CMOS process, which is intermediate CMOS, is generally regarded as highly undesirable and should be avoided if possible. 全句可译为“在加工工艺中加入非标准材料，如在CMOS工艺中加入非标准材料，这称为中间CMOS，被普遍认为是极不可取并应尽量避免的。”“which is intermediate CMOS” 是关系代词，系“which”引导的定语从句during, for example, a CMOS process” = “for example, during a CMOS process” 。 Sensing Technology 5.3 Pressure Microsensors 5.3.1 Specialized English Words bulk 块，体，堆 micromachined 微型加工的 microaccelerometer sensors 微加速度传感器 gyrometer 陀螺测试仪，陀螺仪表 piezoresistive sensor 压阻传感器 deflection 应变 strain gauges 应变片 diaphragm 振膜，隔膜，膜片 membrane膜片，振片 Sensing Technology piezoresistive coeffcient压阻常数 piezo coeffcient 压电系数 pickup electrodes 信号电极 static deflection 静荷载挠度，静载挠度，静变位 torsional oscillation扭转振荡 resonant frequency共振频率 shuttle mass support 振梁 nonlinear resonator 非线性谐振器 linear oscillation 线性振荡 Sensing Technology piezoresistive pickup 压阻传感器 spring constant 弹簧系数 hard spring 硬弹簧，硬质弹簧 cross section 横截面，横切面，横剖面 lateral 横向 barometric pressure 气压，大气压，大气压力 microshuttle 微型压力传感器 silicon on insulator (SOI) 绝缘硅（一种新型硅基集成电路材料的简称） exhaust gas recirculation 排气再循环 Sensing Technology fuel pressure 燃料压力 active suspension hydraulics液压主动悬架 piezoresistors 压敏电阻器 anodic bonding 阳极键合 glass support玻璃支 inlet hole 进入孔 Pyrex硼硅酸玻璃 reference capacitors标准电容器 Oxide氧化物 boron 硼 Sensing Technology alignment key 对准标记 substate wafer 次级硅片 trench 沟 resonator 谐振器 resonator wafer 谐振硅片 buried cavity 隐藏孔 hole 孔 evacuated cavity 真空共振腔 glass frit 玻璃粉 contact pad 触板 nitride 氮化物 Sensing Technology 5.3.2 Notes The two important silicon sensors are the pressure and microaccelerometer sensors , with substantial growth expected for gyrometers, which will be used for navigation. 全句可译为“压力传感器和微加速度传感器是两种重要的硅传感器，随着陀螺仪需求的大量增长，这两种传感器将会用于导航领域”。“which”引导非限制性定语从句“will be used for navigation”，修饰“gyrometers”，“with substantial growth expected for gyrometers”在句中作伴随状语，其中“expected for gyrometers”为过去分词短语，修饰“growth” 。 Sensing Technology The piezoresistive constant （44） is typically +138.1pC/N and that makes measuring pressure in the range of 0 to 1 Mpa relatively straight forward. 此句可译为“压阻常数（44）的典型值为+138.1pC/N，这就保证了压力测量值在的0到1Mpa范围内有相当好的线性度。”句中“and”引导两个并列的句子。后句中的“that”指代“The piezoresistive constant （44） is typically +138.1pC/N” Sensing Technology In this case, a capacitive bridge can be formed with two reference capacitors and the output voltage is related to the deflection of the membrane x and hence the applied pressure (P - P0).此句可译为“在这种配置下，电容桥由两个参比电容组成，输出电压与振膜挠度x有关，因而与所施压力 (P - P0) 有关。” 介词短语“In this case”作条件状语“and”连接两个并列句子。 Sensing Technology The dynamical equation that governs the behavior is a modified version of Equation (5.3.3) to include a tension term, which affects the effective spring constant Km. 此句可译为“约束振荡的动6态方程是方程（5.3.3）的修正方程，增加了一个影响弹簧常数Km的张力项。”句中“which affects the effective spring constant Km”是“which”引导的定语从句，指代前面的句子，修饰“a tension term”“that”引导主定语从句修饰“the dynamical equation” 。 Sensing Technology As costs are driven down, the move toward piezoresistive polysilicon is desirable but creates some stability and precision issues. 此句可译为“由于成本的降低，压阻式多晶硅变得更加符合需要，但随之也带来了一些稳定性和精确性方面的问题。” “As costs are driven down”为原因状语从句，主句有两个并列的动词“is”和“creates” 。 Sensing Technology 5.4 QProx QT113 Charge-Transfer Touch Sensor(1)5.4.2 Specialized English Words charge-transfer(QT) 电荷转移 project 投射 proximity field 接近路 consensus filter 协同滤波器 noise immunity 抗（干）扰性 autocal = auto calibrate自动校正，自动标定 toggle mode 切换方式 strap option 搭接选择，接线选择 lead-free package 无铅封装 Sensing Technology appliance control 家电控制 access systems 接入系统，接入技术 prox sensors 接近传感器，接近开关 pointing device 指点装置，定位装置 consume devices 消费设备 self-contained 独立的，自给的 Dielectric绝缘的，（电）介质 Ceramic 陶瓷 metal-bearing合金属的 Sensing Technology burst 脉冲（串） Electrode电极 TA 即TAPP，纤薄阵列塑料封装（Thin Array Plastic Package之略 ) SOIC 小输出线封装(Small Outline IC之略) DIP 双列直插式封装（Dual ln-line Package之略） nor-critical 不挑剔的，要求不高的 RF emissions 射频辐射（RF为radio frequency之略） Susceptibility 敏感性，可感性 Sensing Technology EMI 电磁干扰（Electro Magnetic Interference之略） consecutive 一致的 single-slope 单斜坡 ADC 模数转换（部件）（Analog Digital Conversion） stray capacitance 杂散电容，分布电容 Trace引线 copper pours （印刷电路板上）敷铜 ESD 静电放电（Electrostatic discharge之略） Sensing Technology sparse 稀疏的 mesh 网（状物） by implication 其实 tenuous 脆弱的，微弱的 ample 足够的，丰裕的 PCB 印刷电路板（Printed Circuit board之略） wind绕组 core （铁）芯 picofarad 微微法（拉），皮（发拉） Sensing Technology 5.4.3 Notes HeartBeat 这里TM为Trade Mark 之略，“注册商标”之意，表示HeartBeat是一注册商标，受产权保护。 Sensing Technology Sensitivity is related to electrode surface area, orientation with respect to the object being sensed, object composition, and the ground coupling quality of both the sensor circuit and the sensed object. 这是一个简单句，“is related to”后有多个介词宾语。注意其中“the object being sensed”和“the sensed object” ，前者为现在分词短语作后置定语，后者为过去分词作前置定语，意思完全相同。全句可译为“灵敏度和电极表面面积、感应对象的朝向、材质以及感应电路和感应对象两者对地的耦合质量等有关。” Sensing Technology This law as applied to capacitive sensing requires that the sensors field current must complete a loop, returning back to its source in order for capacitance to be sensed. 全句可译为“用于电容传感时，该定律要求传感器的场电流必须构成一个回路，最后返回源头，才能感应到被测电容。” “that”引起的宾语从句中“in order to”后接的不定式动词原形因为逻辑主语“（for） capacitor” ，而变成被动语态“(to) be sensed”了。“as applied to capacitive sensing”是主句的状语，可看成是状语从句“as it is applied.”的省略。 Sensing Technology 5.5 QProx QT113 Charge-Transfer Touch Sensor(II) 5.5.2 Specialized English Words metallized housing （镀）金属外壳 crumple into 弄皱 fringe fields 散射（电）场，干扰（电）场 lateral 横向的，侧面的 inadvertent 无意的，偶然的 diminishing returns 得不偿失 trade-off权衡，折中 propagate 传播，繁殖 adverse 不利的，有害的 Sensing Technology survivability 生存能力 legitimate 合理的，正当的，合法的 slew-rate转换斜率，边沿斜率， threshold 门槛，阀值，临界值 hysteresis 滞后，延滞 asymmetric 不对称的 obstruction 堵塞（物），阻挡（物） elevated升高的，高贵的 suppress 抑制，排除，镇压 brushes轻擦，擦过 successive 连续的，逐次的 Sensing Technology survivability 生存能力 legitimate 合理的，正当的，合法的 slew-rate转换斜率，边沿斜率， threshold 门槛，阀值，临界值 hysteresis 滞后，延滞 asymmetric 不对称的 obstruction 堵塞（物），阻挡（物） elevated升高的，高贵的 suppress 抑制，排除，镇压 brushes轻擦，擦过 successive 连续的，逐次的 Sensing Technology 5.5.3 Notes The human body naturally has several hundred picofarads of free space capacitance to the local environment (Cx3 in Figure 1-3), which is more than two orders of magnitude greater than that required to create a return path to the QT113 via earth. 全句意为“人体自然而然地会和周边环境产生出一个几百个微微法的自由空间电容（图1.3中的Cx3），这比QT113建立经过大地的回路所需要的电容值要大两个数量级之多。”“which”引导的定语从句修饰“several hundred picofarads”，从句中的“that”为代词，其后“required to create a return path to the QT113 via earth”是它的定语。 Sensing Technology In some cases it may be desirable to increase sensitivity further, for example when using the sensor with very thick panels having a low dielectric constant.这是一个简单句. 全句可译为“某些情况下，希望将灵敏度进一步增加，例如在传感器的面板很厚而介电常数又很小的情况下。” 注意“when using .”可以认为是“when you are using the sensor with very thick panels having a low dielectric constant”省去了“you are”。 Sensing Technology Increasing the electrodes surface area will not substantially increase touch sensitivity if its diameter is already much larger in surface area than the object being detected. 全句可译为“在电极面积已经比被测物的面积大很多的情况下，如果再增大电极面积并不会明显提高触摸灵敏度。”动名词短语作主句的主语“if its diameter is already much larger in surface area than the object being detected.”为条件从句，其中“being detected”为被动语态的现在分词，作“object”的后置定语。 Sensing Technology To accomplish this, the QT113 incorporates a detect integration counter that increments with each detection until a limit is reached, after which the output is activated.本句共有四个句子，结构上是较复杂的。全句可译为“为了实现这一目标，QT113整合了一个检测计数器。这个计数器在每次检测时就开始增量，到达上限值时，才激活输出。”主句“that increments with each detection until a limit is reached”为“a detect integration counter”的定语从句，“until a limit is reached”则是从句的状语从句与“that increments with each detection”并列的从句，表示进一步的结果。
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