《西方文化导论》PPT课件.ppt

U1_main Get Started Text Study Supplementary Resources Get Started_ main Get Started Get Started 1. A General Introduction 2. Focus In Get Started_1.1 Get Started Get Started_1.2 Get Started Greek culture dates back to the Neolithic Age (about 4000 BC). By its Bronze Age (about 2800 BC), Greek culture had come to a stage of substantial development in view of its ability to produce useful tools and articles and weapons in bronze, as were evidenced by the unearthed artifacts in the neighborhood of the Aegean Sea. The Aegean Civilization or the Stone and Bronze Age Civilization was thus shaped and included Cretan Civilization and Mycenaean Civilization, which appeared subsequently, with a high level of cultural development, as was demonstrated in its architecture, art and crafts as well as the pictographic script which had been used widely. Get Started_1.3 Get Started After the Dorian invasion, Greece was further divided into a number of tribes before they were organized into the city- states. The ancient Greek economy heavily depended on slave labor, the most popular resource for production at that time, and laid the foundation for the success of Greek culture. In the 5th-4th centuries BC, the slave-based democracy politics in Athens reached its peak during Pericles reign, providing a comparatively free environment for the development of Greek culture. However, split occurred between the two strongest city-states and wars among most poleis caused the decline of Greek Civilization, and it was conquered by Roman Empire before 146 BC. Get Started_1.4 Get Started Historically, Greek culture is of a rich variety, lasting value and wide influence around the world. Under the administration of the city government and its stimulation on cultural exchange, cultural prosperity rose up in architecture, philosophy, literature, arts and sports. Such an intellectual climate hence led to the emergence of a number of famous philosophers, artists and historians who produced their remarkable contributions to Greek Civilization. Get Started_2.1 Get Started To get a brief view of the history and development of Greek Civilization To be familiar with Greek culture in mythology, religion, philosophy, history, literature and arts To know some representative philosophers and their contributions Text Study _main Text Study Text Study I. The Early Period of Greek Civilization II. The Development and the End of Greek Civilization III. Greek Culture Text Study _I_1.1 Text Study Main Ideas Main Ideas Ages Stages Characters Minos a unified country from smaller city-states. During 1600 BC1125 BC, Minoan Dynasty was weakened and toppled. Text Study _I_1.2 Text Study Main Ideas Main Ideas Pre- historical Age Stage 2: Mycenaean Civilization (ended in the 12th century BC) Mycenae was a country where slaves were commonly used in agricultural and handicraft production. Mycenaean culture benefited much from Cretan culture on its social and economic development. Heroic Age The period is between the coming of the Greeks to Thessaly and the Greeks returning from Troy and culminates in the Trojan War. The Trojan War had helped to produce two famous epics, Odyssey and Iliad. Text Study _I_1.3 Text Study Main Ideas Main Ideas Dark Age 1200 BC 800 BC It was peopled with many legendary names like Hercules, Ajax, Achilles and Agamemnon. Golden Age the 8th the 4th century BC It can be divided into three periods: the archaic period, the central period and the period of dependence. Text Study _I_2.1 Text Study Interpretation of Cultural Terms Interpretation of Cultural Terms The Neolithic 新石器时代 : It is a period in the development of human technology, beginning in about 9500 BC in the Middle East that is traditionally considered the last part of the Stone Age. The Neolithic is a measured progression of behavioral and cultural characteristics and changes, including the use of wild and domestic crops and the use of domesticated animals. Text Study _I_2.2 Text Study Interpretation of Cultural Terms Interpretation of Cultural Terms Minos 米诺斯 : In Greek mythology, Minos was a king of Crete, son of Zeus and Europa. After his death, Minos became a judge of the dead in Hades. The Minoan Civilization of pre-Hellene Crete has been named after him by the archaeologist Arthur Evans. Text Study _I_3.1 Text Study Comprehension Exercises Multiple choice. (1) _ is the major foundation in the Western culture and makes a powerful impact on the development of human civilization. A. Ancient European culture B. Ancient Greek culture C. Ancient Chinese culture D. Ancient Egyptian culture Comprehension Exercises A. the Neolithic Age B. the Bronze Age C. the Stone and Bronze Age D. the Old Stone Age Text Study _I_3.2 Text Study Comprehension Exercises (2) Greek culture can date back to_. Comprehension Exercises Multiple choice. A. farming B. handicraft and trade C. religion D. philosophy Text Study _I_3.3 Text Study Comprehension Exercises (3) Mycenaean culture was influenced the most by Cretan culture on _. Comprehension Exercises Multiple choice. A. the Heroic Age B. the Golden Age C. the Cretan Civilization D. the Mycenaean Civilization Text Study _I_3.4 Text Study Comprehension Exercises (4) The Trojan War broke out at the end of _. Comprehension Exercises Multiple choice. A. archaic B. central C. dependent D. dark Text Study _I_3.5 Text Study Comprehension Exercises (5) The first Olympiad began in the _ period of the Golden Age. Comprehension Exercises Multiple choice. Text Study _I_4.1 Text Study Think and Discuss Give a brief introduction to the Trojan War and check references to know more about the war. The Trojan War broke out at the end of the Mycenaean Civilization. All the city-states in Mycenae sent troops to help form a coalition army for the battles. Not long after the war, the Dorians from the northwest of Greece invaded and destroyed Mycenae in about the12th11th centuries BC. Think and Discuss Text Study _I_4.2 Text Study Think and Discuss Introduction from Wikipedia: In Greek mythology, the Trojan War was waged against the city of Troy by the Achaeans (Greeks) after Paris of Troy took Helen from her husband Menelaus, the king of Sparta. The war was among the most important events in Greek mythology and was narrated in many works of Greek literature, including the Iliad and the Odyssey by Homer. The Iliad relates a part of the last year of the siege of Troy, while the Odyssey describes the journey home of Odysseus, one of the Achaean leaders. Other parts of the war were told Think and Discuss Text Study _I_4.3 Text Study Think and Discuss Think and Discuss in a cycle of epic poems, which has only survived in fragments. Episodes from the war provided material for Greek tragedies and other works of Greek literature, and for Roman poets like Virgil and Ovid. The war originated from a quarrel between the goddesses Athena, Hera, and Aphrodite, after Eris, the goddess of strife and discord, gave them a golden apple, sometimes known as the Apple of Discord, marked “for the fairest”. Zeus sent the goddesses to Paris, who judged that Aphrodite, as “the fairest”, should receive the apple. In exchange, Aphrodite made Helen, the most beautiful of all Text Study _I_4.4 Text Study Think and Discuss Think and Discuss women and wife of Menelaus, fall in love with Paris, who took her to Troy. Agamemnon, the king of Mycenae and the brother of Helens husband Menelaus, led an expedition of Achaean troops to Troy and besieged the city for ten years because of Paris insult. After the deaths of many heroes, including the Achaeans Achilles and Ajax, and the Trojans Hector and Paris, the city fell to the ruse of the Trojan Horse. The Achaeans slaughtered the Trojans (except for some of the women and children whom they kept or sold as slaves) and desecrated the temples, thus earning the gods wrath. Few of the Achaeans returned safely to their homes and Text Study _I_4.5 Text Study Think and Discuss Think and Discuss many founded colonies in distant shores. The Romans later traced their origin to Aeneas, one of the Trojans, who was said to have led the surviving Trojans to modern-day Italy. The ancient Greeks thought the Trojan War was a historical event that had taken place in the 13th or 12th century BC, and believed that Troy was located in modern- day Turkey near the Dardanelles. By modern times both the war and the city were widely believed to be non-historical. In 1870, however, the German archaeologist Heinrich Schliemann excavated a site in this area which he identified as Troy; this claim is now accepted by most scholars. Text Study _I_4.6 Text Study Think and Discuss Think and Discuss Whether there is any historical reality behind the Trojan War is an open question. Many scholars believe that there is a historical core to the tale, though this may simply mean that the Homeric stories are a fusion of various tales of sieges and expeditions by Mycenaean Greeks during the Bronze Age. Those who believe that the stories of the Trojan War derive from a specific historical conflict usually date it to the 12th or 11th century BC, often preferring the dates given by Eratosthenes, 1194 BC1184 BC, which roughly corresponds with archaeological evidence of a catastrophic burning of Troy VIIa. Text Study _I_1.1_pop1.1 Text Study Main Ideas Main Ideas Text Study _I_1.1_pop1.2 Text Study Main Ideas Main Ideas Text Study _I_1.2_pop2 Text Study Main Ideas Main Ideas Text Study _I_1.2_pop3 Text Study Main Ideas Main Ideas Text Study _I_1.2_pop4 Text Study Main Ideas Main Ideas Text Study _I_1.3_pop5 Text Study Main Ideas Main Ideas Text Study _I_1.3_pop6 Text Study Main Ideas Main Ideas Text Study _I_1.3_pop7 Text Study Main Ideas Main Ideas Text Study _I_1.3_pop8 Text Study Main Ideas Main Ideas Text Study _I_1.3_pop9 Text Study Main Ideas Main Ideas Since the 8th Century BC, Greece stepped into an important period when iron tools were universally used as a substitute for bronze. With further coastal economic development, the city-states were founded one after another, numbering more than a hundred altogether in either Dorian or Ionian dominance. Among them, Athens and Sparta were the most developed and powerful. Later Miletus became an even larger and more important city than Athens after the Persian conquest of Asia Minor in the 6th century BC. In politics, the newly founded city-states were usually ruled by the slave-owning aristocrats or kings who were formerly Text Study _II_1.1 Text Study Main Ideas Main Ideas Text Study _II_1.2 Text Study Main Ideas Main Ideas formerly military leaders. But some states could be ruled by the archons such as Draco and Solon, Peisistratus and Cleisthenes, etc., who would proceed with their reforms. Thus it led to a period of business and patriarchal aristocratic democracy. There were two legislatures during that period: one was the general assembly, known as the Ecclesia which passed policies, and the boule led by ten archons enforced them; the other was the supreme council which supervised and checked the behavior of the local officials and teachers. The strength of the system was the highly democratic features which controlled the power of aristocrats. Greek Civilization came to its peak during Pericles reign and then began to decline, during which two wars broke out with profound meanings. One is the war between Greek city- states and Persian invaders (499 BC449 BC). The victory laid the foundation for the development and prosperity of Greece. However, peace and stability did not last long after the victory because a split occurred between the two strongest city-states (459 BC404 BC) , thus leading to the decline of Athens and most poleis involved in the war. Till 146 BC, the regions of Greek Peninsula and Aegean Sea islands were all seized and conquered by Roman troops and merged into the map of Roman Empire. Text Study _II_1.3 Text Study Main Ideas Main Ideas Text Study _II_2.1 Text Study Interpretation of Cultural Terms ostracism 陶片放逐制 : In ancient Greece, when a citizen was considered dangerous to the state, he would be banished for a certain number of years as a punishment, decided by popular votes. Now it relates to any social exclusion. Interpretation of Cultural Terms Text Study _II_2.2 Text Study Interpretation of Cultural Terms Thebes 底比斯 : A Mycenaean city, located in east-central Greece, northwest of Athens. It was at the height of power and splendour in the 4th century BC. In 336 BC it was ruined by Alexander the Great. Interpretation of Cultural Terms Text Study _II_2.3 Text Study Interpretation of Cultural Terms Sparta 斯巴达 : an ancient Greek city-state of Dorian Greeks in the southeast Peloponnesus， which was widely known for its military power, and reached its peak in the 6th century BC when Sparta defeated Athens in the Peloponnesian Wars (460 404) and then became the leader of the union of Greek city- states before it was toppled by the Thebans in 371 BC Interpretation of Cultural Terms Text Study _II_2.4 Text Study Interpretation of Cultural Terms Interpretation of Cultural Terms Text Study _II_2.5 Text Study Interpretation of Cultural Terms Justinian I (Justinian the Great) 查士丁尼一世 : The emperor of Byzantium who resisted the Persian aggression at the eastern frontier of his empire and then re-occupied the former Roman territories in Africa, Italy and Spain. Eastern Orthodox Christians respects him as a saint. Interpretation of Cultural Terms Text Study _II_2.6 Text Study Interpretation of Cultural Terms Cleon克里昂 （ ?422 BC): One of the Athenian political and military leaders during the Peloponnesian War. He was the first prominent example of the commercial class who was considered as a warmonger and demagogue by his contemporaries. Interpretation of Cultural Terms Text Study _II_2.7 Text Study Interpretation of Cultural Terms Pericles 伯利克里 (c.495 BC 429 BC): A famous and influential Athenian leader. He was called “the first citizen of Athens” by Thucydides, a historian. His reign (461 BC 429 BC) was known as the “Age of Pericles”. He promoted the literature and arts and built many buildings. For this reason, Athens became the educational and cultural centre of ancient Greece. Furthermore, Pericles made contribution to the Athenian democracy. Interpretation of Cultural Terms Text Study _II_3.1 Text Study Comprehension Exercises Please match the following names of political leaders to their reformist ideas. (1) Draco (2) Cleisthenes (3) Peisistratus (4) Solon (5) Pericles a. supreme council check the behavior of leaders b. punish trivial crimes with the death sentence c. abolish slave labor d. carry out legislative reform e. advocate peasants welfare and popular entertainments Comprehension Exercises Text Study _II_4.1 Text Study Think and Discuss How did the ancient Greek Civilization develop in its long history? Firstly, early period of Greek Civilization: the development of Cretan and Mycenaean Civilization. Secondly, with the development of economy, many city-states were founded. Aristocratic rulers were trying to proceed their reforms in politics and legislations, which led to the prosperity of Greek Civilization. Last, after two wars, Greek Civilization came to its end. Think and Discuss Text Study _II_1.1_pop1 Text Study Main Ideas Main Ideas Text Study _II_1.1_pop2 Text Study Main Ideas Main Ideas Text Study _II_1.1_pop3 Text Study Main Ideas Main Ideas Text Study _III_1.1.1 Main Ideas Text Study (1) Greek Mythology and Religion Greek mythology is based on a religion which took shape during the Homeric Age and was developed from animism and fetishism into polytheism. The religious tales became fully developed myths in the Homeric epic and thus contributed greatly to the later development of all Greek arts. In Greek myth, all the gods live on Mount Olympus. Theres a list of a group of 12 gods (The Olympians) who ruled after the overthrow of the Titans. Main Ideas Text Study _III_1.1.2 Main Ideas Text Study Main Ideas God & Goddess Character Zeus the heavenly king of the gods and ruler of mankind Poseidon the moody god of the seas Hades the gloomy god of the underworld Hestia the calm goddess of the hearth Hera the mature goddess of the family Ares the fierce god of the war Athena the sophisticated goddess of wisdom and arts Text Study _III_1.1.3 Main Ideas Text Study Main Ideas Apollo the youthful god of the sun and the music Aphrodite the sensual goddess of love and beauty Hermes the cunning god of the trade Artemis the wild goddess of the hunt Hephaestus the ill-favored god of metallurgy Text Study _III_1.2.1 Main Ideas Text Study Main Ideas (2) Greek Philosophy Greek philosophy emerged from the bondage of religion and went through a process of fruitful theoretical research combined with practical experience before it achieved its high point in the history of human intellectual development. It has influenced much of Western thought with a wide variety of subjects, including political philosophy, ethics, metaphysics, ontology, logic, biology, rhetoric and aesthetics. Text Study _III_1.2.2 Main Ideas Text Study Main Ideas Early Greek Philosophers and Their Noble Ideas School Name Main Idea Materialism Thales The world originated in water and predicted a total eclipse of the sun. Anaximander The origin of everything in the world is unlimited and all things split into two opposites. Heraclitus Fire is the fundamental substance in the universe, and the universe is in a state of ongoing change, struggle or flux. Text Study _III_1.2.3 Main Ideas Text Study Main Ideas Materialism Democritus Material world is composed of tiny, inseparable particles called atoms. Idealism Pythagoras Everything is numbers. And it is possible to acquire mystical knowledge. Protagoras Man is the measure of all things. Text Study _III_1.2.4 Main Ideas Text Study Main Ideas The Most Influential Philosophers in Greece Name Life & Achievements Main Interests Notable Ideas Works Socrates (470 BC 399 BC) a classical Greek Athenian philosopher, one of the founders of Western philosophy epistemology, ethics Socratic method, Socratic irony Socratic dialogues written by his students Plato and Xenophon Text Study _III_1.2.5 Main Ideas Text Study Main Ideas Plato (427 BC 347 BC) a classical Greek philosopher, mathematician, student of Socrates, founder of the Academy in Athens, and one of the founders of Western philosophy and science rhetoric, art, literature, epistemology, justice, virtue, politics, education, family, militarism Platonic realism writer of philosophi- cal dialogues, Apology, Protagoras, Gorgias, Phaedo, Symposium, Padres, The Republic, The Law Text Study _III_1.2.6 Main Ideas Text Study Main Ideas Aristotle (384 BC 322 BC) a Greek philosopher, a student of Plato, one of the most important founding figures in Western philosophy physics, metaphysics, poetry, theatre, music, rhetoric, politics, government, ethics, biology, zoology golden mean, reason, logic, syllogism, passion The Categories, The Peri Hermeneias, The Prior Analytics, The Posterior Analytics, Topics and the Sophistical Refutations, Physics, The Politics, On the Parts of Animals, Zoology and History of Animals Text Study _III_1.3.1 Main Ideas Text Study Main Ideas (3) Literature Greek literature is considered to consist of epic, lyrical poetry and drama. Category Type Writers Name Character Works Poetry Epic Homer narrative poems about the period of Trojan War Iliad, Odysseus Lyric Callimachus elegiac poems Hymns Text Study _III_1.3.2 Main Ideas Text Study Main Ideas Poetry Lyric Theocritus hymns & epigrams The Syracusan Woman, The Graces, The Sorceresses Aratus hexameters Phenomena Nicander scientific poems Theriaca Sappho love poems Pindar odes the 14 Olympian Odes Text Study _III_1.3.3 Main Ideas Text Study Main Ideas Drama Tragedy Aeschylus 7090 tragedies, only 7 survived Prometheus Bound, The Persians, Agamemnon, The Phrygians, The Seven against Thebes, The Suppliant Maidens and The Or