初中英语语法-名词

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Nouns 名词 初中英语语法 稻田一中 李培军 名词的分类 : 名词可以分为专有名词( Proper Nouns)和 普通名词。 (Common Nouns。 专有名词: 表示个别的人、事物、地点等专有的 名称。专有名词 第一个字母要大写 Lucy China the Summer Palace 普通名词: 分为可数名词和不可数名词 可数名词:表示人、事物、地点等的名称。 可数名词有单数和复数两种形式之分。 普通名词又可分为下面四类: 1) 个体名词( Individual Nouns):表示某 类人或东西中的个体,如: gun。 2) 集体名词( Collective Nouns):表示若 干个个体组成的集合体,如: family。 3) 物质名词( Material Nouns):表示无法 分为个体的实物,如: air。 4) 抽象名词( Abstract Nouns):表示动作、 状态、品质、感情等抽象概念,如: work。 个体名词和集体名词可以用数目来计算,称为 可数名词( Countable Nouns),物质名词 和抽象名词一般无法用数目计算,称为不可数 名词( Uncountable Nouns)。 名词的单数 形式: 一般 可用 a来修饰: a car a book 在 元音发音 开头的词前用 an an elephant an apple 请注意: a useful machine an unbrella a university teacher 名词的复数形式: 1.复数形式的构成方法: (1) 一般在复数名词后加 “ s读 /s/or/z/ dog dogs book books (2) 以 s、 x、 ch、 sh结尾的名词加 “ es 读 /iz/ box boxes watch watches (3)以辅音字母加 y结尾的名词 ,变 y为 i加 “ es /iz/ * country countries * factory factories 请注意: 以 y结尾的专有名词 ,或 元音字 母 +y结尾的名词 变复数时,直接加 s变复数 。 boy boys monkey monkeys two Marys three Henrys (4) 以 o结尾的名词加 “ s。 读 /z/ a. 加“ s。 * photo-photos * piano-pianos * radio-radios * zoo-zoos b. b. 加“ es”。 * potato-potatoes * tomato tomatoes * heroes c. 均可。 zero-zeros / zeroes (5) 以 f、 fe 结尾的名词 ,变 f、 fe 为 v再加 “ es /vz/ * half halves * shelf shelves * wolf wolves * knife knives * leaf leaves * life lives 特殊变化的单词: 1.单 复数同形: Chinese, fish, Japanese, sheep, deer li, jin, yuan, two li, three mu, four jin 。 除 人民币元 、 角 、 分外 , 美元 、 英镑 、 法郎等 都有复数形式 , 如 :a dollar, two dollars; a pound, two pounds 2.变元音字母 oo为 ee tooth teeth foot feet goose geese(鹅) 3.变 man为 men man men woman women policeman policemen Frenchman Frenchmen 请注意: German(德国人 ) Germans 4. 其它形式: child children mouse mice 5.一些合成名词的复数 ,分两种情况: (1)将中心词变为复数 girl friend girl friends banana tree banana trees (2) man,woman 构成的合成词,每个 名词都要变成复数 a man doctor men doctors a woman teacher women teachers 6.常以复数形式出现的名词: people clothes police trousers glasses 注意: 这些名词作主语时,注意它们的谓 语用复数 * My clothes are newer than yours. * The police often come here. a. maths, politics( 政治), physics等学科 名词,为不可数名词。 b. news 是不可数名词。 What good news! c. the United States, the United Nations 应视为单数。 The United Nations was organized in 1945. 联合国是 1945年组建起来的。 d. 以复数形式出现的书名,剧名,报纸,杂志 名,也可视为单数。 The Arabian Nights is a very nteresting story-book. 是一本非常有趣的故事书。 7.以 s结尾,仍为单数的名词: 8.表示由两部分构成的东西 : glasses (眼镜 ) trousers, clothes 若表达具体数目,要借助数量词 pair(对,双 ); suit(套 ); a pair of glasses; two pairs of trousers 9.另外还有一些名词,其复数形式有 时可 表示特别 意思,如: goods货物, waters水域, fishes(各种)鱼 woods(森林) 10. how many, many, a few, few, a number of , some, any, lots of, a lot of , plenty of等可修饰可数名词复数。 *There are a few people in the park. *How many knives are there in your pencil-box? 不可数名词: 物质名词和抽象名词属于不可数名词。 如 : water, rice, fish, meat 等。 特别记住: work chalk time space music money weather cotton homework wood information news medicine 1.不可数名词无复数,作主语时常看成 单数。 *Some bread is over there. *No news is good news. 2.常用 how much, much, a little, little, a lot of, lots of, some, any, plenty of等 来修饰不可数名词。 *They had much money. *He does little housework at home. 3.常用 a piece of, a cup of, a glass of,a bottle of等来表示不可数名词的量 ,单复数 表现在 of 前面的名词上,而 of 后始终是单 数 *There is a piece of paper in the book. *Three glasses of orange are on the desk. 取决于 glasses 注意: 可数名词也可用量来表示, of 后用复数 * There are two bags of clothes over there. * We have five boxes of apples. 4.有些可数名词或不可数名词在一定情 况下可相互转化,同一个词,但意思不同 (1) glass(玻璃 ) a glass(玻璃杯 ) paper(纸 ) a paper(报纸、试卷、论文 ) work(工作 ) a work(著作、作品 ) room(空间、地方 ) a room(房间 ) ( make room for为 腾地方) (2) fruit(水果 ) fruits (各种水果 ) fish(鱼 ) fishes(各种鱼 ) hair(所有头发 ) hairs (几根头发 ) time(时间 ) times(时代 ) orange( 橘汁 ) oranges( 橘子 ) chicken( 鸡肉 ) chickens( 小鸡 ) 名词的一般用法: 名词做定语: 1.修饰另一名词时 ,一般用单数 * He has two pencil boxes. * There are three banana trees over there. 2.man woman用做定语时 ,应与后面的名 词保持数的一致 *We need a man teacher. *They are all women workers. 3.sports,clothes做定语时 ,仍用复数形式 a sports field a clothes shop 4. 当数词与单位名词一起做定语时, 单位名词往往用单数形式 ,数词与单位 名词用 “ -连接。 He is a fourteen-year-old boy. This is a two-hour/two hours plan. 名词做主语时 ,应注意名词的数,避免主 谓不一致。 * Her family is a large one and her family are all teachers. 她家是一个大家 庭 ,她的家人都是老师。 *There is a pair of glasses on the desk. 桌上有一副眼镜 名词所有格: 名词所有格表示所属关系 ,相 当于物主代词 ,在句中作定语、宾语或主语。 一 .名词所有格的构成方法: 1.单数名词后加 “ s Tom s book my friend s uncle 2.以 s结尾的复数名词 ,则在 s后加 “ ” 即可。 Teachers Day(注意: Mothers Day Fathers Day ) two weeks / two-week holiday 3.不以 s结尾的复数名词的所有格 ,仍按 惯例加 “ s Children s Day men s shoes 4.用 of加名词,构成所属关系的短语, 主要用于 表示无生命名词 的所有关系 ( 有 生 命名词 的 名词一般用 s所有格 ) the color of the wall a picture of the classroom 二 .名词所有格的几个注意点: 1.可用名词所有格表示地点 , 地点名词 习惯上省略。 my aunts ( home) (我姑姑家) go to the teachers ( office) (去老师 办公室) 2.有些名词的所有格可用两种形式 the cats name / the name of the cat Chinas capital/ the capital of China 3.表示两人共同拥有 ,在最后一个名词 后加 “ s Lucy and Lilys room 露西和莉莉的房 间(两人共有一间房间) 请区别 : Lucys and Lilys rooms 露西的房间和莉莉的房间(两人各有一间 房间) 4.有些表示时间、距离以及世界、国家、城镇 等无生命的名词 ,也可在词尾加 s. 如: todays newspaper(今天的报纸 ) ten minutes break= ten-minute break (十分钟的课间休息 ) ten minutes walk = ten-minute walk (十分钟的 步行 ) Chinas population = the population of China (中国的人口 ) 5.“ of+名词所有格 /名词性物主代词” ,称为 双重 所有格 ,如: a friend of my fathers(我父亲的一位朋友 ) a friend of Toms fathers (汤姆父亲的一位朋友 ) a friend of mine/yours(我 /你的一位朋友 ) a friend of his/hers(他 /她的一位朋友 ) a friend of ours/theirs(我们 /他们的一位朋友 ) Exercises 用名词的正确形式填空: 1 He cut the apple into _ (half). 2 The _ (potato) are mine. 3 How many _ (family) are there in this town? 4 There are ten _ (deer) on the farm. 5 These _ (German) are _ (businessman). 6 Last week we went to the _ (child) Park. halves potatoes families deer Germans businessmen Childrens 改错: 1. Its a hard work. 2.We dont have any class on Sundays. 3. The rooms windows are very big. . Its hard work. We dont have any classes on Sundays. The windows of the room are very big. 4 How many milk is there in the bag? 5.Could I have three papers ,please? 6.These two pieces of bread is over there. How much milk is there in the bag? Could I have three pieces of paper ,please? These two pieces of bread are over there. 单项选择: ( )1 I found _ good news in _ newspaper. A. a, a B. a piece of , a piece of C.a, a piece of D. a piece of , a ( )2 What _ it is today! A. a fine weather B. fine weather C. fine a weather D. the fine weather ( )3 To their _ , they have all passed the exam. A. surprise B. surprising C. surprises D. surprised D B A ( )4 Lucy is _ sister. A. Mary and Jack B. Marys and Jacks C. Mary and Jacks D. Mary and Jacks ( )5 Please make _ for him. He is very tired. A. any rooms B. any room C. some rooms D. some room ( )6 The model plane was made by a _ boy. A. ten-years-old B. ten-year-older C. ten-year-old D. ten-year old D D C ( ) 7 He went to the _ to buy a pair of shoes. A shoes store B shoe store C shoes store D shoes store ( ) 8 I will give you _ to finish it. A two weeks time B two weeks time C two week time D two weeks time ( ) 9 The two bedrooms are the _. A twins B twins C twins D twins B B C ( ) 10 This is an old photo of mine when I _. A have short hairs B had short hairs C have short hair D had short hair ( ) 11 I think the country is much more beautiful than any other _ in the world. A country B countries C the country D the countries ( ) 12 Johns uncle has many friends. Mr. Shute is a friend of _. A Johns uncle B John uncles C Johns uncles D John uncle D A C
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