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专题限时检测(十九)阅读理解B篇专练(二)(共4篇，限时28分钟)A(2019南通七市二模)We all have defining moments in our lives meaningful experiences that stand out in our memory.Many of them owe a great deal to chance: a lucky encounter (相遇) with someone who becomes the love of your life.A new teacher who spots a talent you didnt know you had.These moments seem to be the product of fate or luck.We cant control them.But is that true? Not necessarily.Defining moments shape our lives, but we dont have to wait for them to happen.We can be the authors of them.It is possible to create defining moments if we understand more about them.Our research shows that they all share a set of common elements.We start by asking: why do we remember certain experiences and forget others? In the case of big days, such a weddings, the answer is pretty clear its a celebration that is grand in scale and rich in emotion.No surprise that its more memorable than a maths lesson.But for other experiences in life from holidays to work projects its not so clear why we remember what we do.Consider an experiment in which participants were asked to submerge(浸入) their hands for 60 seconds in buckets filled with 14 water.(Remember 14 water feels much colder than 14 air.) They were then asked to submerge their hands for 90 seconds instead of 60, but during the final 30 seconds, the water warmed up to 15.The participants were then given a choice: would you rather repeat the first trial or the second?Psychologists have explained the reasons for this puzzling result.When people assess an experience, they tend to forget or ignore its length.Instead they seem to rate the experience based on two key moments: the best or worst moment, known as the peak, and the ending.In the participants memories, what stood out for them was that the longer trial ended more comfortably than the shorter one.So when we assess our experiences, we dont average our minutebyminute feelings.Rather, we tend to remember flagship moments: the peaks, the pits(低谷) and the transitions.What we dont remember are the bits in between sometimes there is little to distinguish one week from the next.Partly this is because there may be only a dozen moments in your life that show who you are those are big defining moments.But there are smaller experiences, too, in the context of a memorable holiday, romantic date or work achievement.Once we understand how we remember certain moments and why, we can start to create more moments that matter.语篇解读：本文主要阐述了人生的关键时刻最容易被记住，对一个人的影响也是最大的。这些关键的时刻不是被动地等，而是可以积极地去创造的。1How does the author understand defining moments?AWe can create defining moments in our lives.BDefining moments are just out of our control.CNo similarities exist between defining moments.DDefining moments consist of smaller experiences.解析：选A推理判断题。根据第二段的内容，尤其是第四句和第五句“We can be the authors of them.It is possible to create defining moments if we understand more about them.”可知，作者认为决定性的时刻不必等待，我们自己可以书写这样的时刻。2We can learn from the experiment that_.Athe striking moments are more likely to be rememberedBthe length of an experience determines our memory of itCit is meaningful to distinguish the bits in between flagship momentsDall the components of an experience should be equally remembered解析：选A细节理解题。根据第五段第三句“Rather, we tend to remember flagship moments: the peaks, the pits(低谷) and the transitions.”可知，我们倾向于记住最重要的时刻：人生巅峰、低谷和转折点。the striking moments相当于flagship moments。都是指人生最重要的时刻。3What would probably be discussed in the following part of the text?AWhat to prepare for lifes trials.BWhy to create defining moments.CWhom to owe our good fates to.DHow to create lifes big moments.解析：选D推理判断题。原文的最后一段说了当我们知道了如何记住那些确定的时刻，我们就可以去创造更多重要的时刻，依据逻辑，这是在说是什么和为什么，所以接下来就应该要说怎么做了。B(2019南京三模)Like a lot of health care professionals, Dr.Brian Goldman finds it extremely difficult to draw boundaries between his work and personal lives.“Theres this view that you should suck it up and do one more thing，” says the ER physician and host of CBCs White Coat, Black Art.But that “one more thing” often comes at Goldmans expense.“Youre exhausted and a patient or their family look at you with begging eyes，” he says.“So you have this dilemma: say that your shift is over or give until youre totally spent？” Goldmans work stress combined with family tension after his mother was diagnosed with dementia 20 years ago.Caring for her over a decade was difficult, as was dealing with his fathers grief.“When someone else is drowning you, you have to grab a life preserver and save yourself，” says Goldman.Setting boundaries isnt just important for busy professionals; everyone can benefit from managing situations that cause undue stress or pain.Here are some tips.First, “If someones behavior makes you unhappy and it could be anything from the way they speak to you to repeatedly failing to stick to their promise then theres room to set limits，” says Patrick Keelan, a Calgary psychologist.We often avoid setting limits because we prioritize the happiness and comfort of others over ours.In order to control this_impulse,_Goldman suggests framing the development of boundaries as a form of selfkindness.When facing an overwhelming situation like the one he was in with his father, Goldman suggests reflecting on what is making you feel uncomfortable, unhappy or unappreciated.“You cant relate to others or be kind to others if you arent kind to yourself，” he says.Second, once youve become aware of your needs, setting and maintaining boundaries requires clear verbal communication.There are three obstacles to enforcing boundaries in a relationship: fear, guilt and selfdoubt, says psychologist Nicole McCance.We often fear that if we set limits, the other person will reject us, or we feel bad claiming our needs.Keelan proposes setting ground rules before relationships become tense.Start by cooperatively listing values like mutual respect, support, and loyalty and then building the guidelines from these values.If youre struggling to reach a consensus，Keelan recommends engaging a third party, such as a therapist, to help.Now, if you want a boundary to stick to, you cant enable someone in breaking it.As such, its crucial to establish consequences for transgressions(越轨)Otherwise, McCance says, “youre giving them permission to violate that boundary.” If they wont respect your boundaries, you have to do some soulsearching about the value of the relationship.“When you feel bad more than you feel good in this persons presence, and when the relationship is impacting your selfworth and happiness, its time to reassess，” says McCance.Saying no is hard, but she suggests framing it as saying yes to healthier relationships.“Were all better mothers and partners and brothers when we have boundaries.”语篇解读：本文主要是讨论了设定必要的界限的重要性，并且就如何设定界限提出了几点建议。4What do we know about Goldman?AHe is in need of support in his work.BHe is caught between his work and life.CHe slides into the state of desperation.DHe always puts his family at the first place.解析：选B细节理解题。根据第一段第一句 “Like a lot of health care professionals, Dr.Brian Goldman finds it extremely difficult to draw boundaries between his work and personal lives.”可知，像许多医疗保健专业人士一样，布莱恩戈德曼博士发现很难在工作和个人生活之间划清界限。即：他被困在工作和生活之间。5What do the underlined words “this impulse” refer to?APrioritizing others happiness.BAvoiding setting limits.CFailing to stick to their promise.DFraming the development of boundaries.解析：选A代词指代题。根据画线词所在句的前一句提到“we prioritize the happiness and comfort of others over ours”可知答案选A。6Whats the best title of the passage?ADo communicateBDo not crossCIdentify your limitsDSay no and mean it 解析：选B标题归纳题。文章一开始谈到医疗保健专业人士布莱恩戈德曼博士发现很难在工作和个人生活之间划清界限。然后第二段举例说明这样做的危害。第一段和第二段都可以看成导入主题之前的铺垫。随后的第三段提出文章的主题，即：“Setting boundaries isnt just important for busy professionals; everyone can benefit from managing situations that cause undue stress or pain.”设定界限不仅对忙碌的专业人员很重要；每个人都可以从管理造成过度压力或痛苦的情况中获益。接下来几段的内容就如何设定界限提出了几点建议。所以“Do not cross”能够概括整篇文章的内容，提醒人们要注意设定必要的界限，永远都不要超越这个界限。C(2019盐城三模)There is a 1930sold restaurant in my hometown that has done little to update itself over the past 80 years.This is part of its charm, as is the wooden phone booth that sits neglected in the age of the cellphone.Ah, the phone booth.We need it now more than ever.For me it symbolizes that phone calls were once private affairs, even if the information being shared was not sensitive in any way.It was simply assumed that a phone conversation was meant for two people, and two people only.In public places this meant turning to the phone booth a private chamber where one could converse in peace without being overheard.Even at home, phone calls used to be regarded as private.Growing up in the 1960s, we had one phone in the house fixed to the kitchen wall.As a kid, I didnt get or make many calls.I do, however, remember answering the phone, asking for the identity of the caller, and then handing the phone to my mom.Shed take it, say “Hello, Mrs.Flaubert，” and then, “one moment please，” as she placed her hand over the receiver, turned to me, and directed, “This is for me.Why dont you go outside and play？”Flashforward to what cellphones have done to this idyll.Within the space of very few years, private conversations have become public declaration, and being overheard seems to be the point.A large part of the problem, of course, is that we now carry our phones with us, and the reflex (反射) to answer the device as soon as it rings is a response Pavlov would have appreciated.But the information is revealed! Not long ago I was sitting in Bostons South Station, waiting for my train.After purchasing a sandwich, I sat down at a table near a man who was on his cellphone.Let me paraphrase what the man had to say: “Yes, thats right.The redand yellow roses.That will be a Visa.” Then he proceeded to recite his card number and expiration date before signing off.I stared unbelievably at the fellow.He glanced at me and asked, “What？”My response was immediate: I recited his card number back to him, along with the expiration date.There is no more privacy, no longer a sense of personal borders or limits and the cellphone has become a loudspeaker.To return to phone booths: Why did they disappear? And should you think a phone booth has no value today, I saw one on eBay going for 4,750.语篇解读：本文主要阐述了电话亭这个过时的设备在当今社会仍然有它的好处，至少它能给能为使用电话的人提供一个私密的空间，确保他们谈话的内容不被窃听。随着手机的普及，人们随时随地都可以使用手机进行交流，但是有时候他们却忽视了保护自己的隐私。7Why do private conversations turn into public declaration according to the passage?APhone booths have died out in modern life.BPeople lack a sense of personal borders or limits.CThe content of phone calls is not that sensitive.DIt is convenient for people to reach for cellphones.解析：选D推理判断题。根据文章第六段的内容可知，在短短几年的时间里，私人对话已经成为公开声明。其主要原因是我们现在随身携带手机，一旦手机响了，第一反应就是去接，不注意隐私。8By describing what happened in Bostons South Station, the author indicates that _.Aits ridiculous to answer cellphones in public placesBits impolite to overhear others answering cellphonesCits necessary to keep a safe distance from others when answering phonesDits inappropriate to touch on personal information in cellphone conversations解析：选C推理判断题。在波士顿南站作者听到一个人在电话里面把他的信用卡号和有效期大声说出来了，作者听得清清楚楚，甚至可以一点不差地背出来。这个故事说明接听电话的时候要注意保护自己的隐私，与他人要保持一定的距离，防止说话的内容被窃听。9What can we conclude from the passage?APavlov is in favor of answering cellphones instantly.BSomething seemingly oldfashioned holds its charm today.CPhone booths are very popular with consumers on the Internet.DPeople used to lack a sense of trust and security in the 1960s.解析：选B推理判断题。根据第一至三段的内容，特别是第三段最后一句“In public places this meant turning to the phone booth a private chamber where one could converse in peace without being overheard.”可知电话亭虽然过时了，但是它却能为使用电话的人提供一个私密的空间，确保他们谈话的内容不被窃听，所以电话亭在当代社会也还是有它的价值所在的。所以说如今似乎有些过时的东西还是很有魅力的。D(2019苏、锡、常、镇三模)One of the deepest teachings of Confucius may have valued personal exemplification above clearly expressed rules of behavior.His moral teachings emphasized selfcultivation (培养), imitation of moral exemplars, and the attainment of skilled judgment rather than knowledge of rules.His teachings rarely rely on reasoned argument, and moral ideals and methods are conveyed indirectly.His teachings require examination and context to be understood.A good example is found in this famous anecdote：厩焚。子退朝，曰：“伤人乎？”不问马。When the stables were burnt down, on returning from court Confucius said, “Was anyone hurt？” He did not ask about the horses.X11(tr.Waley), 1013 (tr.Legge), or X17 (tr.Lau)By not asking about the horses, Confucius demonstrates that the sage (圣人) values human beings over property, but not directly; readers are led to reflect on whether their response would follow Confuciuss and to pursue selfimprovement if it would not have.Confucius, as an exemplar of human excellence, serves not as an allpowerful deity (神人) or a universally true set of abstract principles, but rather the best model for others.For these reasons, according to many commentators，Confuciuss teachings may be considered a Chinese example of humanism.One of his teachings was a variant (变体) of the Golden Rule, sometimes called the “Silver Rule” owing to its negative form：己所不欲，勿施于人。“What you do not wish for yourself, do not do to others.”子贡问曰：“有一言而可以终身行之者乎？”子曰：“其恕乎！己所不欲、勿施于人。”Zi Gong a disciple asked: “Is there any one word that could guide a person throughout life？”The Master replied: “How about reciprocity！ Never impose on others what you would not choose for yourself.” Analects XV.24, tr.David HintonOften overlooked in Confucian morals are the virtues to the self: sincerity and the cultivation of knowledge.Virtuous action towards others begins with virtuous and sincere thought, which begins with knowledge.A virtuous nature without knowledge is likely to be influenced by corruption, and virtuous action without sincerity is not true righteousness (正义)Cultivating knowledge and sincerity is also important for ones own sake; the superior person loves learning for the sake of learning and righteousness for the sake of righteousness.语篇解读：本文主要介绍了孔子的一个教学理念：用榜样来感化学生。孔子注重自身美德的培养。他认为对他人的善行始于善心，始于知识。没有知识的美德很可能受到腐败的影响，没有真诚的美德行为不是真正的正义。10The horse example in the first paragraph is to show that Confucius _.Apaid much attention to moral teachingsBmeant others to understand his teachings by selfreflectionCdirectly demonstrated his emphasis on human beingsDnever inhumanly forced others to do what he didnt like to do解析：选B推理判断题。根据第三段第一句“ By not asking about the horses, Confucius demonstrates that . pursue selfimprovement if it would not have.”可知，孔子不问马，表明圣人看重人，而不是直接看重财产。但是他并没有直接说出自己的观点，而是引导读者思考，看他们是否能够效仿自己的做法，追求自我完善。所以举这个例子是为了说明是孔子总是让别人通过自我反省来理解他的教义。11What does the last paragraph mainly talk about?AThe importance of the virtues to the self.BHow to define the virtues to the self.CThe relationship between sincerity and knowledge.DWhy the virtues of the self are often overlooked.解析：选A段落大意题。最后一段开头首先提到了在孔子道德思想中被忽视的“the virtues to the self: sincerity and the cultivation of knowledge”，然后接着提到“virtuous nature without knowledge . corruption”“virtuous action without sincerity is not true righteousness”“knowledge and sincerity is also important .”两个让步的反证和一个陈述句的直接说明都在讲述“真诚和知识即自身美德的意义”，所以是在讲其重要性。12Which of the following principles of Confucius is mentioned in this passage?AExample is better than teaching.BHe who practices virtues will have neighbors and friends.CKeep what you say and carry out what you do.DBy nature, men are nearly alike; by practice, they get to be wild apart.解析：选A细节理解题。根据第一段中“Confucius may have valued personal exemplification above clearly expressed rules of behavior.”可知，文章中有提到孔子的言传身教的教学原则。9
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