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专题限时检测(二十一)阅读理解C篇专练(二)(共3篇，限时24分钟)A(2019南京、盐城二模)Listen carefully to the footsteps in the family home, especially if it has wooden floors, and you can probably work out who it is that is walking about.The features most commonly used to identify people are faces, voices, finger prints and retinal scans.But their “behavioural biometrics”， such as the way they walk, are also giveaways.Researchers have, for several years, used video cameras and computers to analyse peoples gaits, and are now quite good at it.But translating such knowledge into a practical identification system can be tricky especially if that system is supposed to be hidden.Cameras are often visible, are hard to set up, require good lighting and may have their view blocked by other people.So a team led by Krikor Ozanyan of the University of Manchester, in England and Patricia Scully of the National University of Ireland, in Galway have been looking for a better way to recognise gait.Their answer: pressuresensitive mats.In themselves, such mats are nothing new.They have been part of security systems for donkeys years.But Dr Ozanyan and Dr Scully use a complex version that can record the amount of pressure applied in different places as someone walks across it.These measurements form a pattern unique to the walker.Dr Ozanyan and Dr Scully therefore turned, as is now common for anything to do with pattern recognition, to an Artificial Intelligence system that uses machine learning to recognise such patterns.It seems to work.In a study published earlier this year the two researchers tested their system on a database of footsteps trodden by 127 different people.They found that its error rate in identifying who was who was a mere 0.7%.And Dr Scully says that even without a database of footsteps to work with the system can determine someones sex women and men, with wide and narrow pelvises (骨盆) respectively, walk in different ways and guess, with reasonable accuracy, a subjects age.A matbased gaitrecognition system has the advantage that it would work in any lighting conditions even pitchdarkness.And though it might fail to identify someone if, say, she was wearing stilettos and had been entered into the database while wearing trainers, it would be very hard to fool it by imitating the gait of an individual who was allowed admission to a particular place.The latest phase of Dr Ozanyans and Dr Scullys project is a redesign of the mat.The old mats contained individual pressure sensors.The new ones contain optical fibres(光纤)Lightemitting diodes (二极管) distributed along two neighbouring edges of a mat transmit light into the fibres.Sensors on the opposite edges (and thus the opposite ends of the optical fibres) measure how much of that light is received.Any pressure applied to part of the mat causes a distortion (变形) in the fibres and a consequent change in the amount of light transmitted.Both the location and amount of change can be plotted and analyzed by the machinelearning system.Dr.Ozanyan says that the team have built a demonstration fibreoptic mat, two meters long and a metre wide, using materials that cost 100(130)They are now talking to companies about commercializing it.One application might be in health care, particularly for the elderly.A fibreoptic mat installed in a nursing home or an old persons own residence could monitor changes in an individuals gait that warn certain illnesses.That would provide early warning of someone being at greater risk of falling over, say, or of their cognition becoming damaged.Gait analysis might also be used as a security measure in the workplace, monitoring access to restricted areas, such as parts of military bases, server farms or laboratories dealing with harmful materials.In these cases, employees would need to agree to their gaits being scanned, just as they would agree to the scanning of their faces or retinas for optical security systems.Perhaps the most fascinating use of gaitrecognition mats, though, would be in public places, such as airports.For that to work, the footsteps of those to be recognised would need to have been stored in a database, which would be harder to arrange than the collection of mugshots and fingerprints that existing airport security systems rely on.Some people, however, might volunteer for it.Many aircrew or preregistered frequent flyers would welcome anything that speeded up one of the most tiresome parts of modern travel.语篇解读：本文主要介绍了一种新的识别方法：步态识别。1Camerabased gait recognition fails to come into wide use, because _.aits not easy to find the camerasbfinger print recognition is still popularcsometimes the cameras can be covereddits a waste of money to fix the equipmentegood lighting conditions cant be guaranteedfits difficult to set up the systemAa、c、fBb、d、eCc、d、f Dc、e、f解析：选D细节理解题。根据第二段的一开始的三句话可知，虽然人们已经很擅长利用摄像机和计算机来分析人们的步态，但是将这些知识转化为实际的识别系统可能很难。主要有这样几个原因：cameras are hard to set up, require good lighting,may have their view blocked by other people。2Which of the following statements is TRUE according to Paragraphs 68?AThe new mats function greatly with individual pressure sensors built in.BThe new mats will be likely to work better with enough pressure.CThe elderly are cured of their diseases with the monitor of the fibreoptic.DRestricted areas are accessible to those with their gaits scanned beforehand.解析：选D细节理解题。根据第八段第二句“In these cases, employees would need to agree to their gaits being scanned, .”可知在这些场合，员工(的步态)需要和(之前)扫描过的步态一致。即：事先扫描过步态的人可以进入禁区。3What does “it” refer to in Paragraph 5?AThe matbased gaitrecognition system.BThe gait stored in the database.CThe advantage of working in any light condition.DThe admission to a particular place.解析：选A代词指代题。阅读第五段的内容可知这个“it”是表示指代的，代替上文中所提到过的名词短语“A matbased gaitrecognition system”。4Whats the best title of the passage?AListen to your footstepsBApplaud pattern recognitionCLove the way you walkDBetter the mats you step on解析：选C标题归纳题。本文主要介绍了一种新的安全识别方法：步态识别。这种识别方法可以用在公共场所，而且比传统的指纹识别方法速度更快，受到人们的欢迎。所以你走路的姿态将来可以成为识别你的一种方法，所以要珍惜、爱你自己的步态。用“Love the way you walk”作为标题，能够表达文章的主题。B(2019苏、锡、常、镇二模)Alarming headlines suggest one in four teenage girls in the UK are selfharming, motivated by sex discrimination and pressures to look good in a selfie (自拍) society.These stories come from a report by UK charity The Childrens Society, based on an ongoing survey of 11,000 children aged 14.Among the girls, 22 per cent said they had selfharmed while boys 9 per cent.But while the term selfharm improves images of teenagers cutting themselves, that may, thankfully, be only the most extreme end of a broader range.In this survey, participants were merely asked if they had “hurt themselves on purpose in any way”Some could have answered yes for things like punching (击拳) a wall in dissatisfaction or deliberately getting fallingdown drunk.Others could have thought the question included mental hurt.Such selfdestructive behaviour would naturally be of concern to parents, but wouldnt be that unusual for teenagers.Max Davie, a health promotion officer, does believe that selfharm among teens is somewhat on the rise but thinks the question in this survey was not specific enough to reveal its real universality.The latest headlines join an ongoing account about a mental health crisis in todays youth.Some blame cutbacks in social services, while others point to a loosening of sexual standards putting teens at risk.For those cautious of new technologies, it is social media or the latest popular computer games.But such reports also deserve some skepticism.Claims of high rates of depression are usually based on surveys with very loose, nonmedical criteria.Thankfully, clinical depression is still rare in this age group.In fact, a different and regularly repeated survey has found no change in 11to15yearolds happiness with life as a whole between 1995 and 2016.Nor did their satisfaction with their appearance change, which makes it strange to blame the selfie culture for the apparent selfharm increase.This survey, called Understanding Society, even found improvement in happiness with family and schoolwork over that period.These more optimistic findings were also in the latest Childrens Society report but were buried at the bottom of their press release.Davie thinks the rise in selfharm may not be due to a rise in unhappiness, but simply that this age group now sees selfharm as a more culturally acceptable way to express extreme sufferings.“It may be that previously people didnt know that this was something you could do.If people are talking about something and normalizing it, its probably more likely that their peers will do it.”If that is the case, it is all the more reason not to make selfharm seem more common than it really is.语篇解读：本文主要谈论了青少年自残这种社会现象。5In response to the survey reported by The Childrens Society, the author believes _.Athe survey is unscientific as it asked very specific questionsBthe selfdestructive behavior for teens is worrying to parentsCthe number of selfharming teens is alarming because of selfiesDthe images of teens selfharm are becoming more specific解析：选B细节理解题。根据第三段第三句“Such selfdestructive behaviour would naturally be of concern to parents, but wouldnt be that unusual for teenagers.”可知，这种自我毁灭性的行为自然会引起父母的关注，但对于青少年来说也不算罕见。6What does Max Davie think of selfharm among teenagers?AThe situation is too worrying.BThe rise is somewhat beneficial.CThe problem is actually widespread.DThe phenomenon is not so universal.解析：选D细节理解题。根据第三段最后一句“Max Davie, a health promotion officer . reveal its real universality.”可知，克斯戴维斯(Max Davie)确实认为青少年的自我伤害有所上升，但认为本次调查中的问题不够具体，无法揭示其真正的普遍性。7What can we know from the survey called Understanding Society?ATeenagers in the past lived a happier life.BSelfie culture is responsible for the increase of selfharm.CThere is no connection between selfharm and selfie.DWith selfie teenagers are more satisfied with their appearance.解析：选C细节理解题。根据第六段的内容，特别是第二句“Nor did their satisfaction with their appearance change, which makes it strange to blame the selfie culture for the apparent selfharm increase.”可知，从1995年到2016年，青少年的幸福感整体并没有太大变化，他们对自己外貌的满意度也没有发生变化，所以说把自残这一现象的增长归因到自拍文化是很奇怪的。8The last two paragraphs mainly imply that _.Aselfharm results from too much pressureBselfharm is the result of social developmentCteens need correct guidance from the outsideDteens should avoid following peers examples解析：选C推理判断题。根据最后两段的内容，尤其是倒数第二段第一句“Davie thinks the rise in selfharm. as a more culturally acceptable way to express extreme sufferings.”可知，戴维认为，自残情绪的上升可能不是因为不快乐情绪的上升，而是因为这个年龄段的人现在把自残看作是一种在文化上可以接受的表达极度痛苦的方式。而青少年的这种理解是不正确的，所以需要外界正确的引导。C(2019南京三模)Babies have an astonishing talent that adults entirely lose.By the age of one, they can recognise the significant noises around them and group them into a language.When we have lost this capacity as adults, it becomes enormously difficult to distinguish between sounds that are glaringly different to a native speaker.It all sounds Greek to us.This is because the range of possible sounds that humans use to convey meaning may be as high as 2,000, but few languages use more than 100 and even then the significant noises the phonemes (音素) of a language each cover a range of sounds and so vague distinctions which would change the meaning of a word in other languages.But where do these phonemes come from and why do they shift over time? New research suggests that the apparently arbitrary distribution of some sounds around the world may be partially explained by diet.This is unexpected.Wed rather think of language as the product of our thought, rather than of the arrangement of our teeth.In reality, though, any given language must be both.Hunter gatherer languages very seldom use the sounds known as labiodentals (唇齿音) those such as f and v that are made by touching the lower lip with the upper teeth.Only two of the hundreds of Australian aboriginal languages use them, for example.But in cultures that have discovered farming, these consonants (辅音) are much more common.The argument goes that farmers eat more cooked food and more dairy than hunter gatherers.Either way, they need to chew mush less, and to bite less with their front teeth.So farmers grew up with smaller lower jaws and more of an overbite than their ancestors who had to bite through harder foods.It became easier for them to make the labiodental consonants instead of purely labial (唇音) ones: one example is that f came to take the place of pRomans said “pater” but English speakers (unless theyre Rees Moggs) say “father”Beyond these particular changes, the story highlights the way in which everything distinctively human is both material and spiritual: speech must combine sound and meaning, and the meaning cant exist or be transmitted without a real object.But neither can it be reduced to the purely physical, as our inability to understand or even to recognise foreign languages makes clear.The food we eat shapes our jaws, and our jaws in turn shape the sounds of our language.The ease with which we eat probably shapes our thought too, as anyone who has suffered toothache could testify.What we eat may have shaped the sounds of our language, but how we eat changes how we feel and what we use language to express.A family meal is very different from a sandwich at the office desk, even if the calorie is the same.Food has purposes and meanings far beyond keeping us alive and pleasing the palate (味觉)语篇解读：本文重点阐述了日常饮食和思维，语言发展之间的关系。9Compared with adults, babies could more easily _.Acreate significant noisesBclassify the forms of noisesCunderstand the Greek languageDdistinguish meaningful sounds解析：选D推理判断题。根据第一段的内容特别是第一句和第二句可知，婴儿有着成年人完全失去了的惊人的天赋，到了一岁的时候，他们就可以识别周围的明显噪音，并把它们分成一种语言。所以说与成人相比，婴儿更容易辨别有意义的声音。10According to the passage, which of the following factors help shape language?ALips and teeth.BJobs and habits.CAge and regions. DFood and thinking.解析：选D推理判断题。第二段的最后两句“Wed rather think of language as the product of our thought, rather than of the arrangement of our teeth.In reality, though, any given language must be both.”意思是：我们宁愿把语言看作是我们思想的产物，而不是我们牙齿的排列。然而，实际上，任何给定的语言都必须是两者。所以说食物和思维有助于塑造语言。11The reason for farmers making sounds of “f” and “v” is _.Aenjoying more cooked foodsBbiting more with front teethCconstantly chewing harder foodsDgrowing up with lager lower jaws解析：选A细节理解题。根据第三段的第三、四两句“But in cultures that have discovered farming, these consonants (辅音) are much more common.The argument goes that farmers eat more cooked food and more dairy than hunter gatherers.”可知，在发现了农业的文化中，(“f”和“v”)这些辅音更为常见，这是因为农民比狩猎采集者吃更多的熟食和奶制品。12By writing this passage, the author intends to reveal _.Ajaws help shape our thoughtBfood determines our thoughtCdiet has some influence on languageDlanguage consists of sound and meaning解析：选C推理判断题。通读全文，我们发现主要是日常饮食、思维和语言发展之间的关系。因此作者写这篇文章的目的是为了揭示饮食对语言的影响。8
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