考研考博-英语-湖南工业大学考研模拟卷I【3套】含答案详解

住在富人区的她考研考博-英语-湖南工业大学考研模拟卷【3套】含答案详解（图片大小可任意调节）全文为Word可编辑，若为PDF皆为盗版，请谨慎购买！第一卷一.单项选择题(共100题)1.Recognizing when a friend or colleague feels sad,angry or surprised is key to getting along with orhers.1 a new study suggests that a skill for listening in on feelings may sometimes come with an extra dose of stress.This and other research 2 the prevailing view that emotional intelligence is uniformly 3 to its bearer.In a study published in the September 2016 issue of E7notion,psychologists Myriam Bechtoldt and Vanessa Schneider asked 166 male university students a series of questions to 4 their emotional smarts.5,they showed the students photographs of peoples faces ancl askecl them 6 what extent feelings such as happiness or disgust were being expressed.The students 7 had to give job talks in front of judges displaying stern facial expressions.The scientists measured concentrations of the stress hormone cortisol in the studentssaliva before and after the talk.In students who were 8 more emotionally intelligent,the stress measures increased more during the experiment and took 9 to go back to baseline.The 10 suggest that some people may be too emotionally clever for their own good,says Hillary Anger Elfenbein,a professor of organizational behavior at Washington University in St.Louis.Sometimes you can be so good at something 11 it causes trouble,she notes.Indeed,the study adds to previous research hinting at a（n）12 side of emotional intelligence.A study published in 2002 in Personalr.t,y and Individual Di f ferences suggested that emotionally 13 people might be particularly 14 to feelings of depression and hopelessness.15,several studies,including one published in 2013 in PLOS ONE,have implied that emotional intelligence can be used to manipulate others for personal 16.More research is needed to see how exactly the relation between emotional intelligence and stress woulcl 17 0ut in women anclin people 18 different ages and education levels.19,emotional intelligence is a useful skill to have,as long as you learn to also properly 20 emotions-both othersand your own.1选？A.OnlyB.HenceC.EvenD.But答案：D 本题解析：本题考查句间逻辑关系。上文指出惯常看法：察觉到他人情绪是与人相处的关键即强调察言观色的好处：空格句介绍新研究发现：察言观色可能会带来压力，暗示察言观色的不利一面。故两句之问为转折逻辑D.But正确。B.I-Ience、C.Even均体现顺承逻辑。“只有一项新研究”暗示”情商有不利面”的研究结论不可靠，与文意不符，故排除A.。2.Text 1 They are falling like dominoes.Executives caught behaving badly might once have been slapped on the wrist.Today they are shown the door.On July 19th Paramount Television fired its president,Amy Powell,over reports of insensitive comments about race.This is only the latest bigwig to go in a line of departures linked topersonal misconduct.Boards are now holding executives to higher standards,looking not just at how they treat people but also how they talk to and about them,says Pam Jeffords of Mercer,a consultancy.The thread connecting these incidents is that all are about perceptions of executive integrity,and by extension,trust.Since trust violations are particularly hard for firms to overcome,often more so than incompetence,firms may believe that firing an errant executive can be the safest,most pragmatic course of action.Executives were never alt angels.What has changed is that boards are now far less willing to overlook bad behaviour for the sake of superior performance.A 2017 report from PwC,a professional-services firm,found that the share of chief-executive dismissals that were due to ethical lapses increased between 2007-11 and 2012-2016,not because bosses were behaving worse but because they were held more accountable.Boards seem to be acting thus for two reasons.First,to protect employees and create a safe and inclusive work environment.Second,to protect their brandsreputations.A 2016 study from researchers at Stanford showed that the fallout from chief executives behaving badly,but not unlawfully,was large and lasting.On average each of the 38 incidents studied garnered 250 news stories,with media attention lasting 4.9 years.Shares usually suffered,though not always.And in a third of cases firms faced further damage,including loss of major clients and federal investigations.Should an executives words be judged as harshly as their actions?From the perspective of protecting the brand,as well as discouraging a toxic work environment,they probably should.The power of social media to turn a whispered comment into a Twitterstorm,and the fact that everyone now has a mobile recording device,demands a decisive response.But boards and the media also risk rushing to judgment and painting the wicked with too broad a brush.An insensitive remark made long ago or as a one-off is not the same as one made as the face of the firm or as part of a consistent pattern.Disneys firing of James Gunn,a director,last week over tweets from a decade ago,before he was hired and for which he has apologised,seems to be one instance in which such distinctions have been papered over.And plenty of companies benefit from environments where people can speak openly and brainstorm out loud.Once the fallen dominos have been counted,some firms may turn out to have been too gung-ho in responding to theWeinstein effect.Many,perhaps most,exits will be justified.But all?The report from PwC revealsA.decreased tolerance to incompetent executivesB.increased immoral behaviors among executivesC.improvement in executivesjob performanceD.increased requirements on executivesaccountability答案：D 本题解析：【信息锁定】第三段指出高管们从来都不是天使（历来都会有不端行为），这点从未改变；改变的是董事会不再像以往那么愿意为了优秀业绩而忽略不端行为，即董事会对不端行为的容忍度降低。随后以Pw（:报告说明：高管遭解雇的比例呈上升趋势，但并非是因为高管们行为更糟糕，而是因为他们被要求更负责（were held more accountable）。综合事例（论据）及论点可知D.正确。【解题技巧】A.错误理解第三段句，将董事会容忍度下降的对象“高管不端行为”误认为“高管的无能”。B.与第三段句“高管从来都不是天使历来都会有不端行为”以及句not because bosses were behaving worse（高管们并非行为比以前更糟）相悖。C.利用句superior performance干扰，但句中只是指出董事会不像以往愿意为了优秀表现而忽略不端行为，并未指出高管表现比以往更优秀。3.Five Ways to Win Over Everyone in the Office Is it possible to like everyone in your office?Think about how tough it is to get together 15 people,much less 50,who all get along perfectly.But unlike in friendships,you need coworkers.You work with them every day and you depend on them just as they depend on you.Here are some ways that you can get the whole office on your side 41._If you have a bone to pick with someone in your workplace,you may try stay tight-lipped around them.But you wont be helping either one of you.A Harvard Business School study found that observers consistently rated those who were frank about themselves more highly,while those who hid lost trustworthiness.The lesson is not that you should make your personal life an open book,but rather,when given the option to offer up details about yourself or painstakingly conceal them,you should just be honest.42._Just as important as being honest about yourself is being receptive to others.We often feel the need to tell others how we feel,whether its a concern about a project,a stray thought,or a compliment.Those are all valid,but you need to take time to hear out your coworkers,too.In fact,rushing to get your own ideas out there can cause colleagues to feel you dont value their opinions.Do your best to engage coworkers in a genuine,back-and-forth conversation,rather than prioritizing your own thoughts.43._Its common to have a“cubicle mateor special confidant in a work setting.But in addition to those trusted coworkers,you should expand your horizons and find out about all the people around you.Use your lunch and coffee breaks to meet up with colleagues you dont always see.Find out about their lives and interests beyond the job.It requires minimal effort and goes a long way.This will help to gTow your internal network,in addition to being a nice break in the work day.44._Positive feedback is important for anyone to hear.And you dont have to be someones boss to tell them they did an exceptional job on a particular project.This will help engender good will in others.But dont overdo it or be fake about it.One study found that people responded best to comments that shifted from negative to positive,possibly because it suggested they had won somebody over.45._This one may be a bit more difficult to pull off,but it can go a long way to achieving results.Remember in dealing with any coworker what they appreciate from an interaction.Watch out for how they verbalize with others.Some people like small talk in a meeting before digging into important matters,while other are more straightforward.Jokes that work one person wont necessarily land with another,So,adapt your style accordingly to type.Consider the person that you re dealing with in advance and what will get you to your desired outcome.44选？A.Give compliments,just not too manyB.Put on a good face,alwaysC.Tailor your interactionsD.Spend time with everyoneE.Reveal,dont hide,informationF.Slow down and listenG.Put yourselves in othersshoes答案：A 本题解析：解析：根据段落转折句，“但是不要过度去做或者做假。应该做的内容就在下句，“一个研究发现，人们对于从负面到正面的评价反应最好，也许因为这个评价表明他们有比其他人做得好。因此这就是要称赞，但是不能太多。4.In Japan,it was said that sacrificing a woman at a rushing river would placate the spirit who lived there,allowing for the construction of bridges and the safe passage of boats.In Greek myth,the warrior king Agamemnon decides to kill his own daughter in exchange for a favorable wind on the way to Troy.The great civilizations of Mesoamerica killed people,smashed food and sank treasure to pay their debts to their gods.That finding might seem intuitive-societies in which some members are habitually killed probably value certain lives over others-but it has broader implications,Max Tegmark,Professor in MIT said in thejoumal Nature.It suggests adarker link between religion and the evolution of modern hierarchical societies:he writes,in whichritual killings helped humans transition from the small egalitarian groups of our ancestors and the large,stratified societies we live in today.The motivation and method of the killings differed across cultures,Sean Robinson in University of California explains in a piece for the Conversation:Sacrifices could be demanded for the death of a chief,the construction of a home,the start of a war,the outbreak of disease or the violation of a social taboo.The victims might be strangled,drowned,bludgeoned,bumed,buried,crushed with a newly-built canoe or rolled off a roof and then decapitated.But the link between the sacrifices and social hierarchies seemed to transcend those differences.The victims were almost always of low social status,and the more stratified the culture was,the more prevalent ritual killings were likely to be.Speaking to Smithsonian Magazine,lead researcher Joseph Watts noted that ritual killings often occurred in elaborate ceremonies that exploited gore as effectively as an HBO show:Its not just a matter of killing efficiently.Theres more to it than that,he said.The terror and spectacleof the actwas maximized.The fear that sacrifices inspired allowed the practice to functionas a stepping-stone to help build and maintain power in early hierarchical societies:Watts,a psychologist at the University ofAuckland,wrote on his website.Once their authority was absolute,elites could use more traditional methods-policing,taxation,war-to keep the class system in place.I think its absolutely an important project,University of British Columbia psychologist Joseph Henrich told the New Scientist.Sacrifice does seem to have been performed in societies all around the world.But he urged some skepticism about the studys broad conclusions.Though human sacrifice may have been correlated with stratification in the Austronesian societies,Henrich was dubious of the phylogenetic analysis the researchers used to prove that the relationship was causal.That tool assumes that social strata and religious rituals are passed down and evolve through generations in the same manner as languages.The study of religion has been plagued in many ways by an abundance of ideas and a shortage of strong quantitative tests of these ideas:Richard Sosis,a human behavior ecologist at the University of Connecticut,Storrs,told Science.These methods have power,and they are certainly an advance in the way we can evaluate ideas.Are they the last piece to the puzzle?No.But,he added,at least the conversation can begin here and begin in a systematic way that hasnt happened before.Immanuel Kant？A.focused on the study of sacrifice in pre-modern societyB.highlighted the terror sacrifice imposed on the publicC.opened up new conversation of studying of religion and sacrificeD.doubted the relations between sacrifice and social hierarchyE.held that sacrifice was a ritual to build up hierarchy in societiesF.depicted various ways of sacrifices and explained the reasonsG.emphasized the link between religion and social evolution答案：G 本题解析：根据定位词定位到第二、三段。第二段和第三段中出现麻省理工学院教授Max Tegmark，其中It suggestsa“darker link between religion and the evolution of modern hierarchical societies，”（它暗示了一种“宗教和现代等级社会演化过程之间的更为黑暗的联系，”）是他的主要观点。suggests a darker link between.与G项中emphasized the link between religion and social evolution（强调了宗教和社会演化间的联系）一致，evolution of modem hierarchical societies（现代等级社会演化过程）与G项中social evolution（社会演化）是同义，故G项为正确选项。5.Why do people read negative Internet comments and do other things that will obviously be painful?Because humans have an inherent need to 1 uncertainty,according to a recent study in Psychological Science.The new research reveals that the need to know is so strong that people will 2 to satisfy their curiosity even when it is clear the answer will 3.In a series of four experiments,behavioral scientists at the University of Chicago and the Wisconsin School of Business tested Students willingness to 4 themselves to unpleasant stimuli in an effort to satisfy curiosity.For one 5,each participant was shown a pile of pens that the researcher claimed were from a previous experiment.The twist?Half of the pens would 6 an electric shock when clicked.Twenty-seven students were told with pens were electrified,another twenty-seven were told only that some were electrified.7 left alone in the room.The students who did not know which ones would shock them clicked more pens and incurred more shocks than the students who knew what would 8 subsequent experiments reproduced,this effect with other stimuli 9 the sound of fingernails on a chalkboard and photographs of disgusting insects.The drive to 10 is deeply rooted in humans.Much the same as the basic drives for 11 or shelter,says Christopher Hsee of the University of Chicago Curiosity is often considered a good instinctit can 12 New Scientific advances,for instancebut sometimes such 13 can backfire,the insight that curiosity can drive you to do 14 things is a profound one.Unhealthy curiosity is possible to 15,however.in a final experiment,participants who were encouraged to 16 how they would feel after viewing an unpleasant picture were less likely to 17 to see such an image.These results suggest that imagining the 18 of following through on ones curiosity ahead of time can help determine 19 it is worth the endeavor.Thinking about long-term 20 is key to reducing the possible negative effects of curiosity.Hsee says.“in other words,dont read online comments”4选？A.alertB.tieC.treatD.expose答案：C 本题解析：固定搭配考查。根据原文语境，考查短语_sb to sth意为“让某人承受某事”。因此，C选项为正选。6.Kentish Town Road is 8 humdrum high street in north London.It contains pawnbrokers,pound shops,hairdressers and some long-in-the-tooth hardware slores.Unlike Camden Town to the south,full of bars and tattoo parlours,or Hampstead to the west,with its bisLros and boutique clothing shops,little seems to have changed on the street for the past three decades.Its never quite got going,admiLs Gary McLaren,a local bookseller.Yet the lack of change is odd-and hints at some of the strangeness of London.Kentish Town has excellent Lransport links to ceniral London,and plenty of residenLs prepared to pay good money for thai.Off the high street streich rows of pretty Victorian terraced houses,which sell for as much as 2m a piece.Between 2007 and 2014 property prices in the posLcode area surrounding the main Tube and railway station more than doubled.An influx of French parents,drawn by a school that opened in 2011,is pushing prices even higher.Yet Kentish Towns shops and cafes are almost invariably untrendy and in some cases mouldering.A hair salon,a butcher and a sportswear shop have each been owned by the same men for more than a quarter of a century.Why?One explanation is Lhat,in common with other parts of London,Kentish Town has lots of social housing as well as costly Viclorian terraces.Camden Council,the local authority,is building even more in the borough.This helps cheaper shops survive,suggests Tony Travers of the London School of Economics:council tenants are less likely to drive and so rely more on local outlets.And the sheer volume of car and lorry traffic on the busy high street,which is a main road into the city,might deter shoppers from visiting and swanky businesses from setting up in the area.Demography plays a part,too.Fully 72%of the population of Kentish Town is white,including a good number of Irish residents-higher than the proportion in London as 8 whole,at 60%.Unlike the high streets around Peckham and Brixton in south London,which cater for African shoppers who may travel far to reach them,few specialist shops draw people to Kentish Town.Were not a destinaLion high street,sighs one local trader.NIMBYs have not always helped.Lots of civic groups are active in the area,campaigning against late licences and the like,says Dan Camer of the Camden New Journal,a newspaper.A local business association is also good at complaining.Partly because of this,a big supermarket has not yet opened on the high street-though Lidl,a discounter,will seL up shop this year.We quite like that il is rough around the edges,says Michael Williams,a writer and local.Paradoxically,soarinS;house prices in the area might be another brake on change.Wealthy family buyers mean that some houses once split into flats have been tumed back into homes,says Mr Carrier.The result is fewer shoppers on the high street.Wealthy residents are more likely to get their groceries online or drive to bigger stores.And most will go out to the West End rather than a local restaurant.Suchcounter-currentswill prevent Kentish Town from gentrifying fully,suggests Gillian Tindall,a local historian.And they affect many other streets in London,too.Lupus Street in Pimlico serves a large council block on one side and white stucco houses on the other.Caledonian Road in Islington,close to rapidly-changing Kings Cross,is still fuU of kebab shops.London is a global city,but it is also a collection of villages,cranky and resistant to change.A local lrader implies thatA.few tourists come to visit the townB.social housing tenants often shop at local outletsC.demography plays a central role in the changeD.the road remains unchanged for decadesE.housing price may be an obstacle of changeF.counter-currents have influenced many streetsG.property prices near subway and railway station have doubled答案：A 本题解析：根据a local trader定位到第四段最后一句：“Were not a destination high street，”sighs one local trader.“肯特镇当地的一位商人感叹，我们的街道并不是顾客的目的地。”与答案相关的还有该句上一句few specialist shops draw people to Kentish Town“几乎没有独特的店铺足以吸引人们来到肯特镇，”通过这两句得出结论：few tourists come to visit the town“很少有游客来镇上参观”。即选项A正确。7.American farmers have been complaining of labor shortages for several years now.Given a multi-year decline in illegal immigration,and a similarly sustained pickup in the U.S.job mar