考研考博-英语-长沙理工大学考研模拟卷I【3套】含答案详解

住在富人区的她考研考博-英语-长沙理工大学考研模拟卷【3套】含答案详解（图片大小可任意调节）全文为Word可编辑，若为PDF皆为盗版，请谨慎购买！第一卷一.单项选择题(共100题)1.People have speculated for centuries about a future without work.Today is no different，with academics，writers，and activists once again 1 that technology is replacing human workers.Some imagine that the coming work-free world will be defined by 2.：A few wealthy people will own all the capital，and the masses will struggle in an impoverished wasteland.A different and not mutually exclusive 3 holds that the future will be a wasteland of a different sort，one 4 by purposelessness：Without jobs to give their lives 5，people will simply become lazy and depressed.6，todays unemployed dont seem to be having a great time.One Gallup poll found that 20 percent of Americans who have been unemployed for at least a year report having depression，double the rate for 7 Americans.Also，some research suggests that the 8 for rising rates of mortality，mental-health problems，and addicting 9 poorly-educated，middle-aged people is a shortage of well-paid jobs.Perhaps this is why many 10 the agonizing dullness of a jobless future.But it doesnt 11 follow from findings like these that a world without work would be filled with unease.Such visions are based on the 12 of being unemployed in a society built on the concept of employment.In the 13 of work，a society designed with other ends in mind could 14 strikingly different circumstances for the future of labor and leisure.Today，the 15 of work may be a bit overblown.“Many jobs are boring，degrading，unhealthy，and a waste of human potential，”says John Danaher，a lecturer at the National University of Ireland in Galway.These days，because leisure time is relatively 16 for most workers，people use their free time to counterbalance the intellectual and emotional 17 of their jobs.“When I come home from a hard days work，I often feel 18，”Danaher says，adding，“In a world in which I dont have to work，I might feel rather different”perhaps different enough to throw himself 19 a hobby or a passion project with the intensity usually reserved for 20 matters.5选？A.wisdomB.meaningC.gloryD.freedom答案：B 本题解析：语义衔接题。空格所在句之前的部分出现了purposelessness，意为“无目的性”，而空格所在的短句正是对这一概念的解释说明；根据常识判断，所谓“无目的性”就是指“生活缺乏意义”，故选B。A、C、D均不符合题意，故排除。2.Text l The outrage surrounding Donald Trumps decision to withdraw from the 2015 Paris Agreement is understandable.But no matter how much the President huffs and puffs,his views will go the way of some of the previous victims of climate change:the dinosaurs.We should not dismiss the measures and targets which the Paris Agreement looked to put in place.Even without the United States,the impact which they have will be pronounced.But the hard truth which the Trump administration will one day face up to is that they have already become marginalised and the future of action to limit the effects of climate change will now come,not from governments,but from the private sector.With this in mind,Trumps attempts to frame the decision to pull out of the Paris Agreement in any sort of economic terms seem flawed.The upside to his decision will be anotherbig win for the Donald,appealing to his political core.However,on his favourite subject-jobs-the statistics are against him,as the US solar industry now employs nearty twice as many workers as oil,gas and coal combined.In the UK,despite changes in regulation and cuts to subsidies,renewable energy continues to flourish.Solar energy is providing record percentages of power to the National Grid,while on stormier days,North Sea wind farms can now produce over 100 per cent of the energy used in Scotland.Meanwhile,attempts to develop a new shale-gas industry have so far floundered,despite significant government support.The past decade has seen a green energy revolution across the globe.Over 18 per cent of the worlds power is now produced from renewable sources and this proportion looks set to rise in the coming years and decades.The growth in renewables has improved the efficiency of these cleaner forms of power,with costs per unit declining and set to fall further still.This growth is being reflected in the value of investments,as markets are already being reshaped as new players enter traditional industries,backed by capital rich private investors seeking sustainable long-term returns.Tesla,the electric vehicle maker founded in 2003,now has a market capitalisation over 20 per cent higher than Ford.It is also telling that the oil price fell after Trumps announcement.In theory oil and coal should have been prime beneficiaries of Trumps decision.Political impetus to act on climate change,through projects like the Paris Agreement,remains relevant.It would undoubtedly have been better if Trump had swallowed his pride and backed away from this decision.Yet when it comes to the future of our climate,it will be the thousands of businesses,millions of jobs and billions of consumers who decide,through the choices,purchases and investments they make,what that future will be.Even the leader of the free world is impotent against that tidal wave.The author holds that Trumps decision will_A.destroy the goals of the Paris AgreementB.reshape governmentsrole in climate changeC.produce little effect on jobs in the USD.change the pattern of the energy industry答案：C 本题解析：信息锁定第三段首句指出特朗普退出巴黎协定的经济借口有缺陷（flawed）。随后给出解释：就业统计数据（太阳能行业的就业人数已远超石油、煤炭等的总合）与特朗普的预期（即：退出巴黎协定会改善石油、煤炭等产业的就业）相悖。可见作者认为退出巴黎协定对于美国的就业影响甚微C.正确。解题技巧A.与第二段句相悖：文中指出，即便没有美国，巴黎协定的措施及目标也会产生显著影响。B.曲解第二段句语义：该句指出未来应对气候变化的希望将源于私营部门，而非政府（言外之意为：政府对气候的未来影响很小，特朗普的决定不会引发多大改变）。D.曲解第三段末句所述情形的功用：作者用其说明“现实情形与特朗普预期相悖”，并非“特朗普的决定改变了能源业的格局”。3.Text 2 In a former leather factory just off Euston Road in London,a hopeful firm is starting up.BenevolentAIs main room is large and open-plan.In it,scientists and coders sit busily on benches,plyinS their various trades.Ie firms star,though,has a private,temperature.controlled office.Thal star is a powerful computer that runs the software which sits at the heart of BenevolentAls business.This software is an artificial-intelligence system.AI,as it is known for short,comes in several forms.But BenevolentAIs version of it is a form of machine learning that can draw inferences about wh8t it has leamed.In particular,it can process natural language and formulate new ideas from what it reads.Its job is to sift through vast chemical libraries,medical databases and conventionally presented scientific papers,looking for potential drug molecules.Nor is BenevolentAI a one-off.More and more people and firms believe that AI is well placed to help unpick biology and advance human health.Indeed,as Chris Bishop of Microsoft Research,in Cambridge,England,observes,one way of thinking aboui living organisms is to recognize that they are,in plex systems which process informalion using a combination of hardware and software.That thought has consequences.Whether it is the new Chan Zuckerberg Initiative（CZI）,from the founder of Facebook and his wife,or the biological subsidiaries being set up by firms such as Alphabet（Googles parent company）,IBM and Microsofi,the new Big Idea in Silicon Valley is that in the worlds of biology and disease there are problems its software engineers can solve.The discovery of new drugs is an early test of the belief that AI has much to offer biology and medicine.Pharmaceutical companies are finding il increasingly difficult lo make headway in their search for novel products.The conventional approach is to screen larf;e numbers of molecules for signs of relative biological effect,and then weed out the useless partin a series of more and more expensive tests and trials,in the hope of coming up with a golden nugget at the end.This way of doing things is,however,declining in productivity and rising in cost.According to the lasc paragraph,which of the following is true?A.AI has made a great contribution to biology and medicineB.Whether AI can serve mucb to medicine is not yet clearC.Drug firms find it unaffordable to discover new productsD.Pharmaceutical companies hope to find real gold in the tests答案：B 本题解析：细节题。根据题干锁定最后一段。选项AAl has made a great contribution to biology and medicine.“人工智能为生物学和医学作出了巨大贡献。”；选项BWhether AI can serve much【o medicine is not yet clear.“人工智能能否为医学作贡献还尚无定论”；这两项都与该段首句相关。原文说The discovery of new dnlgs is an early test of the belief that AI has much to offer biology and medicine.“人工智能是否真的能为生物学和医学作出巨大贡献，寻找新药便是一个初步考验。”其中test of the belief“考验这个信念”=B项的not yet clear“尚无定论”。故B项正确，A错在has made a great contribution。选项CDrug firms fnd it unaffordable to discover new products.“制药公司认为发现新药品的经济负担令人难以承受。”该项与最后一段第二句相关：PharmaceuLical companies are finding it increasingly difficult to make headway in their search for novel products.其中drug firms=pharmaceutical companies;discover=in their search for;new products=novel products；但是unaffordable-词在原文中却无体现，原文说的是difficult to make headway“难以取得进展”，而不是unaffordable“负担不起”，故该项错误。选项DPhannaceutical companies hope to find real gold in the tests.“制药公司希望在实验中找到真的金子。”该项与原文倒数第二句in the hope of coming up with a golden nugget at the end相关，其中golden nugget“金块”在原文中用来比喻有价值的东西，而非真正的金子，故该项错在real gold。综上，本题答案为B。4.Intelligence makes for better leaders-from undergraduates to executives to presidents-according to multiple studies.It certainly l that handling a market shift or legislative logjam requires high cognitive abilities.But new research on leadership suggests that,at a certain point,having a higher io can be viewed as 2.3 previous research has shown that groups with smarter leaders perform better by 4 measures,some studies have 5 that followers might subjectively view leaders with extremely high intellect as less effective.Decades ago Dean Simonton,a psychologist at the University of California,Davis,proposed that brilliant leaderswords may simply go 6 peoples heads,their solutions could be more complicated t0 7 and followers might find it harder to relate to them.Now Simonton and two colleagues have finally 8 that idea.The researchers 9 379 male and female business leaders in 30 countries,10 fields that included banking,retail and technology.The managers took IQ tests,an imperfect but robust 11 0f performance in many areas,and each was rated on leadership style and effectiveness by an average of eight co-workers.10 12 correlated with ratings of leader effectiveness,strategy formation,vision and several other characteristics-up to a point.The ratings peaked at an io of around 120,which is higher than roughly 80 percent of office workers.Beyond that,the ratings 13.The researchers suggest theidealio could be higher or lower in various fields,depending on 14 technical versus social skills are more valued in a（n）15 work culture.Its an interesting and thoughtful paper,says Paul Sackett,a psychology professor at the University of Minnesota,who was not involved in the research.To me,the right interpretation of the work would be that it 16 a need to understand what high-IQ leaders do that 17 to lower perceptions by followers.The wrong interpretation would be,;Dont 18 high-io leaders.,The studys lead author,John Antonakis,a psychologist at the University of Lausanne in Switzerland,suggests leaders should use their intelligence t0 19 creative metaphors that will persuade and inspire others.I think the only way a smart person can signal their intelligence 20 and still connect with the people,Antonakis says,is to speak in charming ways.7选？A.seekB.implementC.satisfyD.provide答案：B 本题解析：本题考焱动词辨析。由上题分析可知，空格所在部分“他们（即，睿智领导者）的解决方案可能更复杂”与下文”追随者可能会发现很难与睿智的领导者沟通”为同向并列关系，均说明睿智领导者的低效，因此他们的解决方案应该是追随者在实际执行过程中发现更复杂B.implement符合文意。A.scek和D.provide利用“下腻为领导者寻求、提供解决方案”的语义进行干扰，但此处their solutions指的是“睿智领导者提出的解决方案”，故排除此两项。5.Text 3 Over the past decade,many companies had perfected the art of creating automatic behaviorshabitsamong consumers.These habits have helped companies earn billions of dollars when customers eat snacks or wipe counters almost without thinking,often in response to a carefully designed set of daily cues.“There are fundamental public health problems,like dirty hands instead of a soap habit,that remain killers only because we cant figure out how to change peoples habits，”said Dr.Curtis,the director of the Hygiene Center at the London School of Hygiene&Tropical Medicine.“We wanted to learn from private industry how to create new behaviors that happen automatically.”The companies that Dr.Curtis turned toProcter&Gamble,ColgatePalmolive and Unileverhad invested hundreds of millions of dollars finding the subtle cues in consumerslives that corporations could use to introduce new routines.If you look hard enough,youll find that many of the products we use every daychewing gums,skin moisturizers,disinfecting wipes,air fresheners,water purifiers,health snacks,teeth whiteners,fabric softeners,vitaminsare results of manufactured habits.A century ago,few people regularly brushed their teeth multiple times a day.Today,because of shrewed advertising and public health campaigns,many Americans habitually give their pearly whites a cavitypreventing scrub twice a day,often with Colgate,Crest or one of the other brands.A few decades ago,many people didnt drink water outside of a meal.Then beverage companies started bottling the production of faroff springs,and now office workers unthinkingly sip bottled water all day long.Chewing gum,once bought primarily by adolescent boys,is now featured in commercials as a breath freshener and teeth cleanser for use after a meal.Skin moisturizers are advertised as part of morning beauty rituals,slipped in between hair brushing and putting on makeup.“Our products succeed when they become part of daily or weekly patterns,”said Carol Berning,a consumer psychologist who recently retired from Procter&Gamble,the company that sold$76 billion of Tide,Crest and other products last year.“Creating positive habits is a huge part of improving our consumerslives,and its essential to making new products commercially viable.”Through experiments and observation,social scientists like Dr.Berning have learned that there is power in tying certain behaviors to habitual cues through relentless advertising.As this new science of habit has emerged,controversies have erupted when the tactics have been used to sell questionable beauty creams or unhealthy foods.Which of the following does NOT belong to products that help create peoples habits?A.TideB.CrestC.ColgateD.Unilever答案：D 本题解析：细节题【命题思路】这是一道细节题，考生可以通过观察选项，找到与其他选项不一样的选项即为正确答案。考生还在回文定位后，通过原词复现排除干扰项，从而选出正确答案。【直击答案】从A、B、C、D四个选项的特征来看，只有D项中的“Unilever”是一个公司的名称而并非产品的名称，因此正确答案为D。从文章内容来看，虽然在文章的第三段指出Curtis博士建议向这三家公司学习，“The companies that Dr.Curtis turned toProcter&Gamble,ColgatePalmolive and Unilever”即宝洁公司，高露洁棕榄公司和联合利华三家公司，但是在文章后面并未提到任何联合利华的产品。【干扰排除】文章在第三段提到这三家公司之后，紧接着在第四段例证段落的末句中提到“Today,because of shrewd advertising and public health campaigns,often with Colgate,Crest or one of the other brands.”该句中提到了佳洁士和高露洁两种牙膏帮助人们培养了刷牙的习惯。因此B项和C项同时排除。第六段首句是该段中心句，指出“our products succeed when they become part ofdaily or weekly patterns”，紧接着指出宝洁公司“sold$76 billion of Tide,Crest and other products last year”。由此可知Tide也可帮助人们培养习惯，因此排除A项。6.Text 1 Every Saturday morning,at 9 am,more than 50,000 runners set off to run 5km around their local park.The Parkrun phenomenon began with a dozen friends and has inspired 400 events in the UK and more abroad.Events are free,staffed by thousands of volunteers.Runners range from four years old to grandparents;their times range from Andrew Baddeleys world record 13 minutes 48 seconds up to an hour.Parkrun is succeeding where Londons Olympiclegacyis failing.Ten years ago on Monday,it was announced that the Games of the 30th Olympiad would be in London.Planning documents pledged that the great legacy of the Games would be to level a nation of sport lovers away from their couches.The population would be fitter,healthier and produce more winners.It has not happened.The number of adults doing weekly sport did rise,by nearly 2 million in the runup to 2012but the general population was growing faster.Worse,the numbers are now falling at an accelerating rate.The opposition claims primary school pupils doing at least two hours of sport a week have nearly halved.Obesity has risen among adults and children.Official retrospections continue as to why London 2012 failed toinspire a generation.The success of Parkrun offers answers.Parkun is not a race but a time trial:Your only competitor is the clock.The ethos welcomes anybody.There is as much joy over a puffed-out first-timer being clapped over the line as there is about top talent shining.The Olympic bidders,by contrast,wanted to get more people doing sports and to produce more elite athletes.The dual aim was mixed up:The stress on success over taking part was intimidating for newcomers.Indeed,there is something a little absurd in the state getting involved in the planning of such a fundamentallygrassroots,concept as community sports associations.If there is a role for government,it should really be getting involved in providing common goodsmaking sure there is space for playing fields and the money to pave tennis and netball courts,and encouraging the provision of all these activities in schools.But successive governments have presided over selling green spaces,squeezing money from local authorities and declining attention on sport in education.Instead of wordy,worthy strategies,future governments need to do more to provide the conditions for sport to thrive.Or at least not make them worse.With regard to mass sport,the author holds that governments should_A.organizegrassrootssports eventsB.supervise local sports associationsC.increase funds for sports clubsD.invest in public sports facilities答案：D 本题解析：根据题干关键词mass sport,the author，governments可定位到文章第四段第二句，该句指出“如果政府可以扮演角色，它应该致力于提供公共设施：确保有地方修建运动场，有资金铺设网球场和无挡板篮球场，并且鼓励学校提供此类体育运动项目”。由此可知，作者认为政府应该投资建设公共体育设施，故正确答案为D。7.When George Osbome,Chancellor of the Exchequer,is spotted outside Westminster,he is very often making an appearance on a building site,wearing a fluorescent safety jacket.It was no surprise to hear him claim once again,in his budget speech on March 19th,thatWere getting Britain building.Sadly,given the huge exlenl of Britains housing shortage,the chancellors proposed interventions do not add up to much.The biggest announcement was that the government will extend Help to Buy,a scheme that guarantees mortgages for people purchasing newly built homes.Mr Osbome also hopes to build a new town at Ebbsfleet,a patch of post-industrial land in the Thames estuary,and promises to speed up the redevelopment of several rotting 1960s and 1970s social housing estates in London.By making it easier for house builders to shift their stock,Help to Buy has probably helped boost building slightly,especially in northern cities where construction had all but ceased.Extending the programme will boost Britains housing stock by 120,000 by 2020,the Treasury cltums,though it will also expose taxpayers to any future house-price crash.Mr Osborne also announced a new fund to support lending io smaU house builders-who have sLruggled to get financing in recent years which ought to have a similar effect.The new town is more advencurous.Ebbsfleei.where a high-speed rail link to London opened in 2007,has had plans for new homes for almost 20 years.Few have been built,mosdy because the site is a partially flooded quarry with little in the way of shops.public transport or infrastructure.The governments new idea is to create a development corporation with control over planning and the ability to borrow to clean up and prepare