现在完成时

现在完成时 现在完成时表示动作发生在过去，但与现在情况有关系，即用一个发生在过去的动作来说明现在的情况。 现在完成时由动词have(has)+过去分词构成。 现在完成时的基本用法 1)表示动作到现在为止已经完成或刚完成，汉语常用“了”或“过”来表示。如： Ihavefinishedmywork.我把工作做完了。 Wehavesetupmanynewfactoriesinthisarea.我们在这个地区建立了许多新工厂。 Shehasreadallthesebooks.她把这些书都读完了。 2)动作在过去完成，表示“经验”或“结果”。汉语常用“过”来表示。如： HaveyoueverseentheplayTheDollsHouse?你看过话剧傀儡家庭吗? Yes，Ihaveseenittwice.我看过两遍了。 Ihavelearnttodrive.我学过开车。 ThemanhaslivedinChina.那人在中国住过。 注注意be在下面句子中的意义。如： Wherehaveyoubeen?Ivebeentothelaboratory.你上哪儿去了?到实验室去了。 HaveyoueverbeentoHangzhou?No，Iveneverbeenthere.你到过杭州吗?没到过。 Howhaveyoubeen?Ivebeenwellthankyou.你近来身体好吗?谢谢你，我近来很好。 现在完成时与过去一般时的区别 现在完成时和过去一般时都表示在过去完成的动作，但现在完成时强调这一动作与现在的关系，如对现在产生的结果、影响等，而过去一般时则表示动作发生在过去，一般不表示和现在的关系。试比较： 1)Ihavelostmypen.我把钢笔丢了。(意即还没找到，现在我没有笔用。) Shelostherpenyestoday.她昨天把笔丢了。(笔是昨天丢的，现在找到与否，没有说明。) 2)IhavebeentotheAgriculturalExhibition.我看过这个农业展览会。(强调我知道它的内容) IwenttotheAgriculturalExhibitionlastweek.我上周参观了这个农业展览会。(只说明我上周参观过展览会这件事) 3)Whohasopenedthedoor?谁把门开了?(现在门还开着) Whoopenedthedoor?谁开的门?(指过去，与现在无关。现在门是关着还是开着，没有说明。) 4)A：Haveyouhadyourlunch?你吃过年饭没有?(意即你现在不饿吗?) B：Yes，Ihave.吃了。(意即我现在饱了，不要再吃了。) A：Whendidyouhaveit你什么时候吃的?(说话人感兴趣的是“吃”这一动作发生在什么时候。) B：Ihaditabouthalfanhourago.我是大约半小时前吃的。 现在完成时的其他用法 1)还可表示动作发生在过去，并且一直延续到现在，甚至还可能继续延续下去。这时常和since所引导的短语或从句或for引导的短语连用(for有时可以省去)。 HowlonghaveyoubeeninBeijing?IhavebeeninBeijingforfouryears.你在北京呆了多久?我在北京呆了四年。 Isaacsfatherhasbeenaschoolteachersince1968.艾萨克的父亲从一九六八年以来就当教师。 Wehaventhadavacationforalongtime.我们好久没放假了。 Threeyearshavepassedsinceweleftschool.我们毕业已经三年了。 注但在下面的句子中，主句的谓语动词可以用现在一般时。如： ItisthreeyearssinceIbegantoworkonthestatefarm.我在国营农场工作已经三年了。(美国英语用hasbeen，下例同此) ItsalongtimesinceIsawyoulast.好久没见了。 2)在条件、时间状语从句中表示将来完成的动作。 IllgowithyouwhenIhavefinishedmyhomework，我做完作业后就和你一块去。 WellwaithereuntilyouhaveWrittentheletter.我们将在这里等你写完信。 PerhapsIllknowmoreEnglishafterIhavelearntitfortwoyears.我学完两午后，懂的英语或许就会多些了。 现在完成时的时间状语问题 1)现在完成时说明的是现在的情况，是现在时态，因此不能和表示过去时间的状语如yesterday，1asrmonth，threeyearsago，inl960等连用。这些时间状语只能和过去时态连用，表示过去的动作。但现在完成时可和表示过去时间的副词just和before连用。如： Hehasjustcome.他刚到。 Wehaveseenthemoviebefore，我们以前看过这个电影。 2)现在完成时常和表示不确定的时间的副词already，never，ever，always，yet，not.yet，often等连用。如： Haveyoueverbeeninaplane?你坐过飞机吗? Thenewbookshavenotarrivedyet.新书还没有到。 TheXishalslandshavealwaysbeenChineseterritory.西沙群岛一直是中国的领土。 Haveyouheardfromhimyet?你接到他的信了吗? Theyhavealreadyfinishedtheirexperiment.他们已经做完试验了。 Manywesternershaveneverseenagiantpanda.许多西方人从没见过大熊猫。 WehaveoftenbeentotheSummerPalace.我们常到颐和园去玩。 3)现在完成时可以和包括“现在”在内的时间状语连用，如now，today，thismonth，thisyear等。如： Wehaveplantedmanyfruittreesthisyear.我们今年种了很多果树。 HaveyouseenBennytoday?你今天见到本尼了吗? Wevehadalotofrainthissummer.今年夏天雨下得很多。 但如说话人所感兴趣的只是在这段时间内发生了某一动作，而不是这一动作与现在的关系时，须用过去时态。如： Theconferenceopenedthismonth.会议是本月开幕的。 Theirfarmsetupapumpingstationthisyear.他们农场今年新修了一个抽水站。 现在完成时可和疑问副词where，why，how连用，但通常不和疑问副词when连用 (when一般只与过去时态连用)。如： Wherehaveyoubeen?你去哪儿了?(询问经过情况。如说Wheredidyougo?则只问地点) Whyhaveyouturnedofftheradio?你干吗把收音机关了?(强调和现在的关系，意即收音机关着。如说Whydidyouturnofftheradio?则强调关收音机这一过去的动作。)过去完成时态一、过去完成时态构成：过去完成时由助动词had（通用于各种人称和数）+过去分词构成。二、过去完成时的用法：过去完成时表示在过去某一时间或动作之前已经发生或完成了的动作。它表示动作发生在过去的过去。与by、before等构成的短语连用。三、过去完成时的句式1陈述句（Statements ）They had already had breakfast before they arrived at the hotel. 在他们到达旅馆之前，他们已经吃早饭了。从句中arrived at到达在过去的时间，而had already had吃早饭的动作发生在到达之前，因此主句的时态为过去的过去。 2否定句（Negative）He said that he had never seen such a beautiful bird before. 他说他以前从来没有看过这样美丽的鸟。3疑问句（Questions）How many English flushed had you seen by the end of last term?到上学期期末为止，你们看了多少部英文片？Had you reached the station before ten oclock?到十点以前，你们已经到达火车站了吗？四、过去完成时的构成过去完成时由助动词had (通用于各种人称和数)过去分词构成。主要表示过去某时前已发生的动作或情况（也可说是过去的过去）：注：如果时间状语从句的动作发生在前，则从句用过去完成时，主句用一般过去时。常用的时间状语：by before when , by the time , after , as soon as ,till , until ,yet , already by the time引导的从句(注：从句谓语动词为过去式)By the time I got there, it had already finished. when引导的从句(注：从句谓语动词为过去式)When I got to the check-out, I realized I had left my purse at home.before引导的从句(注：从句谓语动词为过去式)例如：He said he had never seen such an exciting match before.After I had done my homework , I went to bed.1. Tom was disappointed that most of the guests _ when he _ at the party. A. left；had arrived B. left；arrivedC. had left；had arrived D. had left；arrived 解析：正确答案为D。guests先“离开”，Tom后“到达”。2. We _ four thousand new words by the end of last year. A. had learned B. have learned C. learned D. will have learned 解析：根据by短语中的last year得知是到去年年末，正确选项为A。3. He had already built his own lab by the time he was ten.到十岁时，他已经建起了自己的实验室。4. He had studied English for five years before he came here.来这儿之前，他已经学过五年英语了。(二)、1.主语hadhardly(scarcely)过去分词when(before)主语一般过去时。2.主语hadno sooner过去分词than主语一般过去时。例如：They had no sooner got home than it began to rain.他们一到家，天就下起雨来。_ got into the room，_ the telephone rang.他一到家， 就响了。A. He hardly had；then B. Hardly had he；when C. He had not；that D. Not had he；when 解析：正确答案为B。当否定词hardly，scarcely，no sooner放在句首时，主谓要倒装。(三)、根据上下文的时间关系来确定用过去完成时。例如：1. The pen I _ I _ is on my desk，right under my nose.那支我以为已经丢了的钢笔。在我的桌子上，就在我的鼻子底下。A. think；lost B. thought；had lost C. think；had lost D. thought；have lost 解析：正确答案为B。“丢笔”是在“认为”之前发生的动作。2. Helen _ her keys in the office so she had to wait until her husband _home.海伦把钥匙忘在了办公室，所以她不得不等到丈夫回家。A. has left；comes B. left；had come C. had left；came D. had left；would come 解析：正确答案为C。had to wait说明事情发生在过去，而“忘带钥匙”的动作发生在“等丈夫回家”之前。(四)、表示过去未曾实现的愿望、打算或意图，用过去完成时。常用动词有：hope，think，expect，intend，mean，suppose，want等。例如：They had wanted to help but couldnt get here in time.他们本来是要来帮忙的，但未能及时赶到。(五)、It was时间since主语过去完成时。例如：They asked me to have a drink with them. I said that it was at least ten years since I _ a good drink.他们邀请我和他们喝酒，我说，我已经至少十年没有好好喝过了。A. had enjoyed B. was enjoying C. enjoyed D. had been enjoying 正确答案为A。(六)由said ,told ,knew ,heard ,though 等引起的宾语从句中。He told me that he had heard of it. I thought my homework had been finished.She said that she had learned painting for years since he came to our school . 瞬间动作不能和一段时间状语，和since,for引导的从句和短语连用。(七)在含有定语从句的句中，如果叙述的是过去了事，先发生的动作常用过去完成时。 I returned the book that I had borrowed .将来完成时将来完成时用来表示在将来某一时间以前已经完成或一直持续的动作，经常与before+将来时间，by+将来时间，也可以与before,by the time 引导的现在时的从句连用。结构为：will/shall +have+过去分词，用于第一人称，will+have+过去分词，用于其他人称。1. 表示在将来某一时间之前已经完成的动作，并往往对将来某一时间产生影响。We shall have learned 12 units by the end of this term .2. 表示推测，相当于must have done结构。You will have heard of this .I guess.3. 表示某种状态一直持续到说话人所提及的时间We will have been married a year on june 25th .英语完成时的练习1. Look at that little boy wandering about-perhaps he_his mother.A. will lose B. is loseing C. had lost D. has lost2. Its good that we_to the park because its started to rain.A. dont go B. hadnt gone C. didnt go D. wasnt3. You_your turn, so youll have to wait. A. will miss B. have missed C. are missing D. had missed4. I_for five minutes; why dont they come? A. am calling B. called C. was calling D. have been calling5. -Why does the Lake smell terrible? -Because large questities of water_. A. have polluted B. is being polluted C. has been polluted D. have been polluted6. We_to move but are still considering where to go to. A. are deciding B. decided C. have decided D. had decided7. “Where is Mother？”“She is in the kitchen. She_the housework all morning.” A. is doing B. was doing C. has done D. has been doing8. I left my pen on the desk and now its gone；who_it？ A. took B. has taken C. will take D.had taken9. I think you must be mistaken about seeing him at the theatre；Im sure he_abroad all week. A. is B. was C. has been D. had been10. The population of Jiangsu_yo more than twice what it was in 1949. The figure is now approaching 74 million. A. has grown B. have grown C. grew D. are growing11. The students_busily when Miss Brown went to get a book she_in the office. A. had written，left B. were writing，has leftC. had written，had left D. wrer writing，had left12. -I took part in the TOEFL. It was really hard. -_you_a lot？A. Have you studied B.Did you studyC. Had you studied D. Do you study13. She stared at the painting，wondering where she _it.(09重庆) A. saw B. has seen C. sees D.had seen14. John was given the same suitcase his father and grandfather_with them to school. A. took B. had taken C. were taking D. would take15. -Come on in，Peter，I want to show you something. -Oh，how nice of you! I_you_to bring me gift. A. never think；are going B. never thought；were goingC. didnt think；were going D. hadnt thought；were going16. The bus came after I_for about half an hour. A. had been waiting B. have been waiting C. have waited D. was waiting17. By the time Jane gets home，her aunt_for London to attend a meeting. A. will leave B. leaves C. will have left D. left18. The mayor of Beijing says that all construction work for the Beijing Olympics_by2023 A. has been completed B. hasC. will have been completed D. will have completed19. Youll never guess who Imet today-my old teacher! We_for 20 years. A. dont meet B. havent met C. hadnt met D. couldnt meet20. The telephone_there times in the last hour，and each time it_for my father. A. had rang；was B. has rung；wasC. rang；has been D. has been ringing；is21. Excuse me，Marcia，a reporter from Vanity Fair_all day. Could you speak to her now? A. phones B. has phoned C. would stay D. had stayed22. The hotel wasnt particularly good. But I_in many worse hotels. A. was staying B. stayed C. would stay D. had stayed23. -Ive got to go now. -Must you？I_you could stay for dinner with us.A. Have you studied B.Did you studyC. Had you studied D. Do you study13. She stared at the painting，wondering where she _it.(09重庆) A. saw B. has seen C. sees D.had seen14. John was given the same suitcase his father and grandfather_with them to school. A. took B. had taken C. were taking D. would take15. -Come on in，Peter，I want to show you something. -Oh，how nice of you! I_you_to bring me gift. A. never think；are going B. never thought；were goingC. didnt think；were going D. hadnt thought；were going16. The bus came after I_for about half an hour. A. had been waiting B. have been waiting C. have waited D. was waiting17. By the time Jane gets home，her aunt_for London to attend a meeting. A. will leave B. leaves C. will have left D. left18. The mayor of Beijing says that all construction work for the Beijing Olympics_by2023 A. has been completed B. hasC. will have been completed D. will have completed19. Youll never guess who Imet today-my old teacher! We_for 20 years. A. dont meet B. havent met C. hadnt met D. couldnt meet20. The telephone_there times in the last hour，and each time it_for my father. A. had rang；was B. has rung；wasC. rang；has been D. has been ringing；is21. Excuse me，Marcia，a reporter from Vanity Fair_all day. Could you speak to her now? A. phones B. has phoned C. would stay D. had stayed22. The hotel wasnt particularly good. But I_in many worse hotels. A. was staying B. stayed C. would stay D. had stayed23. -Ive got to go now. -Must you？I_you could stay for dinner with us. A. think B. thought C. have thought D. am thinking24. -John took a photograph of you just now. -Oh，really？I_. A. didnt know B. wasnt knowing C.dont know D. havent known25. His sister left home in 1998，and_since. （全国卷） A. had not been heard of B. has not been heard of C. had not heard of D. has not heard of26. Poilce are now seaching for a woman who is reported to_since the flood hit the area last Friday. A. have been missing B. have got lostC. be missing D. get lost27. -Mike is not coming to the football game this afternoon. -Its a shame！He_! A. promises B. promised C. will promise D.had promised28. How can you possibly miss the news？It _ on TV all day long. A. has been B. had been C. was D. will be29. -Why does the Lake smell terrible？ -Because large quantities of water_（福建） A. have polluted B. is being pollutedC. has been polluted D. have been polluted30. Progress _ so far very good and we sure that the work will be finished on time. A. was B. had been C. has been D. will be