宗燕动词不定式

非谓语动词the Infinitive（动词不定式）（动词不定式）KELLY.ZY不定式可以带宾语或状语构成不定式短语，没有人称和数的变化，但有时态和语态的变化。不定式可作主语主语、宾语宾语、宾补、状语宾补、状语、表语表语和定语定语，但不能单独作谓语。但不能单独作谓语。动词不定式基本结构动词不定式基本结构：否定形式：否定形式：to动词原形动词原形not to+动词原形动词原形 1.不定式的时态及语态不定式的时态及语态时态主动被动意义例句语态一般进行完成完成进行时to doto be doneto be doingto have doneto have been doneto have been doing与谓语动词同时发生或以后发生谓语动作发生时，不定式表示的动作正在进行先于谓语动作发生先于谓语动作发生而又延续到谓语动作发生后Im glad to see you.He pretended to be reading a book when I came in.We seem to have met each other before.He is said to have been studying abroad,but I dont know which country he is studying in.当不定式逻辑主语是这个不定式所表示的动作的承受者时，不定式须用被动形式。如：He asked to be sent to work in Tibet.This book is said to have been translated into many languages.2.不定式的句法功能不定式的句法功能To finish the work in ten minutes is very hard.动词不定式短语作主语时，常用it作形式主语作形式主语，例如上面一句可用如下形式：It is very hard to finish the work in ten minutes.Exercise:(develop)a good learning habit is very important.It is .To developvery important to develop a good learning habit不定式作主语不定式作主语 His job is to clean the hall.不定式作表语不定式作表语 Exercise:我的建议是立刻开始这项工程。What I would suggest is to start the project at once.My father promised to buy me a toy car as my birthday gift.不定式作宾语不定式作宾语 Exercise:My family decided (go)on a trip the next summer vacation.Dont hesitate (ask)me for help when you are in trouble.to goto askThe little boy pretended (sleep)when his father came in.to be sleeping类似的常与不定式作宾语连用的动词有：want,hope,wish,offer,fail,plan,learn,pretend,refuse,manage,help,agree,promise,prefer，afford，ask，decide，expect，intend，等。He gave us some advice on how (learn)English.to learn动词不定式作动词tell，show，understand，explain，teach，learn，advise，discuss等词的宾语时，前面常带疑问词。即：疑问词疑问词(how，when，where，what，who).+to do Marx found it important to study the situation in Russia.it为：形式宾语形式宾语Exercise:I find hard .(跟她相处)to get along with heritThe new medicine makes possible .(治疗这种可怕的疾病)itto treat this terrible diseaseOur teachers often encourage us to work harder at our lessons.不定式作宾补不定式作宾补 Exercise:My mum asked me (leave)the door open when I go out to play.I advise you (read)English for half an hour every morning.not to leave to read类似用法的动词还有:get,allow,force,forbid,request,assist,help,invite,instruct,recommend,warn,enable,order,want,cause等。但是但是动词不定式作动词feel,hear，see，watch，notice，observe等感官动词以及have,let，make等使役动词后面的宾语补足语时，不定式符号不定式符号to要省略要省略。但如果这些句子变成被动结构被动结构时，就必须带必须带to符号符号。Example:I saw him cross the road.我看到他过了街道。He was seen to cross the road.他被看到过了街道。More examples given by students themselves:There is nothing to worry about.不定式作定语不定式作定语 Exercise:（1）I need a pen .(我需要一支钢笔写字)to write with注意作定语的不定式如果是不及物动词，或者不定式修饰的名作定语的不定式如果是不及物动词，或者不定式修饰的名词或代词是不定式动作的地点、工具等，不定式后面须有词或代词是不定式动作的地点、工具等，不定式后面须有相应的介词。相应的介词。（2）He was the last one (leave)school yesterday to leave注意被修饰的名词前有序数词、形容词最高级或被修饰的名词前有序数词、形容词最高级或next，second,last,only和和not a，all,any等限定词时候，只等限定词时候，只能用不定式。能用不定式。Mr.Ji is the only person in our school (be)abroad.to have been（3）Their decision (give)up the experiment surprised usto giveDo you have the ability (read)and write English?to read注意如下这些抽象名词如下这些抽象名词ability，chance，idea，fact，excuse，promise，answer，reply，attempt，belief，way，reason，moment，time等等，常用不定式修饰。，常用不定式修饰。（4）试比较如下两句：Have you got anything to send？Have you got anything to be sent？不定式to send的动作执行者是是“you”不定式to be sent的动作执行者不是不是“you”，是“我”或“别人”Exercise:I have lots of homework (do),so I cant go out with you now.-Tom,do you have any clothes (wash)?-Yes.Thanks,mum.to doto be washedHe worked day and night to get the money.He arrived late to find the train had gone.They were very sad to hear the news.The question is simple for him to answer.To tell you the truth,I dont like the way he talked.不定式作状语 表目的表结果表原因表程度作独立成分不定式作状语表结果时，常用only放在不定式前表示强调，“出乎意料的结果”Example:I hurried to station only to find the train had gone.I visited him only to find him out.Exercise:Many reporters hurried to the airport,only (tell)that the superstar had already left.I returned home from work,only (find)my house broken into.to be toldto findThe question is simple to answer.注意不定式前如有形容词修饰，主动表达被动的含义不定式前如有形容词修饰，主动表达被动的含义。Exercise:We found the text hard (understand).The cake is easy (make).This car isnt safe (drive).to understandto maketo drive3.不定式符号不定式符号to的去留问题的去留问题I havent been to Hong Kong，but I .（我没去过香港，但我想去。）I didnt tell him the news.Oh，you .（你应该告诉他的。）wish toought to have有时为了避免重复，可以用to来代替前面的不定式，这种情况常出现在下列动词后：expect，hope，wish，mean，prefer，care，forget，want，try以及be glad/happy；would like/love等后面。注意Tom did nothing except (play)football.He could say nothing but (cry).You d better (read)English for twenty minutes every morning.She told the child to stay there and (wait)until she came back.They didnt tell me whether to go on or (stop).playcryreadto stop前有do,后省to前有cant(but),后无to在had better,would rather,why(not)后无to两并列不定式，后者省to；两对比不定式，后者有towaitExercise:1）-I usually go there by train.-Why not _ by boat for a change?A.to try going B.trying to go C.to try and go D.try going 2）Paul doesnt have to be made _.He always works hard.A.learn B.to learn C.learned D.learning 3)To try and fail is better than not to try at all.中文意思：。DB尝试而失败总比不尝试好尝试而失败总比不尝试好4.动词不定式的几种特殊结构动词不定式的几种特殊结构It is of great importance (for of)us to learn English well.It is very nice (for of)you to help me.1）for sb.to do 还是还是of sb.to do 注意当形式主语句型中的表语是形容词，来描述不定式动作时，逻辑主语之前使用for；当它描述不定式的逻辑主语，说明其品质、特征或属性时，要用of，常见形容词有good，nice，clever，wise，foolish，stupid，honest，kind，polite，careful，cruel，brave，crazy等。forof2)too.to结构结构Youre too young to understand such things.。=Youre so young that you cant understand such things.Im only too glad to meet you here again.。某些形容词与too.to 连用表示肯定肯定意义，too相当于very much。这些形容词多是表示心情的词和描述性的形容词。如：ready，glad，pleased，surprised，delighted，happy，easy，eager，thankful，anxious，willing，good，kind，true等。在too前加上only，but，all，simply或just时，too.to结构表示肯定肯定意义 注意你太小了，还不能理解那些事情。再次见到你我太高兴了。非谓语动词非谓语动词the Gerund (动名词动名词)1.动名词的形式动名词的形式1）一般式：）一般式：Seeing is believing.。doing眼见为实Playing chess is fun.。下棋真有趣2）被动式：）被动式：He came to the party without being invited.being done made me annoyed.(被那样子嘲笑)Being laughed at like that3）完成式：）完成式：We remembered having seen the film.having done ,I went out to play.(完成了家庭作业)Having finished the homework4）完成被动式：）完成被动式：He forgot having been taken to Guangzhou when he was five years old.having been done (criticize)by the doctor,Tom gave up smoking.Having been criticized5）否定式：）否定式：I regret not following his advice.not doingI must offer my apology for .(没参加你的晚会)not coming to your partyOur problem is .(我们的问题是原料不足)not having sufficient raw material6）复合结构：）复合结构：He suggested our trying it once again.His not knowing English troubled him a lot.物主代词（或名词所有格）物主代词（或名词所有格）+动名词动名词 The trouble was .（麻烦的是他们自己不能解出那条题目）their not being able to work out the problem is her one regret.（杰妮没受过舞蹈的专业训练是她感到遗憾的事）Jennys not having been trained as a dancer2.动名词的句法功能动名词的句法功能：Reading aloud is very helpful.大声朗读是很有好处的。is interesting.(集邮很有趣。)动名词作主语动名词作主语 Exercise:Collecting stamps当动名词短语作主语时常用it作形式主语。Its no use quarrelling.争吵是没用的。Its no good playing .（玩太多的电脑游戏）注意too many computer gamesIn the ant city,the queens job is laying eggs.（在蚂蚁王国，蚁后的工作是产卵。）动名词作表语动名词作表语 Talking to him is talking to a wall.中文意思：。Exercise:跟他说话就是对牛弹琴跟他说话就是对牛弹琴 .(他说的话很有趣)What he said was interestingThey havent finished building the dam.（他们还没有建好大坝）We have to prevent the air from being polluted.（我们必须阻止空气被污染）注意：动名词既可作动词宾语也可作介词宾语，如上面两个例句。此外，动名词作宾语时，若跟有宾语补足语，则常用形式宾语it，如：We found it no good making fun of others.（我们发现取笑他人不好）动名词作宾语动名词作宾语 注意You must avoid .(犯同样的错)Exercise:making the same mistake againThe thief admitted .(偷了那条项链)having stolen the necklace要记住如下动词及短语，只跟动名词作宾语只跟动名词作宾语：enjoy,finish,suggest,avoid，excuse,delay,imagine,keep,miss,consider,admit，deny,mind,permit,forbid,practise,risk,appreciate,be busy,be worth,feel like,cant stand,cant help,think of,dream of,be fond of,prevent.(from),keep.from,stop.(from）,protect.from,set about,be engaged in,spend.(in),succeed in,be used to,look forward to,object to,pay attention to,insist on,feel likeHe cant walk without a walking stick.（他没有拐杖不能走路）Is there a swimming pool in your school?（你们学校有游泳池吗）动名词作定语动名词作定语 动名词作定语主要表示所修饰名词的用途和目的用途和目的a walking stick=a stick for walking=a stick which is used for walkinga swimming pool=a pool for swimming=a pool which is used for swimminga reading room=sleeping pills=a room for readinga room which is used for readingpills for sleepingpills which are used for sleepingThe cave,his hiding place is secret.(那个山洞，他藏身的地方很秘密)His habit,listening to the news on the radio remains unchanged.(他收听收音机新闻节目的习惯仍未改变)动名词作同位语 非谓语动词非谓语动词（现在分词）（现在分词）the Present Participle 1.现在分词的形式：现在分词的形式：否定式：否定式：doingnot doing1）现在分词的主动语态：They went to the park,singing and talking.(他们边唱边说向公园走去)Having done his homework,he played basketball.(做完作业，他开始打篮球)现在分词主动语态的一般式doing表示与谓语动词所表示的动作 ，完成式having done表示的动作在谓语动词所表示的动作之 发生，常作状语。同时发生同时发生前前2）现在分词的被动语态：The problem being discussed is very important.（正在被讨论的问题很重要）Having been told many times,the naughty boy made the same mistake.（被告诉了好几遍，这个淘气的孩子又犯了同一个错误）一般式being done表示与谓语动词 的被动的动作，完成式having been done表示发生在谓语动词之 的被动的动作。同时发生同时发生前前2.现在分词的句法功能：现在分词的句法功能：1）作定语：）作定语：In the following years he worked even harder.在后来的几年中，他学习更努力了。The man speaking to the teacher is our monitors father.正与老师谈话的那个人是我们班长的父亲。现在分词作定语，当分词单独作定语时，放在所修饰的名词 ；如果是分词短语作定语放在名词 。前前后后现在分词作定语相当于一个定语从句定语从句的句法功能 in the following years=in the years that followedthe man speaking to the teacher=the man who is speaking to the teacherThose wishing to join this club should sign here.(想加入本俱乐部的人在这里签名)=.Those who wish to join the club should sign hereThe film being shown in the cinema is exciting.(正在这家上演的电影很棒)The present situation is inspiring.(当前的形势鼓舞人心)2）现在分词作表语：）现在分词作表语：.(她的工作很有趣)Her job is interesting3）作宾语补足语：）作宾语补足语：如下动词后可跟现在分词作宾语补足语：see,watch,hear,feel,find,get,keep,notice,observe,listen to,look at,leave,catch等。Can you hear her singing the song in the next room？（你能听见她在隔壁唱歌吗）He kept the car waiting at the gate.（他让小汽车在门口等着）bring sb.doing sth.引起某人做某事 catch sb.doing sth.碰上（撞上）某人做某事discover sb.doing sth.发现某人做某事 feel sb.doing sth.感觉某人做某事find sb.doing sth.碰上（撞上）某人做某事 get sb.doing sth.使某人做某事have sb.doing sth.使某人做某事 hear sb.doing sth.听见某人做某事keep sb.doing sth.使某人不停地做某事 listen to sb.doing sth.听某人做某事look at sb.doing sth.看着某人做某事 notice sb.doing sth.注意到某人做某事observe sb.doing sth.观察某人做某事 prevent sb.doing sth.阻止某人做某事see sb.doing sth.看见某人做某事 send sb.doing sth.使某人（突然）做某事set sb.doing sth.使（引起）某人做某事 start sb.doing sth.使某人开始做某事stop sb.doing sth.阻止某人做某事 watch sb.doing sth.观察某人做某事接现在分词作宾补的常用动词接现在分词作宾补的常用动词：4）现在分词作状语）现在分词作状语(While)Working in the factory,he was an advanced worker.（在工厂工作时，他是一名先进工人）作时间状语作时间状语现在分词作状语，相当于时间状语从句 ,please be careful.（当过马路时）Dont mention this while .（当跟他说话时）When crossing the roadtalking to himBeing a League member,he is always helping others.（由于是共青团员，他经常帮助他人）作原因状语作原因状语 ,we couldnt get in touch with her.（不知道她的地址）Not knowing her address ,he couldnt go to sleep.（由于吃得太多）Having eaten too muchHe stayed at home,cleaning and washing.（他待在家里，又擦又洗）作方式状语，表示伴随作方式状语，表示伴随The children ran out of the room,.（开心的笑着、说着话）She sat at the desk，.（看报纸）laughing and talking merrilyreading a newspaper(If)Playing all day,you will waste your valuable time.(要是整天玩，你就会浪费宝贵的时间)作条件状语作条件状语 ,youll get a good achievement.(认真学习的话),you will find the path leading to the site.(左拐的话)Working hardTurning to the leftHe dropped the glass,breaking it into pieces.（他把杯子掉了，结果摔得粉碎）作结果状语作结果状语His parents were killed in the accident,.（让他成为了孤儿）The bus was held up by snowstorm,.（因此引发了延误）leaving him an orphanthus causing the delayThough raining heavily,it cleared up very soon.虽然雨下得很大，但不久天就晴了。作让步状语作让步状语 ,he failed again.（尽管很认真）Working so hard5）与逻辑主语构成独立主格）与逻辑主语构成独立主格 I waiting for the bus,a bird fell on my head.我等汽车时，一只鸟落到我头上。All the tickets having been sold out,they went away disappointedly.所有的票已经卖光了，他们失望地离开了Time permitting,well do another two exercises.如果时间允许，我们将做另两个练习。There ,we had to walk.没有出租车，我们只好步行。being no taxis6）作独立成分）作独立成分 Judging from by his appearance,he must be an actor.（从外表看，他一定是个演员）Generally speaking,girls are more careful.（一般说来，女孩子更细心）,he sent her to a nursing home.（考虑到她已经老了，他送她去了疗养院）Considering that she is old 非谓语动词非谓语动词（过去分词）（过去分词）the Past Participle 过去分词的句法功能：过去分词的句法功能：1.过去分词作定语过去分词作定语Our class went on an organized trip last Monday.（上周一我们班开展了一次有组织的旅行）Those elected as committee members will attend the meeting.（当选为委员的人将出席这次会）当过去分词是单词时，一般用于名词前，如果是过去分词短语，就放在名词的后面。过去分词作定语相当于一个被动语态的定语从句。过去分词作定语相当于一个被动语态的定语从句。The student dressed in white is my daughter.(穿白色衣服的学生是我的女儿)=The student who is dressed in white is my daughter.There have been several new events _ to the program for the 2008 Beijing Olympic Games.(2006北京)A.add B.to add C.adding D.added解析：解析：D。本题考查过去分词作定语的。本题考查过去分词作定语的用法。相当于用法。相当于which are added2.过去分词作表语过去分词作表语The window is broken.窗户破了。They were frightened at the sad sight.他们对眼前悲惨的景象感到很害怕。过去分词作表语表示主语的状态或思想感情等。When we heard of it,.（当我们听到这件事时，被深深地感动了）we were deeply moved常见的作表语的过去分词有：常见的作表语的过去分词有：amused(愉快的)；connected(连接的)；broken(碎了的)；closed(关闭的)；completed(完成的)；astonished(吃惊的)；covered(覆盖的)；crowded(拥挤的)；delighted(高兴的)；disappointed(失望的)；discouraged(泄气的)；dressed(穿着的)；drunk(喝醉的)；experienced(有经验的)；gone(遗失的)；lost(丢失的)；worried(担忧的)；interested(感兴趣的)；tired(疲劳的)；pleased(高兴的)；satisfied(满意的)；surprised(吃惊的)；married(已婚的)；known(著名的)，等等。区别：The window is broken.The window was broken by the boy.有些过去分词是不及物动词构成的，不表示被动，只表示完成。如：boiled water（开水）fallen leaves（落叶）newly arrived goods（新到的货）the risen sun（升起的太阳）the changed world（变了的世界）这类过去分词有：gone,come,fallen,risen,changed,arrived,returned,passed等。（状态，系表结构）（动作，被动）3.过去分词作宾语补足语过去分词作宾语补足语 I heard the song sung several times last week.上周我听见这首歌被唱了好几次。有时过去分词作with短语中的宾语补足语：With the work done,they went out to play.工作做完了，他们出去玩去了。能够接过去分词作宾补的动词有以下四类能够接过去分词作宾补的动词有以下四类:1.表示感觉或心理状态的动词.如:see,watch,observe,look at,hear,listen to,feel,notice,think等.I noticed .(窗户碎了)the window broken down2.表示致使意义的动词.如:have,make,get,keep,leave等.He .（他昨天把牙拔了）Dont .（要把那些事情做完）got his tooth pulled out yesterdayleave those things undone3.表示思维活动的动词如consider，know，think等后。I consider the matter settled.。I thought myself wronged somehow in the bargain.。我认为这件事解决了我认为这件事解决了我认为自己在这场交易中有受愚弄了我认为自己在这场交易中有受愚弄了4.表示爱憎 意愿的动词如want，wish，like，hate等后。I wanted .(我要预定两张机票)two tickets reserved4.过去分词作状语过去分词作状语Praised by the neighbors,he became the pride of his parents.(受到邻居们的表扬，他成为父母的骄傲)1）表示原因）表示原因 ,the young people made up their minds to take up the struggle.(受到了讲演的鼓舞，年轻人决定起来斗争)Encouraged by the speech ,the excited people stopped quarrelling with each other.(激动的人们被那个故事深深地感动了，停止了争吵)Deeply moved by the storyOnce seen,it can never be forgotten.(一旦它被看见，人们就忘不了)2）表示时间）表示时间 (see)from the top of the hill,the city looked like a big garden.(从山顶上看，这个城市就像一个大花园)Seen （accept）by the Party,he decided to devote his life to the cause of the Party.(入党以后，他决定献身于党的事业)AcceptedGiven more time,Ill be able to do it better.(如果给予更多的时间，我能做得更好)3）表示条件）表示条件If ,water can be turned into steam.(水如果被加热，会变成水蒸气)heatedThough told of the danger,he still risked his life to save the boy.(虽然被告之有危险，他仍然冒生命危险去救那个孩子)Filled with hopes and fears,he entered the cave.(心中充满了希望与恐惧，他走进山洞)4）表示让步）表示让步 ,he continued his study.（尽管被许多人嘲笑，他还是继续他的研究）Laughed at by many people