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新课程理念下的高中新课程理念下的高中英语词汇教学英语词汇教学A Random Talk on Teaching High School English Vocabulary语法与词汇哪一个更重要?语法与词汇哪一个更重要?Wilkins(1972)Wilkins(1972):Without grammar very little can Without grammar very little can be conveyed,without vocabulary be conveyed,without vocabulary nothing can be conveyed.nothing can be conveyed.我国我国2020世纪世纪30-9030-90年代中学英语词汇量设置年代中学英语词汇量设置2020世纪末世界部分国家中学英语词汇量设置世纪末世界部分国家中学英语词汇量设置新课程标准对词汇量的要求新课程标准对词汇量的要求五级:理解和掌握五级:理解和掌握1500-16001500-1600个单词和个单词和200-300200-300个习惯用语或固定搭配;个习惯用语或固定搭配;七级:学会使用七级:学会使用2400-25002400-2500个个单词和单词和300-400300-400个个习惯用语或固定搭配;习惯用语或固定搭配;八级:学会使用八级:学会使用33003300个个左右的单词和左右的单词和400-500400-500个个习惯用语或固定搭配;习惯用语或固定搭配;九级:学会使用九级:学会使用45004500个左右的单词和一定数量个左右的单词和一定数量的习惯用语或固定搭配。的习惯用语或固定搭配。九级九级-高中毕业优秀水平高中毕业优秀水平八级八级-高考要求的水平高考要求的水平七级七级-高中毕业基本要求高中毕业基本要求六级六级-五级五级-初中毕业基本要求初中毕业基本要求四级四级-三级三级-二级二级-小学毕业要求小学毕业要求一级一级-课程标准分级设计课程标准分级设计 20092009年高考词汇要求年高考词汇要求 2009 2009年高考词汇要求由年高考词汇要求由20082008年的年的20002000个左右个左右提高到提高到25002500个左右;对合成、转换、派生等常用个左右;对合成、转换、派生等常用词汇更加重视;考查了在语境中综合运用词汇的词汇更加重视;考查了在语境中综合运用词汇的能力,语篇中的生词按考试说明要求严格控制在能力,语篇中的生词按考试说明要求严格控制在3%3%以内。单项填空语言真实、地道、语境完整可以内。单项填空语言真实、地道、语境完整可信,采用了一些以口语交际形式出现的语境化句信,采用了一些以口语交际形式出现的语境化句子时代特征明显,既有很强的典型性,又灵活多子时代特征明显,既有很强的典型性,又灵活多样,所有这些当中,词汇起到的作用功不可没,样,所有这些当中,词汇起到的作用功不可没,出现了如出现了如recommend,reliable,access,adapt recommend,reliable,access,adapt 等等高中词汇。单选题中有高中词汇。单选题中有8 8个小题考查词义辨析,占个小题考查词义辨析,占40%40%。阅读中还出现了新生代词汇如。阅读中还出现了新生代词汇如e-nose(e-nose(电子电子鼻鼻),),完型和阅读中均考查了修辞。完型和阅读中均考查了修辞。词汇教学的问题和困难词汇教学的问题和困难 1.1.主次不分,平均用力,负担过重主次不分,平均用力,负担过重 2.2.求深不求广求深不求广 ,难以有效拓展,难以有效拓展 3.3.方法单一,缺乏语境,学得快忘得快方法单一,缺乏语境,学得快忘得快 4.4.缺乏策略指导,独立学习能力差缺乏策略指导,独立学习能力差 5.5.重记忆、轻运用,语言运用能力差重记忆、轻运用,语言运用能力差 影响词汇学习的三大因素影响词汇学习的三大因素 词汇输入因素:词汇输入因素:频率(频率(frequencyfrequency)语音(语音(pronunciation:stress pronunciation:stress pattern pattern)语境(语境(contextualizationcontextualization)记忆因素:记忆因素:处理深度(处理深度(depth of processingdepth of processing)词汇网络的建立词汇网络的建立 (building of word net-works building of word net-works)文化因素文化因素:词汇的文化内涵差异对词汇的文化内涵差异对 词汇意义建构的影响词汇意义建构的影响 词汇教学的两种观点词汇教学的两种观点孤立主义观点孤立主义观点联系主义观点联系主义观点 英语词汇学习的三维途径英语词汇学习的三维途径 直接词汇教学直接词汇教学 附带词汇学习附带词汇学习 独立策略发展独立策略发展 直接词汇教学直接词汇教学指对词汇进行刻意的、指对词汇进行刻意的、有针对性的专门教学,其方式通常是对词有针对性的专门教学,其方式通常是对词汇的语义、语音、结构、用法以及其他相汇的语义、语音、结构、用法以及其他相关方面进行讲解、说明、操练等。关方面进行讲解、说明、操练等。附带词汇学习附带词汇学习主要指学习者在进行其主要指学习者在进行其他学习活动时,如看英语电影、听英语歌、他学习活动时,如看英语电影、听英语歌、与人进行英语对话等,附带的、自然而然与人进行英语对话等,附带的、自然而然地习得英语单词。地习得英语单词。独立策略发展独立策略发展指学习者有意识的使用和指学习者有意识的使用和优化词汇学习策略,以扩大词汇量。优化词汇学习策略,以扩大词汇量。英语词教学策略英语词教学策略 1.1.词块策略(基本记忆单位)词块策略(基本记忆单位)2.2.语境策略(上下文推断)语境策略(上下文推断)3.3.语义场策略(归类联想)语义场策略(归类联想)4.4.文化策略文化策略 (跨文化意识)(跨文化意识)词汇教学建议:词汇教学建议:1 1、词句结合,语篇综合,在语境中深化、词句结合,语篇综合,在语境中深化2 2、学以致用,学用结合,在运用中掌握、学以致用,学用结合,在运用中掌握3 3、训练策略,形成习惯,培养自主学习能力、训练策略,形成习惯,培养自主学习能力4 4、课内课外并举,隐形显性结合,拓展词汇、课内课外并举,隐形显性结合,拓展词汇学用渠道学用渠道5 5、科学记忆,循序渐进,提高词汇学习效、科学记忆,循序渐进,提高词汇学习效率率 Preview work checking We can easily make out blue collar workers from the way they are dressed because they always wear _.overalls Liu Xiang is _ a flying man because he is a world record holder and Olympic gold medalist.He also recently won victory at the IAAF Championships in Osaka,Japan.be referred to as:be called/be regarded as/be thought of as We say the greatest love in the world is mothers love because a mother will _ her life for her children anytime and anywhere.sacrifice People are not allowed to smoke in the forest because carelessly throwing cigarette ends in the forest may _ serious fires.give rise to/lead to/cause/generate/serve to/triggerCan you tell a word that matches its definition?1.to feel that there is no hope at alldespair V.despair of(doing)sthdespair N.in despair2.be about(sth);have as a subjectconcern V.3.to damage or change something so much that it is completely spoiled mutilate V.4.the worry,disappointment,or unhappiness you feel about something unpleasantdismay N.with/in dismay/to sbs dismayContext&Definition The prisoner of war changed into the guards The prisoner of war changed into the guards clothes and _escaped death.clothes and _escaped death.narrowly(only just,with little to spare)narrowly(only just,with little to spare)The _ square was a sea of flowers.The _ square was a sea of flowers.immense(very large)immense(very large)There was a head-on _ between a motorcycle There was a head-on _ between a motorcycle and a truck on the highway.and a truck on the highway.collisioncollision The _ for admission to this school are very high.The _ for admission to this school are very high.standards(sth.used as a test or measure for standards(sth.used as a test or measure for weights,lengths,qualities or for the required weights,lengths,qualities or for the required degree of excellence)degree of excellence)Revision of the new things(blank-filling)1.Look at the Transformer I bought for my son.It has become one of his _ possessions.prize 2.The policemen were doing some investigations about the _.theft 3.On being given the fifty pence,George _ to obtain some chocolates for himself.set out 4.It usually takes quite a few years to _a foreign language skill.acquireSentence Imitation 1.In many ways,this is unfortunate for sb.who In the plum rain season in south China,it sometimes rains for dozens of days on end.In many ways,this is unfortunate for the poor farmers who mostly rely on the weather for a good harvest.2.As long ago as,made the remarkable discovery that Patterns to imitate:The city at one time must have been.,for it The Winter Palace at one time must have been very splendid,for it covered a large area and served as a place for the emperors entertainment.Pompei at one time must have been very prosperous,for people still can see the remains of the bakers and some other shops in the crowded streets.Li Bai at one time must have been very famous,for wherever you travel,you can always see his poems on the stones or walls.Many of his poems have been passed down for centuries.Patterns to imitate:are quite tolerant,but they can still when.Even really are often made to feel guilty.The hardened professional,on the other hand,is never troubled by such feelings,even if最近交通警察非常相当宽容,但是当你违反交通规则最近交通警察非常相当宽容,但是当你违反交通规则的时候,他们仍可以拦住你。甚至是最诚实,小心的的时候,他们仍可以拦住你。甚至是最诚实,小心的司机,有时也被弄得有负罪感。而老练的职业司机即使司机,有时也被弄得有负罪感。而老练的职业司机即使有时候犯规了,却也泰然处之。有时候犯规了,却也泰然处之。The traffic police are quite tolerant these days,but they can still stop you w h e n y o u b r e a k t h e t r a f f i c regulations.Even really honest and careful drivers are sometimes made to feel guilty.The hardened professional driver,on the other hand,is never troubled by such feelings,even if he breaks the rules now and then.2.greeted by which convinced that 屋子里的一片狼藉,使我们相信这里前天晚上发生了屋子里的一片狼藉,使我们相信这里前天晚上发生了 一场争执。一场争执。We were greeted by a terrible mess in the room which convinced us that there had a fight the precious night.一一 一一股霉味向他袭来,使他相信这个房子已经很久没股霉味向他袭来,使他相信这个房子已经很久没 人住了。人住了。He was greeted by an unpleasant mildew which suggested the house had been uninhabited for a long time.Patterns to imitate:When reports came into that,they were not taken seriously.When word from secret source came into the Pentagon that there would be a major terrorist action on Sept.11,it was not taken seriously.秘密渠道传来的消息说九月十一日将发生秘密渠道传来的消息说九月十一日将发生一个恐怖袭击一个恐怖袭击,当这个消息到达五角大楼时当这个消息到达五角大楼时,没有引起重视没有引起重视.Quick responses:Recast these sentences with words and expressions given below Adapting the story with the help of the following things:1)tellingabout 2)found out acquired 3)accusedof 4)threatened to,had betteror 5)felt ashamed of 6)apologized tofor having accused 7)astonished to find out phrases with“turn”very great in size,degree,quantity immense,immense,huge,huge,colossal,colossal,enormous,enormous,tremendous,tremendous,vast,vast,giant,giant,gigantic,gigantic,titanic titanic adj.(very big,strongadj.(very big,strong,impressive,etc.)impressive,etc.)titan n.(a very strong or important person)titan n.(a very strong or important person)the disabled peopleconfidence What spirits and characteristics make the disabled successful?beliefdeterminationoptimismBrainstormingamazedabsurdawfulamusedsurprisedalarmed embarrasseddisturbingfrightening ridiculouselegantJohn Butlin runs a successful furniture business and after a very good day,he put his wallet containing 3,000 into the microwave oven for safekeeping.Then he and his fiance,Jane,went horse-riding,after which Jane cooked their dinner in the microwave oven only to find to their dismay that the money had been destroyed.John went to see his bank manager who sent the remains to the Mutilated Ladies department who identified the remains and returned the money.Summary词汇长久记忆工序(陈琳,词汇长久记忆工序(陈琳,20042004)初次音形义的了解初次音形义的了解多种语境意义理解多种语境意义理解多通道并用记忆多通道并用记忆与四会技能结合运用与四会技能结合运用尝试多次会议尝试多次会议不断校正不断校正经常提取经常提取维尔金斯(Wilkins,1983)“词的意义来自它所出现的词的意义来自它所出现的语言中,因此词的意义必须通语言中,因此词的意义必须通过它所出现的句子、语境、语过它所出现的句子、语境、语篇去学习。篇去学习。”语言学家吕叔湘语言学家吕叔湘 “词语要嵌在上下文词语要嵌在上下文里头才有生命里头才有生命,才容易才容易记住记住,才知道用法。才知道用法。”42 Final Words Try to have as many success oriented activities that are geared to the age groups you teach.Gradually progress from one stage to another but vary the activities within each stage.Consider appealing to the various mutiple intelligences.词汇记忆的方法不胜枚举,八仙过海,各词汇记忆的方法不胜枚举,八仙过海,各显神通。学无定法,学有显神通。学无定法,学有常法常法,贵在,贵在得法得法,有,有一些科学的规律性的东西需要我们去遵循。一些科学的规律性的东西需要我们去遵循。e.g.e.g.1.1.词汇表策略(大容量浏览)词汇表策略(大容量浏览)2.2.语境策略(上下文推断)语境策略(上下文推断)3.3.语义场策略(归类联想)语义场策略(归类联想)英语词汇记忆策略英语词汇记忆策略常见英语常见英语词汇教学原则词汇教学原则1.1.量的原则量的原则2.2.多管齐下原则多管齐下原则3.3.信息编码原则信息编码原则 4.4.及时强化原则及时强化原则 5.5.学以致用原则学以致用原则 6.6.借力使力原则借力使力原则7.7.共同经验原则共同经验原则艾宾浩斯遗忘曲线艾宾浩斯遗忘曲线z z遗忘先慢后快的规律遗忘先慢后快的规律4 4小时小时9 9小小时时词块知多少?词块知多少?The Milky Waymonkey businessmoving companylaid-offanimal yearoverseas student银河银河恶作剧恶作剧搬家公司搬家公司下岗人员下岗人员本命年本命年留学生留学生词块(词块(chunking)I mean what I say.I cant tell.I cant stand it.Its a long story.I wasnt born yesterday.I enjoy your company.Its a deal.Apples and oranges.in or around the village词块的效率词块的效率Lets make up.You will be better off.Keep your fingers crossed.Its up in the air.Catch me later.Dont get me wrong.For here or to go?Dont take any chances.词块的效率词块的效率An apple a day keeps the doctor away.谚谚 一天一个苹果一天一个苹果,医生不上门。医生不上门。apple of ones/the eye瞳孔瞳孔,掌上明珠掌上明珠;心爱的宝贝心爱的宝贝a heavy light,fine rain一阵大一阵大小、细小、细雨雨a rain of tears泪如雨下泪如雨下cats and dogs美俚美俚价值低的股票价值低的股票,杂物杂物;零星东西零星东西猛烈地猛烈地,大量地大量地(指大雨指大雨)词块的效率词块的效率a green fruit未熟的水果未熟的水果a green wound新伤口新伤口a green old age老当益壮老当益壮a boy green to his job工作无经验的小伙子工作无经验的小伙子green timber未干的木材未干的木材a green face苍白苍白发青发青的脸的脸I suspect that my friends are greening me.我怀疑我的朋友们在作弄我。我怀疑我的朋友们在作弄我。词汇的文化内涵词汇的文化内涵beef teablack teamake(the)teaafternoon teagreen teaice teajasmine teaoolong red teastrong weak teaones cup of tea牛肉汤牛肉汤汁汁红茶红茶泡茶泡茶,沏茶沏茶午后茶点午后茶点绿茶绿茶冰茶冰茶茉莉花茶茉莉花茶乌龙茶乌龙茶浓浓淡淡茶茶喜爱的东西;正中下怀喜爱的东西;正中下怀词汇的文化差异词汇的文化差异吃了没有吃了没有?How are you?最近很忙吧?最近很忙吧?Hows it going?慢点走。慢点走。Take care.干杯!干杯!Cheers!来,敬您一杯!来,敬您一杯!To your health.您干得真好!您干得真好!You did a good job.您过奖了!您过奖了!Thank you.这是我应该做的!这是我应该做的!My pleasure.词汇的文化巧合词汇的文化巧合自食其言自食其言 eat ones words一个接一个一个接一个 one by one乱七八糟乱七八糟 as sixes and sevens第六感觉第六感觉 sixth sense在我的眼皮底下在我的眼皮底下 under my nose隔墙有耳隔墙有耳 walls have ears一耳进另一耳出一耳进另一耳出 go in one ear and out the other构词法的适量应用构词法的适量应用不宜过份信赖构词法不宜过份信赖构词法indifferent footysettlingcatchmentrespectivestickinggentlertransparency漠不关心的漠不关心的无足轻重的无足轻重的,保管很差的保管很差的,褴褛的褴褛的沉淀物沉淀物集水集水,集水处集水处(水库或集水盆地水库或集水盆地)分别的分别的,各自的各自的粘的粘的,有粘性的有粘性的温和的温和的,优雅的优雅的透明透明,透明度透明度,幻灯片幻灯片,有图案的有图案的玻璃玻璃5.5.学以致用原则学以致用原则 You cant own a word until you use it three times.Long time no see.(语言的约定俗成性语言的约定俗成性)过犹不及!过犹不及!go to big/small;No three,no four.Give you some color see see.Good good study,day day up.6.6.借力使力原则借力使力原则 词汇辅助记忆软件:词汇辅助记忆软件:英语词汇逻辑记忆、英语八哥、英语词汇逻辑记忆、英语八哥、不知不觉背单词、三心二意背单词、我爱背单词不知不觉背单词、三心二意背单词、我爱背单词词汇量测试软件:词汇量测试软件:“你的词汇量有多少你的词汇量有多少”(推荐)(推荐)工具书:查询词典和学习词典工具书:查询词典和学习词典1.1.成功体验原则成功体验原则2.2.尝试回忆原则尝试回忆原则3.3.高频优先原则高频优先原则4.4.分类标注原则分类标注原则易被忽略的英语易被忽略的英语词汇学习原则词汇学习原则词汇记忆策略词汇记忆策略第一:大容量浏览!第一:大容量浏览!按开头字母(Z,Y,X,Q,J,K,U)、(V,W,N,O,L)、(FG,IT,HM,BDE,R)、(C,P,S,A)的顺序浏览,而且还要记得为没有把握的词汇做上记号。第二:零敲碎打!第二:零敲碎打!这种记忆几乎不需要什么意志努力就能做到,你不会烦,所以也就更容易记牢,日积月累一年,你就知道自己的持之以恒有多么举足轻重了。快速扩充词汇量的有效途径快速扩充词汇量的有效途径第三:学以致用!第三:学以致用!You cant own a word unless you use it three times.一是自己用刚背过的单词造句(口笔头);二是在阅读的上下文语境中复现词汇;三是通过做适量的词汇题和其他类型的典型试题;四是写英语日记、口译身边事件。第四:联想记忆!第四:联想记忆!这个词汇有哪些词性变化?和其他词汇有没有外表类似的?读音类似的?词义类似或相反的?快速扩充词汇量的有效途径快速扩充词汇量的有效途径第五:及时复习!第五:及时复习!1.1.遗忘先快后慢,你记忆过的词汇在遗忘先快后慢,你记忆过的词汇在4 4小时,最迟在小时,最迟在9 9小时内一定要复习一遍。小时内一定要复习一遍。2.2.尝试回忆举足轻重,尝试回忆举足轻重,3.3.动笔是很朴素而有效的突破途径,每天要确保动动笔是很朴素而有效的突破途径,每天要确保动笔写过的新词在笔写过的新词在3030个左右。个左右。快速扩充词汇量的有效途径快速扩充词汇量的有效途径第六:借力使力!第六:借力使力!词汇辅助记忆软件:词汇辅助记忆软件:“英语词汇逻辑记忆英语词汇逻辑记忆”、“英英语八哥语八哥”、“不知不觉背单词不知不觉背单词”、“三心二意背单三心二意背单词词”、“我爱背单词我爱背单词”词汇量测试软件:词汇量测试软件:“你的词汇量有多少你的词汇量有多少”词汇记忆游戏软件词汇记忆游戏软件第七:大量阅读!第七:大量阅读!对于词汇记忆来说,泛读显得更重要一些。对于词汇记忆来说,泛读显得更重要一些。要是已经背过了却遗忘了,就单独抄下来,和听力要是已经背过了却遗忘了,就单独抄下来,和听力练习中没听出来的词放在一起,重点消灭它们。练习中没听出来的词放在一起,重点消灭它们。快速扩充词汇量的有效途径快速扩充词汇量的有效途径第八:自言自语!第八:自言自语!这是提高口语水平的重要途径,也是扩大词汇量这是提高口语水平的重要途径,也是扩大词汇量的康庄大道。尽可能的康庄大道。尽可能“心译心译”你接触到的东西,如一你接触到的东西,如一闪而过的广告,无意听到的话语,日常接触的事件等。闪而过的广告,无意听到的话语,日常接触的事件等。如果你发现心译某些信息时刚好让刚背过的词汇派上如果你发现心译某些信息时刚好让刚背过的词汇派上用场,你就可以好好领略学以致用的喜悦了,如果被用场,你就可以好好领略学以致用的喜悦了,如果被卡住了,记得留心一下,回去及时查阅。卡住了,记得留心一下,回去及时查阅。快速扩充词汇量的有效途径快速扩充词汇量的有效途径第九:常听不懈!第九:常听不懈!进行大量的听力练习可以为以后记忆五千到一万进行大量的听力练习可以为以后记忆五千到一万词汇奠定可持续发展的基础。词汇奠定可持续发展的基础。泛听能够让高频词汇在你的耳朵磨出茧子来,而泛听能够让高频词汇在你的耳朵磨出茧子来,而且要见缝插针,一有机会就听,如果你用宽带网,你且要见缝插针,一有机会就听,如果你用宽带网,你可以经常在可以经常在“浩然考试网浩然考试网”在线收听在线收听VOAVOA、BBCBBC、ABCABC或或CBCCBC等实时英语广播节目。等实时英语广播节目。精听的意义在于找出你没听清的那些词,也就是精听的意义在于找出你没听清的那些词,也就是你背过但还不熟悉的单词。最好别拿英语广播当自己你背过但还不熟悉的单词。最好别拿英语广播当自己的听力教材,那只能当泛听用的。你可以使用的听力教材,那只能当泛听用的。你可以使用Step Step by Stepby Step之类的听力教材,一丝不苟,循序渐进。之类的听力教材,一丝不苟,循序渐进。快速扩充词汇量的有效途径快速扩充词汇量的有效途径1 1、词汇记忆一天也、词汇记忆一天也不能中断不能中断。如果时间确实太紧,。如果时间确实太紧,每天哪怕挤出每天哪怕挤出1010分钟也好;分钟也好;2 2、要是学得累了,不必过于勉强自己,也可以改变、要是学得累了,不必过于勉强自己,也可以改变一下学习方式,一下学习方式,不拘一格不拘一格,自娱自乐;,自娱自乐;3 3、抄录和记忆句子和惯用语时要用单数、抄录和记忆句子和惯用语时要用单数第一人称第一人称;4 4、词汇好比碉堡,必须、词汇好比碉堡,必须多管齐下多管齐下,从四面八方向它,从四面八方向它围攻:读报纸,听广播,看原文电影,听外语讲演,围攻:读报纸,听广播,看原文电影,听外语讲演,攻读课本,在英语语音聊天室用英语聊天,在线和外攻读课本,在英语语音聊天室用英语聊天,在线和外国朋友通讯交流等等。国朋友通讯交流等等。快速扩充词汇量的几个小小的建议快速扩充词汇量的几个小小的建议
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