同位语、定语从句等

、N ClauseSubject clause, object clause, predicative clause, appositive clause, complement clauseIntroducer: three categories: that : if/whether; wh series一、 Object clauseIntroducer: that (usually can be omitted) , what, how, if/whether, why, which, where, who, when, whatever, whoever, etc.1、All signs showed (that) the man knew nothing of what had happened here. 1990/58( translation, Chinese to English )2、The behaviorists maintain that, like machines, humans respond to environmental stimuli as the basis of their behavior. 1990/64(English to Chinese)3、We do not agree with what he has just said.4、People have wondered for a long time how their personalities and behaviors are formed. (way)5、Anyone who has ridden on a train knows how rapidly another train flashes by when it is traveling in the opposite direction. (degree)6、I dont know if other clients are going to abandon me, too.7、He asked me whether my brother had flown to Beijing or not.8、One basic difference of opinion concerns the question of whether or not the city as such is to be preserved.(notice: if and whether can be replaced by each other, but when “or not” appear, in “prepositional object” sentence, “whether” is used) 9、You should know why you are reading or studying. 10、They have no way of knowing which train is in motion and which is at rest.11、Young people dont know where they should go next.12、You may never find out who dealt with the complaint later.13、She hasnt decided who (whom) she should first make contact with. 14、There are still no forecast for when faster-than-light travel will be available.15、We can accomplish whatever you can accomplish, and with better results.16、They always give the vacant seats to whoever comes first.“it” as formal object, usually like: have it that ( means it says that), insist on/upon it that, make it clear that, see to it that, take it that, etc. In such situation , that cannot be omitted.17、I insist upon it that we should be honest.18、The rapid development of laser techniques in the past ten years has made it clear that the future is likely to be very exciting. (2009 doctors degree)19、Rumor has it that more than 20 books on creationism/evolution are in the publishers pipeline. ( being published) (1996/te5)20、There are those who consider it questionable that these defense-linked research projects will account for (to be the reason why) an improvement in the standard of living or, alternately, do much to protect our diminishing resources.Separated from the verbs:21、Actually we know from the drawing which Galileo made of sunspots that there must have been quite a lot of them at the time of his observations in the years 1611 and 1612.Two clauses of the same verb:22、This information allows businessmen to keep track of their list of goods by showing which items are being sold and how fast they are moving. (1994/ tx)Points to be noticed:1. “that” cannot be the introducer of prepositional object clause, exceptions: when “except”, “but”, “in” etc. are referred,. Eg :She remembered nothing about him except that his hair was black.2. Verbs such as advise, ask, demand, desire, insist, order, propose, request, suggest are referred, the clause must be subjunctive. i.e. (should) do He asked that we (should) get there before nine oclock. The teacher advised us that we (should) not waste our time. 3. Tense should be unanimous, i.e.1)、when the main clause use “present” or “future” tense, the subordinate clause can use whatever needed. E.g. :He always says that he is our good friend. When the teacher knows what we have done, he will say that we have done a good deed. 2)、when the main clause use “past” tense, the subordinate clause must use “past” tense correspondingly. E.g. :He didnt tell us he came from Shanghai. He said he had read the book. 3)、however, when the subordinate clause states objective truths or facts, even though the main clause use “past” tense, the subordinate clause still use “present” tense. E.g. :Chairman Mao said that all the imperialists are paper tigers. When we were children, we were told that China is in the east of the world. In the following 8 situations, “that” cannot be omitted: 1. when there is parenthesis before the object clause, e.g We hope, on the contrary, that he will stay at home with us. 2. when there is indirect object, e.g He told me that he was leaving for Japan. 3. when there are two parallel object clause, “that” in the later one cannot be omitted. e.g. He said (that) the book was very interesting and that (cannt be omitted) all the children like to read it.4. in “it(formal object)+complement ” e.g I think it necessary that he should stay here. 5. when the clause is singly used to answer the question: e.g What did he hear?That Kate had passed the exam. 6. when “that” appears behind the prepositions such as except, etc. e.g. He has no special fault except that he smokes too much.7. when “that” appears at the beginning of the sentence. e.g. That our team will win, I believe. 8. in some formal/ official situations, or behind some verbs which are not often used, such as reply, object. e.g. He replied that he disagreed. 二、predicative clauseIntroducer: that, what, when, where, whether, why, becauseetc.1、The most important point of his speech was that we should all work wholeheartedly for the people.2、the reason I didnt go to France was that I got a new job. ( we cant say: the reason I didnt go to France was because I got a new job. Cos “because” cant be the introducer of noun clause.)3、China is not what it used to be.4、raw material is what we are badly in need of.5、the biggest problem is how we can get rid of poverty.6、A great marriage is not when the perfect couple comes together. It is when an imperfect couple learns to enjoy their differences.7、Our schools are where we send our children to get a practical education-not to pursue knowledge for the sake of knowledge. （2004/tx 38、the question is whether laser will be most used for peaceful purposes or as a deadly weapon. ( wrong: if ， cos “if” cant be the introducer of predicative clause) PS: He was ill. Thats why he was sent to the hospital.He was sent to the hospital. Thats because he was ill.A special sentential form: A is to B what C is to D (comparing C to D, mean to emphasize how important A to B)9、The pen is to a writer what the gun is to a soldier.10、air is to us what water is to fish.11、reading is to the mind what food is to the body.三、complement clauseGeneral Pattern: sb. is +adj + complement clause1、were really sorry (that) he has become paralyzed.2、we are very glad (that) he has fulfilled the task in time.3、in recent years, people have begun to become aware that cities are also areas where there is a concentration of problems.四、Subject clauseThat, what, whether, how, whom, whoever, etc.1 、that the plates are moving is not beyond dispute. (wrong： the plates are moving is not beyond dispute. Although “that” has no actual meaning, it cant be omitted.)2、that our environmental has little, if anything, to do with our abilities, characteristics and behavior is central to this theory. 3、what I am doing is sth more boring.4、what he enjoys doing is ignored by society as of no value or importance.5、whether the results will be valuable, meaningless, or even misleading depends partly upon the tool itself but largely upon the user. (wrong: if cos when “whether” is at the beginning of the sentence, cant be replaced by “if”.) (1995)6、how we see ourselves as we try a new way of being is essential to our ability to grow.7、whoever gets the job will have a lot of work to do. ( wrong: who gets the job )It as the formal subject: when the sentence is too long , in order to balance 8、it is still a mystery by whom she was kidnapped.9、it is our hope that the two sides will work towards peace. (vs “emphasizing” )10、it doesnt matter much whether Mary comes to the party or not. (in such case, “whether” can be replaced by “if”, but “if” cant be used with “ or not”, so we can change the sentence as : it doesnt matter much if Mary comes to the party.)11、it makes no difference what you read or study if you cant remember it.12、it is possible that one day in the near future we will depend on solar furnaces and power stations to provide our electrical needs.Two sentences as subject clause:13、whether such a sense of fairness evolved independently in capuchins and humans, or whether it stems from the common ancestor that the species had 35 million years ago, is, as yet, an unanswered question. (2005/tx 1)14、it is imagined by many that the operations of the common mind can be by no means compared with those of the scientists minds, and that they have to be acquired by a sort of special training. ( translate: many think that) (1990)五、appositive clauseTo further explain the N, especially the abstract N, such as:agreement assumption awareness belief claim conclusion conviction concern decision delusion determination discovery doubt dream evidence explanation fact feeling guarantee guess hope idea knowledge likelihood message mind news notion objection opinion possibility prediction probability problem proof proposal proposition question realization rumor reply report remark sign suggestion theory thought truth introduce: that (the most common one) whether what how1 、I have no doubt that he will overcome all his difficulties. 2、there is evidence that people once settled in this place during the Stone and Bronze ages. 3、A century ago , Freud formulated his revolutionary theory that dreams were the disguised shadows of our unconscious desires and fears. (05/te3/pa1/se/2)4、they are investigating the question whether the man is trustworthy. 5、I have not made up my mind what elective subjects I am to take next term. 6、when you are about halfway through the story, try to make a guess how the plot will develop. The clause are separated from the N: in order to keep balance7、the fact remains that the merger movement must be watched. (2001/tx4 8、concerns were raised that witnesses might be encouraged to exaggerate their stories in court to ensure guilty verdicts.9、Abraham Lincoln is the most famous instance of the claim that Americans often made that in their country a man may rise from the lowest to the highest position.Two clauses modify the same N:10、if you see an article (commodity) consistently advertised, it is the surest proof I know that the article does what is claimed for it, and that it represents good value. (1995)How to translate the subject clause:、to add some words such as “ i.e. , that is , also that, it shows that ,etc.” (Chinese) or separate by “,” or use “:”These leaders are living proof that prevention works and that we can manage the health problems that come naturally with age. 、translate the N into VerbThere is a growing awareness that this is not enough. A good color is often a sign that the food has a lot of vitamins.、translate the subordinate clause into adjThe Prime Minister refused to comment on the rumor that he had planned to resign.Summary : “that” vs “ what”“That” as the introducer in N clause, it has no meaning with no sentence part, simply connecting the sentences, “ that” can be omitted in object clause, but can not in subject clause, predicative clause, appositive clause.“what” is not only as the introducer, but also as part of sentence, meaning “of ”, equal to “N + that” e.g. 1. that That she lacks experience is obvious. The police learned that he wasnt there at that time. He realized that she too was exhausted. My idea is that you shouldnt have left the country. Bob has the mistaken idea that tomorrow is a holiday. It was quite apparent that he didnt want to come. It is natural that they should have different views. 2. whatWhat (=The thing that) he said was true. What he had hoped at last came true. What he said is beneath contempt. What he says is true, possibly. What she saw gave her a fright.。What I want to say is this. Im sorry for what I said. Thats what I want to know. You had better hear what I have to say. I managed to get what I wanted. It was what he meant rather than what he said. Theres something in what he says. Her interest was roused by what he said. He was always conscious of the fact that she did not approve of what he was doing. Have you any idea what time it starts? 、Attributive clauseIn function, the attributive clause is equal to an adj. Two categories: restrictive and nonrestrictive When the proper N is modified, the nonrestrictive clause must be used. e.g. 1、“I struck gold,” says Redmon, who E-mails his resume to the employer and won a position as in-house counsel for a company. Introducer: 、relative pronoun: that, which, who, whom, whose、relative adverb: when, where, why, whereby“That” can modify both person and thing: 2、A professors teaching style is another factor that determines the degree and type of student participation.3、the man that told you the news will come here this afternoon.“which” can only modify things, and can modify the whole sentence4、the news which I am going to tell you about is rather serious. ( vs appositive clause) 5、the sun warms the earth, which makes it possible for plants to grow. (must use “,” to divide, and which cant be replaced by it or this, cos although they can refer to what has said, they can not connect the two sentences.) 6、this will tend to increase the supply offered by seller-producers, which in turn will lower the price and permit more consumers to buy the products.“Who” , “whom” only modify person:7、he is one of those persons who are never satisfied.8、Im sure Besty is the very girl whom （or who）you will be glad to get acquainted with. 9、Im sure Besty is the very girl with whom （never who）you will be glad to get acquainted. “whose” means “of” both person and thing10 、B.F.Stkinner sees humans as beings whose behavior is almost completely shaped by their surroundings.11、it is a great land mass with mountain ranges whose extent and elevation are still uncertain. “when” as time adverbial adjunct 12、in 1921 Einstein won the Nobel Prize, and was honored in Germany until the rise of Nazism when he was driven from Germany because he was a Jew. “where” as 13、schools remain a place where intellect is mistrusted.“why” modify “reason” why can be omitted14、the reason why he opposed the nomination is not clear. “vs apposi-”15、the reason (why) the pound is declining in value against the dollar is that American interest rates are being kept so high.“whereby” equal to by which16、teaching has traditionally been the method whereby many intellectuals earn their living.17、the films belief (newspaper) dont sound like the usual Washington back-and-forthing, whereby agencies avoid dramatic declarations on the chance they might be wrong. Unusual pattern: introduced by than, as, but“than” , when the N is modified by er, est18、the result is much better than (the result) we expected.19、the project requires more labor than has been put in. “as” : both restrictive and nonrestrictive when “such, as ,the same” appear before the N or such, the same itself20、new technology will eventually create as many jobs as it destroys.21、you are just the same as you were the day when I first met you. (that also can be used in this situation) 22、hes not such a fool as you assumed him to be.23、as one might expect, the two approaches are very different from each other. 24、Stratford-on-Avon, as we all know, has only one industry-William Shakespeare.25、we hope the measures to control prices, as taken by the government, will succeed.“but” : the main clause must be negative, equal to “which not” or “whonot”. (double negative, emphasizing)26、there is no child but knows him. ( all the child know him)27、there is no rose but has some thorns. 28、there is scarcely a man but has his weak side. Notice: when the introducer as object in the subordinate clause there is no pronoun before the NWith pronoun before the introducer: in the need of the N, in the need of the certain word in sub clause, in the need of expression 29、we are not conscious of the extent to which work provides the psychological satisfaction that can make the difference between a full and an empty life. (30、his overall attitude towards science is sth from which everyone can and should learn. 31、world population is increasing at a rate with which food and other production may not be abe to keep pace. 32、there r formal lectures during which the student has a passive role33、nearly 75 percent of the total Canadian population live in cities, the largest of which are Montreal and Toronto. Some particular situations “that” be the introducer:1、the antecedent N are indefinite pronoun such as “sth, everything, nothing, all, much, many, some, any, few, little, none, one I am interested in all that you have told me.Every new generation is different from the one that preceded it.2、the antecedent N is modified by “ only, first, last, etc.” Food isnt the only problem that such a population explosion presents.3、the antecedent N is modified by “ er, est “This is the best article that has ever been written on the subject. They were the largest and most distant objects that scientists had ever detected.when there is preposition; or is nonrestrictive clause; or the antecedent is that, “that” is not used e.gThey did immediately that which I told them to do. (what can replace that which) The clause is separated from the antecedent:1、Some sensors are being developed which will reveal a great deal more about our real world.2、the times is not far away when modern communications will become widespread in Chinas vast countryside.3、from time to time questions will arise which will require specific scientific answers.Two clauses modifying the same antecedent:There are many valuable services which the public are willing to pay for, but which do not bring a return in money to the community. (19900One clause modifying two antecedents:The degree to which and the way in which a school encourages participation in games, sports and cultural pursuits are likely to contribute to the shaping of leisure attitudes on the part of the students. Never leave that until tomorrow , which you can do today . Franklin A journey of one thousand miles begins with a single step.