中英文外文翻译--数据采集系统

数据采集系统数据采集系统，正如名字所暗示的，是一种用来采集信息成文件或分析一些 现象的产品或过程。在最简单的形式中，技术人员将烤箱的温度记录在一张纸上 就是数据采集。随着技术的发展，通过电子设备，这个过程已经得到简化和变得 比较精确、多用途和可靠。设备从简单的存储器发展到复杂的电脑系统。数据采 集产品像聚焦点一样为系统服务，和一系列产品一起，诸如传感器显示温度、水 流、程度或者过程。数据采集技术在过去 30到40 年以来已经取得了很大的飞跃。举例来说,在 40 年以前,在一个著名的学院实验室中,为追踪用青铜做的坩埚中的温度上升情 况的装置是由热电偶、继电器、查询台、一捆纸和一支铅笔。今天的大学学生很可能在PC机上自动处理和分析数据，有很多种可供你选 择的方法去采集数据。至于选择哪一种方法取决于多种因素，包括任务的复杂度、 你所需要的速度和精度、你想要的证据资料等等。无论是简单的还是复杂的，数 据 采集系统都能够运行并发挥它的作用。用铅笔和纸的旧方式对于一些情形仍然是可行的，而且它便宜、易获得、快 速和容易开始。而你所需要的就是捕捉到多路数字信息（DMM）,然后开始用手 记录数据。不幸的是这种方法容易发生错误、采集数据变慢和需要太多的人工分析。此 外，它只能单通道采集数据；但是当你使用多通道 DMM 时，系统将很快变得非 常庞大和呆笨拙。精度取决于誊写器的水平，并且你可能需要自己动手依比例输 入。 举例来说, 如果 DMM 没有配备处理温度的传感器,旧需要动手找比例。考虑 到这些限制，只有当你需要实行一个快速实验时，它才是一个可接受的方法。现代多种版本的长条图表记录仪允许你从多个输入取得数据。他们提供数 据的长备纸记录,因为数据是图解的格式,他们易于现场采集数据。一旦建立了长 条图表记录仪，在没有操作员或计算机的情况下，大多数记录仪具有足够的内部 智能运行。缺点是缺乏灵活性和相对的精度低， 时常限制在百分点。你能很清楚 地感觉到与笔只有小的改变。在多通道内较长时间的监控， 记录仪能发挥很好的 作用，除此之外，它 们的价值得到限制。 举例来说，他们不能够与另外的装置轮 流作用。其他的顾虑就是笔和纸的维护,纸的供给和数据的存储,最重要的是纸的 滥用和浪费。然而， 记录仪相当容易建立和操作， 为数据快速而简单的分析提供 永久的记录。一些 benchtop DMMs 提供可选择的扫描能力。 仪器的背面有一个槽孔接收一张在较多输入时能多重发讯的扫描仪卡片，通常是8到10通道的mux。固有的在仪器的前面嵌板中的受到限制。它的柔韧性也受到限制，因为它不能超过可 用通道数。外部的PC机通常处理数据采集和分析。PC 机插件卡片是单板测量系统，它利用 ISA 或 PCI 总线在 PC 机内扩大插 槽。它们时常具有高达每秒 1000 的阅读速率。 8 到 16 通道是普遍的，采集的数 据直接存储在电脑里，然后进行分析。因为卡片本质上是计算机的一部分,建立测 试是容易的。 PC 机卡也相对的便宜,一部分地，因为他们以来主机 PC 去提供能 源、机械附件和使用界面。数据采集的选择在缺点上，PC机插件卡片时常只有12字的容量，因此你不能察觉输入信号 的小变化。此外,PC机内的电子环境经常很容易发出噪声、产生高速率的时钟和 总线噪声， 电子接触面限制 PC 机插件卡片的精度。 这些插件卡片也测量一定范 围的电压。 为了测量其他输入信号，如电压、温度和阻力，你也许需要一些外部 信号监测的器件。其它关心包括复 杂的校正和全部的系统成本,尤其如果你需要 购买额外信号监测器件或用 PC 机适应插件卡片。把这些考虑进去，如果你的需 要在卡片的能力和限制范围内变动， PC 机插件卡片给数据采集提供吸引人的方 法。数据电子自动记录仪是典型的单机仪器，一旦配备它们,就能测量、 记录和显 示数据而不需要操作员或计算机参与。它们能够处理多信号输入，有时可达 120 通道。 精度可与无与伦比的台式 DMMs 匹敌,由于它在 22 字、 0.004 个百分率 的精度范围内运转。一些数据电子自动记录仪有能力按比例测量,检查结果不受 使用者定义的限制,而且输出为控制作信号。使用数据电子自动记录仪的一个好处就是他们的内部监测信号。大部分能 够直接地测量若干不同的输入信号，而不需要额外的信号监测器件。一个通道能 够监测热电偶、温阻器(RTD )和电压。热电偶为准确的温度测量提供具有参考价 值的补偿，是很典型的配备了多 路插件卡片。内 设智能数据电子自动记录仪帮助你设定测量周期和具体指定每 个通道的参数。一旦你全部设定好，数据电子自动记录仪就如同无与伦比的装置 运行。它们存储的数据分布在内存中,能够容纳 500000或更多的阅读量。与 PC 机连接容易将数据传送到电脑进行进一步的分析。大多数数据电子自 动记录仪可设计为柔性和简单的组态和操作, 而且经由电池包裹或其它方法，多 数提供远程位置的操作选项。靠 A/ D 转换技术,一定的数据电子自动记录仪阅 读的速率比较低，尤其是跟 PC 机插件卡片比较。然而，每秒 250 的阅读速率比 较少见。要牢记正在测量的许多现象本质上是物理的，如温度、 压力和流量，而且一般有较少的变动。此外，因为数据电子自动记录仪的监测精度,多量且平均阅 读没有必要，就像它们经常在 PC 记插件卡片一样。前端数据采集经常做成模块而且是典型地与 PC 机或控制器连接。他们被用 于自动化的测试中，为其它测试装备采集数据、控制和循环检测信号。发送信号 测试装备的零配件。前端运转的效率是非常高的,能与速度和精度与最好的单机 仪器匹敌。前端数据采集在很多模型里都能运行，包括VXI版本，如Agilent E1419A多功能测量和VXI控制模型，还有专有的卡片升降室。虽然前端器成本 已经降低，但是这些系统可能会非常贵，除非你需要提供高的运转，而查找它们的 价格是禁止的。另一方面，它们的确能够提供相当多的可挠性和测量能力。好的、成本低的数据电子自动记录仪有合适的通道数（20-60 通道）和扫描速 率相对低但对于多数工程师的普遍应用已足够。一些关键的应用包括:产品特征电子产品的热靠模切削环境的测试环境的监测组成物特征电池测试建筑物和计算机容量监测DATA ACQUISITION SYSTEMSData acquisition systems, as the name implies, are products and/or processes used to collect information to document or analyze some phenomenon. In the simplest form, a technician logging the temperature of an oven on a piece of paper is performing data acquisition. As technology has progressed, this type of process has been simplified and made more accurate, versatile, and reliable through electronic equipment. Equipment ranges from simple recorders to sophisticated computer systems. Data acquisition products serve as a focal point in a system, tying together a wide variety of products, such as sensors that indicate temperature, flow, level, or pressure. Some common data acquisition terms are shown below.Data acquisition technology has taken giant leaps forward over the last 30 to 40 years. For example, 40 years ago, in a typical college lab, apparatus for tracking the temperature rise in a crucible of sodium tungsten- bronze consisted of a thermocouple, a bridge, a lookup table, a padof paper and a pencil.Todayscollege students are much more likely to use an automated process and analyze the data on a PC Today, numerous options are available for gathering data. The optimal choice depends on several factors, including the complexity of the task, the speed and accuracy you require, and the documentation you want. Data acquisition systems range from the simple to the complex, with a range of performance and functionality.The old pencil and paper approach is still viable for some situations, and it is inexpensive, readily available, quick and easy to get started. All you need to do is hook upa digital multiple meters (DMM) and begin recording data by hand.Unfortunately, this method is error-prone, tends to be slow and requires extensive manual analysis. In addition, it works only for a single channel of data; while you can use multiple DMMs, the system will quickly becomes bulky and awkward. Accuracy is dependent on the transcribers level of fastidiousness and you may need to scale input manually. For example, if the DMM is not set up to handle temperature sensors, manual scaling will be required. Taking these limitations into account, this is often an acceptable method when you need to perform a quick experiment.Modern versions of the venerable strip chart recorder allow you to capture data from several inputs. They provide a permanent paper record of the data, and because this data is in graphical format, they allow you to easily spot trends. Once set up, most recorders have sufficient internal intelligence to run unattended without the aid of either an operator or a computer. Drawbacks include a lack of flexibility and relatively low accuracy, which is often constrained to a few percentage points. You can typically perceive only small changes in the pen plots. While recorders perform well when monitoring a few channels over a long period of time, their value can be limited. For example, they are unable to turn another device on or off. Other concerns include pen and paper maintenance, paper supply and data storage, all of which translate into paper overuse and waste. Still, recorders are fairly easy to set up and operate, and offer a permanent record of the data for quick and simple analysis.Some bench top DMMs offer an optional scanning capability. A slot in the rear of the instrument accepts a scanner card that can multiplex between multiple inputs, with 8 to 10 channels of mux being fairly common. DMM accuracy and the functionality inherent in the instruments front panel are retained. Flexibility is limited in that it is not possible to expand beyond the number of channels available in the expansion slot. An external PC usually handles data acquisition and analysis.PC plug-in cards are single-board measurement systems that take advantage of the ISA or PCI-bus expansion slots in a PC. They often have reading rates as high as 100,000 readings per second. Counts of 8 to 16 channels are common, and acquired data is stored directly into the computer, where it can then be analyzed. Because the card is essentially part of the computer, it is easy to set up tests. PC cards also are relatively inexpensive, in part, because they rely on the host PC to provide power, the mechanical enclosure and the user interface.In the downside, PC plug-in cards often have only 12 bits of resolution, so you cant perceive small variations with the input signal. Furthermore, the electrical environment inside a PC tends to be noisy, with high-speed clocks and bus noise radiated throughout. Often, this electrical interference limits the accuracy of the PC plug-in card to that of a handheld DMM .These cards also measure a fairly limited range of dc voltage. To measure other input signals, such as ac voltage, temperature or resistance, you may need some sort of external signal conditioning. Additional concerns include problematic calibration and overall system cost, especially if you need to purchase additional signal conditioning accessories or a PC to accommodate the cards. Taking that into consideration, PC plug-in cards offer an attractive approach to data acquisition if your requirements fall within the capabilities and limitations of the card.Data loggers are typically stand-alone instruments that, once they are setup, can measure, record and display data without operator or computer intervention. They can handle multiple inputs, in some instances up to 120 channels. Accuracy rivals that found in standalone bench DMMs, with performance in the 22-bit, 0.004-percent accuracy range. Some data loggers have the ability to scale measurements, check results against user-defined limits, and output signals for control.One advantage of using data loggers is their built-in signal conditioning. Most are able to directly measure a number of different inputs without the need for additional signal conditioning accessories. One channel could be monitoring a thermocouple, another a resistive temperature device (RTD) and still another could be looking at voltage.Thermocouple reference compensation for accurate temperature measurement is typically built into the multiplexer cards. A data logger built-in intelligence helps you set up the test routine and specify the parameters of each channel. Once you have completed the setup, data loggers can run as standalone devices, much like a recorder. They store data locally in internal memory, which can accommodate 50,000 readings or more.PC connectivity makes it easy to transfer data to your computer for in-depth analysis. Most data loggers are designed for flexibility and simple configuration and operation, and many provide the option of remote site operation via battery packs or other methods. Depending on the A/D converter technique used, certain data loggers take readings at a relatively slow rate, especially compared to many PC plug-in cards. Still, reading speeds of 250 readings/second are not uncommon. Keep in mind that many of the phenomena being monitored are physical in nature such as temperature, pressure and flow and change at a fairly slow rate. Additionally, because of a data logger superior measurement accuracy, multiple readings and averaging are not necessary, as they often are inPC plug-in solutions.Data acquisition front ends are often modular and are typically connected to a PC or controller. They are used in automated test applications for gathering data and for controlling and routing signals in other parts of the test setup. Front end performance can be very high, with speed and accuracy rivaling the best standalone instruments. Data acquisition front ends are implemented in a number of formats, including VXI versions, such as the Agilent E1419A multifunction measurement and control VXI module, and proprietary card cages. Although front-end cost has been decreasing, these systems can be fairly expensive, and unless you require the high performance they provide, you may find their price to be prohibitive. On the plus side, they do offer considerable flexibility and measurement capability.A good, low-cost data logger with moderate channel count (20 - 60 channels) and a relatively slow scan rate is more than sufficient for many of the applications engineers commonly face. Some key applications include: Product characterization Thermal profiling of electronic products Environmental testing; environmental monitoring Component characterization Battery testing Building and computer room monitoring