大学英语四级语法课件

大学英语四级大学英语四级-语法篇语法篇时态复习时态复习 时时 态态 l时间状语从句当中的时态：l一般过去时 所有的过去l用 一般现在时 表示 现在和将来l现在完成时 现在完成和将来完成非谓语动词非谓语动词非谓语动词非谓语动词-不定式不定式 l1)形式形式l主动形式主动形式 被动形式被动形式一般式一般式 to do to be done完成式完成式 to have done to have been done进行式进行式 to be doing 完成进行式完成进行式 to have been doing la)完成式完成式:不定式的一般形式所表示的动作不定式的一般形式所表示的动作,通常与通常与主要谓语表示的动作主要谓语表示的动作(状态状态)同时同时(或几乎同时或几乎同时)发生发生,或或是在它之后发生是在它之后发生.假如不定式所表示的动作假如不定式所表示的动作,在谓语所在谓语所表示的动作表示的动作(状态状态)之前发生之前发生,就要用不定式的完成式就要用不定式的完成式.I am glad to have seen your mother(=I am glad I have seen your mother).(比较比较:I am glad to see you.)He is said to have written a new book about workers.He pretended not to have seen me.l b)进行式进行式:如果主要谓语表示的动作如果主要谓语表示的动作(状状态态)发生时发生时,不定式表示的动作正在进行不定式表示的动作正在进行,这时要用不定式的进行式这时要用不定式的进行式.You are not supposed to be working.You havent quite recovered yet.We didnt expect you to be waiting for us here.He pretended to be listening attentively.lc)完成进行式:在谓语所表示的时间之前一直进行的动作,就要用不定式的完成进行式.The struggle was known to have been going for twenty years.We are happy to have been working with you.ld)被动式:当不定式的逻辑上的主语是不定式所表示的动作的承受者时,不定式一般要用被动形式.It is an honour for me to be asked to speak here.He wanted the letter to be typed at once.This is bound to be found out.There are a lot of things to be done.She was too young to be assigned such work.l2)功用:不定式可以作主语(a),宾语(b),表语(c),定语(d)或是状语(e).a.To scold her would not be just.b.We are planning to build a reservoir here.c.One of our main tasks now is to mechanize agriculture.d.Do you have anything to declare?e.We have come to learn from you.l3)不带不带to 的不定式的不定式:la)在在“动词动词+宾语宾语+不定式不定式”结构中结构中,如果动如果动词是表示感觉意义的词是表示感觉意义的see,hear,watch,smell,feel,notice等等,或是表示或是表示“致使致使”意义的意义的 have,make,let等等,其后的不定式结构不带其后的不定式结构不带to.John made her tell him everything.l这类结构转换为被动语态时这类结构转换为被动语态时,后面的不带后面的不带to 的的不定式一般还原为带不定式一般还原为带to 的不定式的不定式.She was made to tell him everything.lb)在 had better,had best,would rather,would sooner,would just as soon,might(just)as well,cannot but 等搭配之后,动词不定式也不带to.Id rather not have eggs and bacon for breakfast.They cannot but accept his term.lc)在make do,make believe,let drop,let fall,let fly,let slip,let drive,let go of,let there be,hear say,hear tell,leave go of等固定搭配中,用不带to的动词不定式.John let fly a torrent of abuse at me.（一顿咒骂）Ive heard tell of him.（听说、听到）ld)在动词help(或help+宾语)之后可用不带to的不定式,也可用带to的不定式.Can I help(to)lift this heavy box?le)在介词except,but 之后,如果其前有动词do的某种形式,不定式一般不带to,反之带to.There is nothing to do except wait till it stops raining.Smith will do anything but work on a farm.Theres no choice but to wait till it stops raining.lf)连词 rather than,sooner than 置于句首时,其后的不定式不带to.Rather than push the book back as he wanted to do,he forced himself to pick it up.l出现在句中其他位置时,其后的不定式有时带to,有时不带to.He decided to write rather than telephone.The manager believes it is important to invest in new machinery rather than to increase wages.lg)用作补语的动词不定式,如果主语是由“all+关系分句”，“thing+关系分句”，“what分句”或“thing+不定式结构”等构成，并带有do的某种形式，这时，作为主语补语的不定式可以省to，也可以不省.What he will do is(to)spoil the whole thing.All you do now is complete the formThe only thing I can do now is go on by myself.The thing to do now is clear up this mess.The least I can do is drive everybody else closer to the issue.l4)不定式的其他用法la)tooto 结构通常表示否定意义:She was too young to understand all that.lenoughto结构则表示肯定意义:She was not old enough to understand all that.lnot too,but too,all too,only too等和不定式连用时,不定式一般不表示否定意义:Hes only too pleased to help her.lsoas(to)这种结构也可用不定式作状语:Be so kind as to drop in some time when you are free.lb)如果要说明不定是表示的动作是谁做的,可以在不定式前加一个for引起的短语:It is not hard for one to do a bit of good.It is a great honour for us to be present at this rally.l在以某些形容词(如 kind,good,nice,wise,unwise,clever,silly,wrong,right,foolish,stupid,careless,considerate,rude,naughty,impolite等)作表语时,不定式前可加一个of引起的短语,来说明不定式指的是谁的情况:Its kind of you to think so much of us.(It is)Awfully good of you to come and meet us.Its very nice of you to be so considerate.Its unwise of them to turn down the proposal.动名词动名词l具有动作性特征的名词具有动作性特征的名词l1)是名词 seeing is believingl2)具有动词性特征可以带宾语一)动名词的形式:l一般形式：I dont like you smoking.l完成形式：I regret not having taken your advice.l被动形式：This question is far from being settled.二)动名词常考的点l1)动名词做主语谓语动词为单数动名词做主语谓语动词为单数l2)在动名词和不定式中在动名词和不定式中,做为介词的宾语是动名词做为介词的宾语是动名词l3)动名词的否定直接在其前加否定词动名词的否定直接在其前加否定词,通过代词的宾格通过代词的宾格或所有格形式给出逻辑主语或所有格形式给出逻辑主语.lI would appreciate_ back this afternoon l Ayou to call Byou call Cyou calling Dyoure calling（Key：C your calling 也对）lI regret not having taken your advice.4)有些词后只能接动名词ladmit;appreciate;avoid;celebrate;consider;contemplate;defer;delay;deny;detest;discontinue;dislike;dispute;enjoy;it entails;escape;excuse;explain;fancy;feel like;finish;forgive;cant help;hinder;imagine;it involves;keep;it means;mention;mind;miss;it necessitates;pardon;postpone;practice;prevent;recall;report;resent;resist;risk;suggest;understand.另外还有一些接另外还有一些接-ing形式的常用说法形式的常用说法lits no good;its no/little/hardly any/use;its not/hardly/scarcely use;its worthwhile;spend money/time;theres no;theres no point in;theres nothing worse than;whats the use/point.5 有些词后加不定式和动名词均可lremember,forget,try,stop,go on,cease,mean后面用不定式和后面用不定式和-ing形式，意义截然不容。形式，意义截然不容。lI remembered to post the letters.(指未来/过去未来的动作)lI remembered posting/having posting the letters(我记得这个动作)lforgot与remember的用法类似。lI regret to inform you that 我很遗憾地通知你lI regretted having left the firm after twenty years.为了二十年前的离开而遗憾。ltry to 努力 You really must try to overcome your shyness.ltry ing 试验 Try practicing five hours a day.lI mean to go,but my father would not allow me to.打算、想我想去，但我父亲不让我去。lTo raise wage means increasing purchasing power.意味着赠加工资意味着增加购买力。prefer的用法：的用法：l我宁愿在这里等。lI prefer to wait here.（所以啊，你不介意的话，我就等下去。）lI prefer waiting here.（我正在这里等，我就喜欢这么做。）lI prefer swimming to cycling.（这个句子里面就不能用不定式了。）分分 词词l3.分词l1)意义:过去分词通常来自及物动词,带有被动意义和完成意义;而现在分词有的来自及物动词,有的来自不及物动词,通常带有主动意义和未完成意义.frozen food a freezing winda bored traveller a boring journeya lost cause a losing battlea conquered army a conquering armya finished article the last finishing touchthe spoken word a speaking birda closed shop the closing houra recorded talk a recording machinel来自不及物动词的过去分词很少能单独用作前置修饰语,能作这样用的仅限于下面几个词,仅表示完成意义,不表示被动意义.the risen sun,fallen leaves,faded/withered flowers,returned students,retired workers,departed friends,escaped prisoners,the vanished jewels,newly-arrived visitors l用作后置修饰语的过去分词一般都带有修饰语或其他成分,在意义上相当于关系分句.Most of the people invited to the reception were old friends.l2)句法作用la)作定语:distinguished guest 贵宾,unknown heroes 无名英雄,armed forces武装部队,canned food罐头食品,boiled water开水,steamed bread馒头,stricken area灾区l分词还可构成合成词作定语:simply-furnished room陈设简单的房间,clear-cut answer明确的答复,highly-developed industry高度发展的工业,heartfelt thanks衷心的感谢,hand-made goods手工制品,man-made satellite人造卫星lb)作补足语:可以带过去分词作宾语补足语的动词有:see,hear,feel,find,think等表示感觉和心理状态的动词.I saw the students assembled in the hall.We found her greatly changed.lmake,get,have,keep等表示”致使”意义的动词:I have my hair cut every ten days.She got her bad tooth pulled out.Please keep us informed of the latest developments.llike,want,wish,order等表示希望,要求,命令等意义的动词:I dont want any of you(to be)involved in the scandal.He wont like such questions(to be)discussed at the meeting.lc)过去分词短语常用作状语,修饰谓语,很多都说明动作发生的背景或情况.Guided by these principles,they went on with the work,Delighted with her work,they made her the general manager.l过去分词短语也可作状语表示原因,相当于一个表示原因的状语从句.Influenced by his example,they performed countless good deeds.l有时也可说明动作发生的时间,相当于一个表示时间的状语从句.This method,tried in areas near Shanghai,resulted in a marked rise in total production.l间或也可表示一个假设的情况,相当于一个条件从句.Given closer analysis,we can see this is totally wrong.l偶尔也可用来代替一个“让步”状语从句.Picked 20 years a year,it grows tired only after 40 or 50 years.虚拟语气虚拟语气条件句2022-11-28三种基本形式三种基本形式lIf I had a bike,I would lend it to you.(if从句用过去时,主句用should/would/could/might+不定式)lIf he had been here,he would have helped you.(从句过去完成时,主句should/would/could/might+不定式完成时)lIf I should/were to do the experiment,I would do it some other way.(从句用should/were to,主句用should/would/could/might+不定式)if的省略的省略l1.Were you in my position,you would do the same.l2.Had he come earlier,he would have seen her.l3.Should they attack us,we would wipe them out completely.If onlylIf only you would listen to reason.lIf only I were ten years younger.lIF only he didnt drive so fast.lIf only he had asked someones advice.lIf I could only go to the concert.lIf I could only/but/just explain.I wishlI wish I knew the answer.lI wish I had known the address.lI wish I were young.lI wish you would stop asking silly questions.lI wished I knew his address.(发生在过去=I was sorry I didnt know his address.)lI wished I were young.(=I was sorry I was not young.)Would ratherlI would rather you told her the truth.lId rather you came tomorrow.lId rather(that)he painted it blue.lI would(just)as soon that John had not spoken rudely to me.It is(high)time that.lIt is time we_(leave).lIt is time we _(go)to bed.lIts high time that you were in bed.lIts about time we left.Its important that.lIt is important that we _(speak)politely.lIt is imperative that we_(practice)criticism and self-criticisml strange,advisable,anxious,crucial,appropriate compulsory,desirable,eager,essential,fitting,imperative(绝对必要的),impossible,improper,natural,necessary,obligatory,preferable,proper,urgent,vital,willingI insist thatlI insist that we _(go)there by bus.lHe suggested that we _(leave)early.lThe judge ordered that the prisoner _(be)sentenced to 30 days in jail.这些动词和名词后的从句为这些动词和名词后的从句为should+Vladvise(advice),agree(agreement),decide(decision),decree,demand,determine(determination),grant,indicate(indication),insist,move(insistence),order,request,require prefer(preference),urge,vote,ask,propose(proposal),(requirement),resolve(resolution),stipulate,desirel(stipulation),allow,arrange,beg,concede,demonstrate,ensure,pray,intend,move,pledge,command My suggestion.lMy suggestion is that we should tell him.lOur only request is that this should be settled as soon as possible.lrequest command necessity importance motion proposal resolution recommendation understandingbut for,otherwise,withoutlThe storm delayed us.But for the storm we would have been in time.lI used my calculator;otherwise Id have taken much longer.lSupposing I accepted this offer,what would you say?lWithout you timely help,my daughter would have drowned.情态动词情态动词l情态动词（model verb）用来表示能力、允许、可能、必须、劝告、意愿等概念或态度。主要的情态动词有can（could），may（might），shall（should），will（would），must，ought to，need，dare等。情态动词没有人称和数的变化，其后常跟不带to的不定式。1.情态动词的一般用法：情态动词的一般用法：l(1)表示能力:can,could,be able tolHe is over 80 but still can read without glasses.lShe couldnt come yesterday.lHe cant come tomorrow.l can/could 与be able to 用法比较l1）be able to 除有一般现在时、一般过去时、一般将来时外，还可有现在完成时、不定式、动词-ing 形式等。l This is the information Ive been able to get so far.l To be able to ride a bike,she practiced a lot.l Just being able to drive a horse,a cart isnt much help to us.l2)could表示过去总的、经常性的能力；was/were able to 表示过去具体情况下具有的能力，并且做了某动作。lHe could speak French,so he was able to show the French lady the way.l3)表示将来的能力常用will be able to.lWhen will you be able to take us to town?(2)表示许可：表示许可：can/could,may/might;cant,maynot,mustnt,mustnotl1)征询“许可”或给予“许可”可用can/could 或may/might 表示。May 用于正式场合，can 用于非正式场合，could 用于客气的询问，might 极少用。l You can go at four oclock.l Could I borrow your pen?l Students may take 3 books each.l Might I ask whether you are using the typewriter?l 2)表示“不允许”用 cant,may not,mustnt；must not 语气重。l You cant leave the table unless you finish your meal.l Put that cigarette out.You must not smoke near a petrol pump!l 3)表示过去“许可”不用could，might，要用其他表达方式。l We had been/were given permission to speak to the patient.l 但在间接引语中表达过去“许可”，可用could，might。l The nurse said that we could/might speak to the patient for just a few minutes.(3)表示可能性：表示可能性：may/might,can/could,must;cantl1）may,might 用来推测现在“可能”；may比might表示的可能性大些。lWhy isnt John in class?He may/might be sick.l maybe是副词，不是情态动词。Maybe he is sick.l2)在日常口语中常用can/could 表示“可能”。l You can/could walk for miles in the country without meeting anyone.l Can the news be true?No,it cant be true.l3)must表示可能性最大，“必定”；否定形式用cant表示“肯定不”、“必定不会”。lYou must be hungry after a long walk.lThe phone is ringing,but there is no answer.She cant be at home.（4）表示必须和需要：）表示必须和需要：must,haveto,needl1）must表示说话人认为“必须”；否定回答时用neednt“不必”。lYou must be here at nine oclock.lMust you go soon?No,I neednt go yet.l2)have to 表示他人或客观情况要求“必须”。l I have to be back at school by eight.I have a lot of work to do tonight.l We dont have to wear uniforms in school.ll 口语中常用have got to 表示“必须”。lI have got to leave now.I have a meeting in ten minutes.l3)need 表示动作者“需要”、“有必要”，用于否定句或疑问句；肯定回答用must，否定回答用neednt。l Need he go now?Yes,he must.No he neednt.ll need 常用作实义动词。l You need to learn the value of time.l You didnt need to tell him the news.l Does she need to go?l（5）表示责任和劝告）表示责任和劝告:should,oughtto,must,hadbetter l1)用should和ought to 表示责任和劝告，后者的语气重些lYou should/ought to do as you are told.lSuch things shouldnt/ought not to be allowed.l2)有时也用must 表示责任和劝告。lYou must see the movie.Its wonderful.l3)口语中也常用had better 表示劝告，意为“最好做/不做某事”。lYou had better take care of yourself.lYoud better not make a mistake next time.lHadnt you better see who is at the door?（6）表示建议：）表示建议：shall，may/mightaswell,may/mightjustaswell l1)“shall I/we”表示征求对方对建议的看法。lShall we carry the boxes into the house?lLets go,shall we?l2)may/might as well,may/might just as well 表示推荐更佳方案，建议另一种做法，意为“倒不如”，“不也一样吗？”。lWe may as well stay here tonight.lYou might just as well tell the truth.(7)表示许诺：表示许诺：shalll shall用于第二、三人称，表示说话人的许诺。l You shall have your money back next week.l If he passes the exam,he shall have a holiday.(8)表示意愿：表示意愿：shall,will/wouldl1)you/he/they shall 表示说话人的强烈意愿，甚至威胁。lYou shall pay for this.lThey shall do what I tell them to do.ll 在法律条文、规章制度中，shall 表示“必须”。lEach competitor shall wear a number.l2)will/would 表示动作者愿意。lI will lend you the book if you need it.lI wont do it again.lI have been trying to open the door,but the key wont turn.ll “will you/would you”在下列句中表示客气的建议、询问。lWill you please have a drink?lWould you please pass me the salt?lWould you like a cup of tea?lWould you mind if I opened the window?lWould you mind opening the window?Would you mind my opening the window?ll would 还表示过去的习惯。等于used tolOn Sundays he would get up early and go fishing.l(9)表示勇敢：表示勇敢：dare ldare 表示“敢于”，用于否定句、疑问句或条件句。lHe dare not try.lHow dare you open the letter?lIf you dare say a word,Ill strike you down.ll dare 还常用作实义动词。lHe dare to surf in heavy waters.ll daresay 或 dare say，表示probably,I suppose.lI dare say he will come home late.2.情态动词的特殊用法情态动词的特殊用法l（1）情态动词+不定式完成时l1）can/could,may/might,must+have+动词的过去分词l用于肯定句：表示对过去事件的主观判断，推测过去某动作“可能”、“也许”、“一定”已发生。lTom could have taken the dictionary.I saw him using it last Sunday.lI cant find my sunglasses.I may/might have left them at the restaurant yesterday.lYou screamed in your sleep last night.You must have had a terrible dream.l用于否定句：表示推测过去某动作“可能”、“也许”、“一定”没有发生。lShe couldnt have finished her work so soon.lShe may not have seen you.lDad mustnt have washed the dishes last night.l2)should/ought to+have+动词的过去分词。l用于肯定句：评论过去“应该做”而实际并未做的动作，意为“本应该”。lI didnt ask her.Its a pity.You should have asked her.You ought to have asked everyone.l用于否定句：评论过去“不应该做”而实际做了的动作，意为“本不应该”。lI only told Mike.You shouldnt have told anyone.You ought not to have told anyone.l3)neednt+have+动词的过去分词l对过去已经发生的动作进行评论，认为“无须发生”，“不必做”。lI neednt have put on my best suit to go to the party;most of the guests were wearing jeans.lWe went to the meeting,but it had been cancelled.Oh,so you neednt have gone.(2)情态动词情态动词+不定式进行时不定式进行时 l表示推测或评论某动作现在是否正在进行。lShe may be washing her clothes.lHe cant be working now.lHe must be studying in the library.lThey shouldnt be watching TV now.They should be doing homework.(3)情态动词情态动词+不定式完成进行时不定式完成进行时l情态动词+have been+动词的现在分词，表示推测或评论过去某动作是否正在进行或一直在进行。lHe may have been buying stamps in the post office when you saw him.lShe must have been working then.lShe should have been attending a meeting yesterday morning.lThey shouldnt have been chatting while working一致关系一致关系在在There be 句型中句型中lThere is no smoke without fire.lThere seems to be little time left.lThere,here 结构中,如果主语有好几个,谓语动词与最邻近的主语一致。lThere was a TV set,a portrait and several albums on the shelf.lHere are a few envelops,a pen and some paper in the drawer.在倒装结构中在倒装结构中lIn every province of China are found rich natural resources.lHere come the five noisy children from next door.as well as,not to mention,along with+名词名词句子中句子中lUnemployment as well as taxes influences votes.Taxes,not to mention unemployment,influence votes.This man along with his sons always catches the largest fish.l主语后若跟有accompanied by,as much as,besides,except(but),in addition to,including,instead of,no less than,rather than,together with 名词，不影响其与谓语动词的关系。下列不定代词或限定词作主语或修饰下列不定代词或限定词作主语或修饰主语时，主语时，谓语动词永远是单数谓语动词永远是单数lMany a college student wishes to return to the easy days of high school.lNeither(one)is satisfactory.lIs either of the singers reading now?lEvery silver knife,fork,and spoon has to be counted.lEach of the students has a schedule.带有量词的主语与谓语动词的一带有量词的主语与谓语动词的一致致lAll of the fruit looks ripe.lHas any of this evidence been presented?lHave any of my friends called me?lMost of the book was interesting.lSome of the books are interesting.lNone of the evidence points to his guilt.lNone of our students were involved.带有量词的主语与谓语动词的一带有量词的主语与谓语动词的一致致lThe number of students in the class is 40.lA number of students were late.lMore than one person is involved in this case.lMore than one hundred men and women are working in this workshop.lThe majority were/was in favor of the proposal.lThe majority of boys like football.andlMary and Jane compete with each other for the first prize.lBoth John and Ann are ready.lIce cream and cake is my favorite dessert.lThe editor and the publisher of this magazine are very able men.lThe editor and publisher of this magazine is a very able man.l但是形容词+and+形容词+名词指两类不同的 人或物时,谓语动词用复数lSocial and political freedom are limited there.or,eitheror.Neither nor,not only,but also,谓语动词取决最接近它谓语动词取决最接近它的名词或代词的数的名词或代词的数Neither criticism nor praise affects them.lPat or you were supposed to call.lNeither the prices nor the quality has changed.lDoesnt he or I deserve it?lDont you or he deserve it?One of 和和 the only one of lThat is one of those remarks that are intended to start arguments.lJane is one of those persons who always think they are right.lShe is the only one of those girls who is willing to take a make-up exam.倒倒 装装倒装倒装(全部倒装和部分倒装全部倒装和部分倒装)1.全部倒装(Full Inversion),又称主谓倒装 (Subject-verb Inversion)。例如:Here are some letters for you.Down poured the rain.Into the coach scrambled the children.2.部分倒装(Partial Inversion),又称主语与助动词/晴态 动词倒装(Subject-operator Inversion)。例如：Never have I heard such nonsense.Only today did I learn the dreadful news.全部倒装句的具体用法全部倒装句的具体用法l1.用于由here,there,now,then 等副词引导的句子，通常称作把时间状语或地点状语提前的倒装句，其谓语动词通常跟在时间状语或地点状语之后。l例如：Then came a new development that had a far-reaching effects.Once upon a time,there lived a man known by the name of Joe Beef.Now comes your turn.全部倒装句的具体用法全部倒装句的具体用法l2.在带有助动词“be”的句子中，动词-ing和-ed形式可移至句首，主语移至“be”后面，形成全部倒装。l例如：Running across it is a stream.Buried in the sands was an ancient village.Pictured here is a wooden tub used for gathering water chestnuts.全部倒装句的具体用法全部倒装句的具体用法l3.为了使描写的景象更生动,常把拟声词或away,in,out,up 等状语放在句首,从而引起主谓全部倒装。l例如：Down it fell from the apple tree.The door opened.In rushed the crowd.全部倒装句的具体用法全部倒装句的具体用法l4.当句子的主语较长而谓语较短时，常将状语放在句首，主谓全部倒装使句子结构平衡，避免头重脚轻。l例如：Faint grow the sound of the bell.At the end of the kaleidoscope are two plates,one made of the glass and the other of ground glass.全部倒装句的具体用法全部倒装句的具体用法l5.用于表示祝愿的句型。l例如：May you live a long and happy life!Long live the Peoples Republic of China!部分倒装句的具体用法部分倒装句的具体用法l1.句首是否定词或带有否定意义的词语时，常用部分倒装。l例如：Not a single book he read that month.Under no circumstances shall we cancel the party.常用于这一结构的词或短语有：at no/other time,by no means,under no circumstances,hardly,scarcely,seldom,in no way,in vain,little,never,rarely,few,no soonerthan,hardlywhen,nowhere,not until,not onlybut also,not a single word,not frequently部分倒装句的具体用法部分倒装句的具体用法l2.句首是 only 引导的状语时,需要部分倒装。l例如：Only in this way can we solve