高英logicfallacy八大逻辑谬误.ppt

Logical Fallacies 错误的推理 11-1BS 彭秀秀 Eight Types of Fallacy Dicto simpliciter 绝对判断 Hasty generalization 草率结论 Post hoc 牵强附会 Contradictory premises 矛盾前提 Ad misericordiam 文不对题 False analogy 错误类比 Hypothesis contrary to fact 与事实相反的假设 Poisoning the well 井下放毒 Dicto simpliciter 绝对判断 Exercise is good， so everybody should exercise. No! Dicto simpliciter 绝对判断 Exercise is good， so everybody should exercise. No! It means an argument based on an unqualified generalization. 即将普遍规则运用于有特殊情况发生 的个别情形之中。 Hasty generalization 草率结论 Fred, the Australian, stole my wallet. Thus, all Australians are thieves. No! Hasty generalization 草率结论 Fred, the Australian, stole my wallet. Thus, all Australians are thieves. No! It applies a special case to general rule. 由个别情形来推断普遍规则 . Post hoc 牵强附会 McDonalds and KFC offer foods with little nutrition, and thus we cannot expect any fast food restaurant to provide us with nutritious foods. No! Post hoc 牵强附会 McDonalds and KFC offer foods with little nutrition, and thus we cannot expect any fast food restaurant to provide us with nutritious foods. No! The cause has no connection with the result. 原因和结果没有必然联系 He decided to give up all his decisions. No! Contradictory premises 矛盾前提 When the premises of an argument contradict each other, there can be no argument. 当论证的前提相互矛盾时，这立论便不能成立。 We hope youll accept our recommendations. We spent the last three months working extra time on it. No! The answer has no connection with the question. Ad misericordiam 文不对题 Young children are like flowers-flowers should stay away from terrible weather to grow, so children need to get rid of everything negative. No! Making an analogy between different things. False analogy 错误类比 If I had studied harder, I would definitely have passed that test . No! Drawing any supportable conclusion from a hyperthesis that is not ture. Hypothesis contrary to fact 与事实相反的假设 . Poisoning the well 井下放毒 My opponent is a notorious liar. You cant believe a word that he is going to say. No! . Poisoning the well 井下放毒 My opponent is a notorious liar. You cant believe a word that he is going to say. No! Poisoning the Well, or speaking “against the man” rather than the issue , in which the premises may only make a personal attack on a person who holds some thesis, instead of offering grounds showing why what he says is false. Thank you! Thank you! Thank you! Thank you!