外文翻译--起重机的发展趋势和研究现状

附录1译文起重机的发展趋势和研究现状（1）大型化和专用化由于工业生产规模的不断扩大，生产效率日益提高，以及产品生产过程中物料装卸搬运费用所占比例逐渐增加，促使大型或高速起重机的需求量不断增长。起重量越来越大，工作速度越来越高，并对能耗和可靠性提出更高的要求。起重机已成为自动化生产流程中的重要环节。起重机不但要容易操作，容易维护，而且安全性要好，可靠性要高，要求具有优异的耐久性、无故障性、维修性和使用经济性。目前世界上最大的浮游起重机起重量达6500t，最大的履带起重机起重量达3000t，最大的桥式起重机起重量为1200t，集装箱岸边装卸桥小车的最大运行速度已达350m/min，堆垛起重机最大运行速度是240m/min，垃圾处理用起重机的起升速度达100m/min 。工业生产方式和用户需求的多样性，使专用起重机的市场不断扩大，品种也不断更新，以特有的功能满足特殊的需要，发挥出最佳的效用。例如冶金、核电、造纸、垃圾处理的专用起重机，防爆、防腐、绝缘起重机和铁路、船舶、集装箱专用起重机的功能不断增加，性能不断提高，适应性比以往更强。德国德马格公司研制出一种飞机维修保养的专用起重机，在国际市场打开了销路。这种起重机安装在房屋结构上，跨度大、起升高度大、可过跨、停车精度高。在起重小车下面安装有多节伸缩导管，与飞机维修平台相连，并可作360度旋转。通过大车和小车的位移、导管的升降与旋转可使维修平台到达飞机的任一部位，进行飞机的维护和修理，极为快捷方便。（2）模块化和组合化用模块化设计代替传统的整机设计方法，将起重机上功能基本相同的构件、部件和零件制成有多种用途，有相同联接要素和可互换的标准模块，通过不同模块的相互组合，形成不同类型和规格的起重机。对起重机进行改进，只需针对某几个模块。设计新型起重机，只需选用不同模块重新进行组合。可使单件小批量生产的起重机改换成具有相当批量的模块生产，实现高效率的专业化生产，企业的生产组织也可由产品管理变为模块管理。达到改善整机性能，降低制造成本，提高通用化程度，用较少规格数的零部件组成多品种、多规格的系列产品，充分满足用户需求。目前，德国、英国、法国、美国和日本的著名起重机公司都已采用起重机模块化设计，并取得了显著的效益。德国德马格公司的标准起重机系列改用模块化设计后，比单件设计的设计费用下降12%，生产成本下降45%，经济效益十分可观。德国德马格公司还开发了一种KBK柔性组合式悬挂起重机，起重机的钢结构由冷轧型轨组合而成，起重机运行线路可沿生产工艺流程任意布置，可有叉道、转弯、过跨、变轨距。所有部件都可实现大批量生产，再根据用户的不同需求和具体物料搬运路线在短时间内将各种部件组合搭配即成。这种起重机组合性非常好，操作方便，能充分利用空间，运行成本低。有手动、自动多种形式，还能组成悬挂系统、单梁悬挂起重机、双梁悬挂起重机、悬臂起重机、轻型门式起重机及手动堆垛起重机，甚至能组成大型自动化物料搬运系统。（3）轻型化和多样化有相当批量的起重机是在通用的场合使用，工作并不很繁重。这类起重机批量大、用途广，考虑综合效益，要求起重机尽量降低外形高度，简化结构，减小自重和轮压，也可使整个建筑物高度下降，建筑结构轻型化，降低造价。因此电动葫芦桥式起重机和梁式起重机会有更快的发展，并将大部分取代中小吨位的一般用途桥式起重机。德国德马格公司经过几十年的开发和创新，已形成了一个轻型组合式的标准起重机系列。起重量为1-63吨，工作级别为A1-A7，整个系列由工字形和箱型单梁、悬挂箱形单梁、角形小车箱形单梁和箱形双梁等多个品种组成。主梁与端梁相接以及起重小车的布置有多种型式，可适合不同建筑物及不同起吊高度的要求。根据用户需要每种规格起重机都有三种单速及三种双速供任意选择，还可以选用变频调速。操纵方式有地面手电门自行移动、手电门随小车移动、手电门固定、无线遥控、司机室固定、司机室随小车移动、司机室自行移动等七种选择。大车及小车的供电有电缆小车导电、DVS系统两种方式。如此多的选择项，通过不同的组合，可搭配成百上千种起重机，充分满足用户不同的需求。这种起重机的另一最大优点是轻型化，自重轻、轮压轻、外形尺寸高度小，可大大降低厂房建筑物的建造成本，同时也可减小起重机的运行功率和运行成本。与通用产品相比较，起重量为10t，跨度22.5m，通用双梁桥式起重机自重是24t，起重机轨面以上高度1876mm，起重机宽度5980mm; 德马格起重机的自重只有8.7t，重量轻了176%，起重机轨面以上高度为920mm，降低了104%，起重机宽度为2980mm，外形尺寸减少了100%。（4）自动化和智能化起重机的更新和发展，在很大程度上取决于电气传动与控制的改进。将机械技术和电子技术相结合，将先进的计算机技术、微电子技术、电力电子技术、光缆技术、液压技术、模糊控制技术应用到机械的驱动和控制系统，实现起重机的自动化和智能化。大型高效起重机的新一代电气控制装置已发展为全电子数字化控制系统。主要由全数字化控制驱动装置、可编程序控制器、故障诊断及数据管理系统、数字化操纵给定检测等设备组成。变压变频调速、射频数据通讯、故障自诊监控、吊具防摇的模糊控制、激光查找起吊物重心、近场感应防碰撞技术、现场总线、载波通讯及控制、无接触供电及三维条形码技术等将广泛得到应用。使起重机具有更高的柔性，以适合多批次少批量的柔性生产模式，提高单机综合自动化水平。重点开发以微处理机为核心的高性能电气传动装置，使起重机具有优良的调速和静动特性，可进行操作的自动控制、自动显示与记录，起重机运行的自动保护与自动检测，特殊场合的远距离遥控等，以适应自动化生产的需要。例如采用激光装置查找起吊物的重心位置，在取物装置上装有超声波传感器引导取物装置自动抓取货物。吊具自动防摇系统能在运行速度200mmin、加速度0.5m2s的情况下很快使起吊物摇摆振幅减至几个毫米。起重机可通过磁场变换器或激光达到高精度定位。起重机上安装近场感应系统，可避免起重机之间的互相碰撞。起重机上还安装了微机自诊断监控系统，该系统能提供大部分常规维护检查内容，如齿轮箱油温、油位，车轮轴承温度，起重机的载荷、应力和振动情况，制动器摩擦衬片的寿命及温度状况等。（5）新型化和实用化结构方面采用薄壁型材和异形钢、减少结构的拼接焊缝，提高抗疲劳性能。采用各种高强度低合金钢新材料，提高承载能力，改善受力条件，减轻自重和增加外形美观。桥式起重机的桥架结构型式大多采用箱形四梁结构，主梁与端梁采用高强度螺栓联接，便于运输与安装。在机构方面进一步开发新型传动零部件，简化机构。“三合一”运行机构是当今世界轻、中级起重机运行机构的主流，将电动机、减速器和制动器合为一体，具有结构紧凑、轻巧美观、拆装方便、调整简单、运行平稳、配套范围大等优点，国外已广泛应用到各种起重机运行机构上。为使中小吨位的起重小车结构尽量简化，同时降低起重机的尺寸高度，减小轮压，国外已大量采用电动葫芦作为起升机构。为了减轻自重，提高承载能力，改善加工制造条件，增加产品成品率，零部件尽量采用以焊代铸，如减速器壳体、卷简、滑轮等都用焊接结构。减速器齿轮都采用硬齿面，以减轻自重、减小体积、提高承载能力、增加使用寿命。液压推杆盘式制动器的应用范围也越来越大。此外，各机构采用的电动机都向高转速发展，从而减小电机基座号，减轻重量与减小外形尺寸，并可配用制动力矩小的制动器。在电控方面开发性能好、成本低、可靠性高的调速系统和电控系统，发展半自动和全自动操纵。采用机电仪液一体化技术，提高使用性能和可靠性，增加起重机的功能。今后会更加注重起重机的安全性，研制新型安全保护装置。重视司机的工作条件，应用人体工程学设计司机室，降低司机的劳动强度。德国近年为解决起重机吊钩的防摆控制，开发了模糊逻辑电路的控制技术，用神经信息和模糊技术来寻找开始加速的最佳时刻，将有经验司机防摆实际操作的数据输入系统，实现最优控制。模糊控制方式能确定实施自动工作的控制指令，将人们主观上的模糊量通过模糊集合进行数字化定量，再利用计算机实现像熟练司机一样的自如操作，取得了更高的效率和安全性。模糊控制作为新的控制方法已引人注目。附录2英文参考资料Trends and research status of cranes( 1 ) large-scale and specializationAs the industry continues to expand the scale of production , increasing productivity , and product loading and unloading of materials during production gradually increased the proportion of costs , prompting a large or growing demand for high-speed crane . From the weight of growing, increasingly high operating speed , and reliability of energy consumption and higher requirements . Crane has become automated production processes is an important part . Crane not only easy to operate , easy to maintain, and better security , higher reliability , excellent durability requirements , trouble-free nature , maintenance and use of economy. Currently the worlds largest floating crane lifting capacity of 6500t, the largest crawler crane lifting capacity of 3000t, the largest crane on weight of 1200t, the maximum operating speed of container shore crane trolley reached 350m/min, stacker cranes the maximum operating speed is 240m/min, garbage crane lifting speed up to 100m/min.Industrial production and diversity of user requirements , so special crane market continues to expand, varieties are constantly updated to meet the unique features of special needs , to play the best effect. Such as metallurgy , nuclear power , paper, waste disposal special cranes , explosion-proof, anti-corrosion, insulation crane and rail , ship , container cranes function increasing continuously improve performance, adaptability stronger than ever . Demag Cranes company developed a dedicated aircraft maintenance , opened the market in the international market . This crane is mounted on the housing structure, span , lifting height and large , you can cross over , high precision parking . How to install telescopic catheter , connected with aircraft maintenance platforms following the lifting trolley , and 360 -degree rotation . By displacement carts and car , lift and rotate the catheter can repair platform to reach any part of the aircraft , aircraft maintenance and repair carried out extremely quickly and conveniently.( 2 ) a combination of modularity andInstead of the traditional method of modular machine design , the basic functions of the crane on the same member , parts and components made of a variety of purposes , with the same standard coupling elements and interchangeable modules , each with different combinations of modules , the formation of different types and sizes of cranes. Improved crane , just for a few modules. Design of new cranes , simply choose different modules re- mix. Single and small batch production can switch from the crane has a considerable volume module production to achieve high efficiency of specialized production , the production organization can also be changed product management module management . Achieve improved overall performance , reduce manufacturing costs and improve the general level , the composition of many varieties with less number of parts specifications , multi- standard products to fully meet user needs.Currently , Germany, Britain, France, the United States and Japan have adopted the famous Crane Crane modular design, and achieved remarkable results. German Demag standard cranes series switch modular design , the design than the one-piece design expenses decreased 12% to 45% decrease in production costs , economic benefits are substantial . Demag KBK company has also developed a flexible modular overhead crane , crane from cold-rolled steel rail type combination , the crane can be arbitrarily arranged along a line running production process , may have cross road, turn, cross- over , variable gauge . All parts can achieve mass production , according to the different needs of users and the specific material handling course in a short time will mix and match various components Serve. This crane combination is very good, easy to operate, can make full use of space , low running costs. There are manual and automatic forms, but also the composition of the suspension system , single-girder overhead cranes, double girder overhead cranes, jib cranes, gantry cranes and lightweight manual stacker cranes , and even the composition of large automated material handling systems.( 3 ) Light and diversificationThere are considerable quantities of cranes are used in the general case, the work is not very heavy. Such cranes large quantities , versatile, considering the overall efficiency , requiring a crane to minimize the appearance height, simplify the structure, reducing the weight and wheel pressure , but also make the whole building height decrease , structural lightweight , lower cost . So there will be a faster development of electric hoist bridge crane and beam cranes, and most small and medium tonnage to replace general purpose bridge crane . Demag in Germany after decades of development and innovation , has formed a lightweight modular standard crane series. From the weight of 1-63 tons , working level A1-A7, the entire series from the I-shaped and box -type single girder , single girder suspension box , triangle -shaped single varieties of small trunk and box girder double girder and other components. Main beam and end beam lifting trolley layout phase and a variety of types , can be suitable for different buildings and different lifting height requirements. Each crane specifications according to user needs has three single-speed and two-speed for any of the three choices, you can also choose inverter . There are ways to manipulate the door to move on their own ground flashlight , flashlight door with the car moving , flashlight door fixed, wireless remote control, fixed cab , the cab with the car moving , moving on their own cab and other seven choices. Powered carts and car cable car , there are two ways conductivity , DVS system . So many options, through different combinations, with hundreds of cranes, fully meet the needs of different users . Another biggest advantage of this crane is lighter , light weight, light wheel pressure , dimensions height is small, can greatly reduce the construction cost of the plant buildings , but also to reduce the cost of running power and run the crane . Compared with generic products, from the weight of 10t, span 22.5m, Universal double girder overhead crane weight is 24t, crane rail surface height above 1876mm, crane width 5980mm; Demag Cranes weight only 8.7t, light weight 176 % , more than the height of the crane rail surface 920mm, reducing the 104% crane width 2980mm, dimension reduction of 100%.( 4 ) automation and intelligentUpdating and development of cranes , depends largely on the improvement of electrical transmission and control . The mechanical technology and electronic technology, advanced computer technology, microelectronics , power electronics, fiber optic technology, hydraulic technology , fuzzy control technique applied to the mechanical drive and control system, the crane automation and intelligent. A new generation of large-scale and efficient crane electrical control device has been developed for all-electronic digital control system . Mainly driven by the digital control unit , programmable logic controllers , fault diagnosis and data management systems, digital manipulation of a given testing equipment. Fuzzy control variable voltage variable frequency speed control , radio data communication , fault diagnosis surveillance, anti-sway spreader , the laser lifting objects to find the center of gravity , near-field inductive anti-collision technology , fieldbus, carrier communication and control , non-contact power supply and three-dimensional bar code technology will be widely applied. So that the crane has a higher flexibility to fit multiple batches of small quantities of flexible production model to improve single integrated automation level. Focuses on the development of high-performance microprocessor core electrical transmission device, so the crane has excellent speed and static and dynamic characteristics , automatic control can be operated automatically display automatic protection and automatic detection and recording , crane operation, special occasions the long-distance remote control , so as to meet the needs of automated production . Such as using a laser device to find the center of gravity position lifting objects , equipped with ultrasonic sensors to guide the device automatically extract extract grab goods on the device . Spreader automatic anti-sway system can run speed 200m/min , the case of acceleration 0.5m2 / s soon make lifting objects swing amplitude is reduced to a few millimeters. Crane precision positioning can be achieved by a magnetic field transducer or laser . Near-field sensing system installed on the crane , the crane can avoid collisions between each other . Crane also installed on the computer self-diagnostic monitoring system that can provide most of the routine maintenance check the contents , such as gearbox oil temperature, oil level, wheel bearing temperature , crane loads, stresses and vibration , the life of the brake linings and temperature conditions.( 5 ) New technology and practicalStructure of thin-walled steel profiles and profiled to reduce stitching seam structure , improve fatigue resistance . Using a variety of high-strength low-alloy steel of new materials to improve the carrying capacity, improve stress conditions , to reduce weight and increase the aesthetic appearance. Overhead crane bridge structure type mostly used box -shaped four- beam structure, the main beam and side beams of bolt connection , easy to transport and install .In terms of institutions to further the development of new transmission parts , simplified organization . Triple play run organization is the worlds light , mainstream institutions intermediate crane operation , the motor , speed reducer and brake into one, with a compact, lightweight and beautiful , easy accessibility , simple adjustment , smooth operation , supporting a large range etc., has been widely used abroad to various crane operating agencies . To enable small and medium- tonnage crane trolley structure as simple as possible , while reducing the size of the crane height decreases wheel pressure abroad has been widely adopted as an electric hoist lifting mechanism . To reduce weight , improve the bearing capacity, improve manufacturing conditions , increase product yield, as far as possible to weld parts on behalf of the cast , such as reducer shell, roll Jane, pulleys and so welded structures. Hardened reducer gears are used to reduce weight , reduce the volume and improve the bearing capacity and increase service life. Hydraulic disc brakes putter range of applications is also growing . In addition, the agencies are used to high- speed development of the electric motor , thereby reducing the number of motor base , reduce weight and reduced dimensions, and can be equipped with a braking torque small brake.In terms of well developed electronic control performance, low cost , high reliability speed control system and electric control system , the development of semi-automatic and fully automatic manipulation. Electromechanical integration solution using technology to improve performance and reliability , increase the crane functions. The future will be more emphasis on crane safety, the development of new safety devices . Attention to the working conditions of drivers , application ergonomically designed cab , drivers reduce labor intensity . Germany in recent years to solve the crane hook anti- sway control , developed a fuzzy logic control technology with fuzzy neural information and technology to find the best time to start accelerating , the driver would have experienced anti-sway actual operation data input system , to achieve optimal Control . Fuzzy control method can determine the implementation of control commands work automatically and will blur the amount of people subjectively quantified by digitizing the fuzzy set , and then use the computer to achieve the same ease as the skilled driver operation , achieved greater efficiency and safety. Fuzzy Control as a new control method has been noticeable.