资源描述
2022 年全国硕士研究生招生考试英语（二）试题Section I Use of EnglishDirections:Read the following text. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank and mark A, B, C or D on the ANSWER SHEET. (10 points)Harlan Coben believe that if youre a writer, youll find the time; and that if you cant find thetime, then writing isnt a priority and youre not a writer.For him, writing is a 1 joba joblike any other. He has 2it with plumbing, pointing out that a plumber doesnt wake up andsay that he cant work with pipes today.3, like most writers these days, youre holding down a job to pay the bills, its not4to find the time to write. But its not impossible. It requires determination and single-mindedness. 5 that most bestselling authors began writing when they were doing other things to earn a living. And today, even writers who are fairly 6 often have to do other work to 7 their writing ine.As Harlan Coben has suggested, its a 8 of priorities. To make writing a priority, youll have to 9 some of your day-to-day activities and some things you really enjoy. Depending on your 10 and your lifestyle, that might mean spending less time watching television or listening to music, though some people can write 11 they listen to music. You might haveto12 the amount of exercise or sport you do. Youll have to make social media an 13 activity rather than a daily, time-consuming 14 . Therell probably have to be less socialisingwith your friends and less time with your family. Its a 15 always make you popular.learning curve, and it wontTheres just one thing you should try to keep at least some time for,16 your writing and thats reading. Any writer needs to read as much and as widely as they can; supportersomething you cant do without.its the one 17Time is finite. The older you get, the 18 it seems to go. We need to use it as carefully and as 19 as we can, that means prioritising out activities so that we spend most time on the things we really want to do. If you are a writer, that means 20 writing.1.2.3.4.5.6.7.A difficultA binedA IfA enoughA AcceptA well-knownA donateB normalB paredB ThoughB strangeB ExplainB well-advisedB generateC steadyC confusedC OnceC wrongC RememberC well-informedC supplementD pleasantD confrontedD UnlessD easyD SupposeD well-chosenD calculate1 / 208.9.A causeA highlightB purposeB sacrificeC questionC continueD conditionD explore10. A relations11. A until12. A put up with 13. A intelligent14. A habit15. A tough16. A in place of 17. A indispensable 18. A duller19. A peacefully20. A at mostB interestsB becauseB make up forB occasionalB testB gentleB in charge ofB innovativeB harderB generouslyB in turnC memoriesC whileC hang on toC intensiveC decisionC rapidC in response toC invisibleC quieterC productivelyC on averageD skillsD beforeD cut down onD emotionalD planD funnyD in addition toD instantD quickerD gratefullyD above allSection II Reading prehensionPart ADirections:Read the following four texts. Answer the questions after each text by choosing A, B, C or D. Mark your answers on the ANSWER SHEET. (40 points)Text 1On a recent sunny day, 13,000 chickens roam over Larry Browns 40 windswept acres in Shiner, Texas. Some rest in the shade of a parked car. Others drink water with the cows. This all seems random, but its by design, part of what the $6.1 billion U.S. egg industry bets will be its next big thing: climate-friendly eggs.These eggs, which are making their debut now on shelves for as much as $8 a dozen, are still labeled organic and animal-friendly, buttheyre also from birds that live on farms using regenerative agriculturespecial techniques to cultivate rich soils that can trap greenhouse gases. Such eggs could be marketed as helping to fight climate change.“Im excited about our progress,” says Brown, who harvests eggs for Denver-based NestFresh Eggs and is adding more cover crops that draw worms and crickets for the chickens to eat. Thebirds waste then fertilizes fields. Such improvements “allow our hens to forage for higher-quality natural feed that will be good for the land, the hens, and the eggs that we supply to ourcustomers.”The egg industrys push is the first major test of whether animal products from regenerative farms can bee the next premium offering. In barely more than a decade, organic eggs went from being dismissed as a niche product in natural foods stores to being sold at Walmart. More recently there were similar doubts about probiotics and plant-based meats, but both have exploded into major supermarket categories. If the sustainable-egg rollout is successful, it could open the floodgatesfor2 / 20regenerative beef, broccoli, and beyond.Regenerative products could be a hard sell, because the concept is tough to define quickly, says Julie Stanton, associate professor of agricultural economics at Pennsylvania State University Brandywine. Such farming also brings minimal, if any, improvement to the food products (though some producers say their eggs have more protein).The industry is betting that the same consumers paying more for premium attributes such as free-range, non-GMO, and pasture-raised eggs will embrace sustainability. Surveys show that younger generations are more concerned about climate change, and some of the success of plant- based meat can be chalked up to shoppers wanting to signal their desire to protect the environment. Young adults “really care about the planet,” says John Brunnquell, president of Egg Innovations. “They are absolutely altering the food chain beyond what I think even they understand whatheyre doing.”21. The climate friendly eggs are produced A at a considerably low costB at the demand of regular shoppers C as a replacement for organic eggs D on specially designed farms.22. Larry Brown is excited about his progress in A reducing the damage of worms.B accelerating the disposal of wasteC creating a sustainable systemD attracting customers to his products.23. The example of organic eggs is used in Paragraph 4 to suggest A the doubts over natural foodsB the setbacks in the egg industryC the potential of regenerative productsD the promotional success of supermarkets.24. It can be learned from the last paragraph that young people A are reluctant to change their dietB are likely to buy climate-friendly eggsC are curious about new foodD are amazed at agricultural advances.25. John Brunnquell would disagree with Julie Stanton over regenerative products3 / 20.A market prospectsB nutritional valueC standard definitionD moral implicationsText 2More Americans are opting to work well into retirement, a growing trend that threatens to upend the old workforce model.One in three Americans who are at least 40 have or plan to have a job in retirement to prepare for a longer life, according to a survey conducted by Harris Poll for TD Ameritrade. Even more surprising is that more than half of“unretirees” those who plan to work in retirement or went back to work after retiring said they would be employed in their later years even if they had enough money to settle down, the survey showed.Financial needs arent the only culprit for the “unretirement” trend. Other reasons, according to the study, include personal fulfillment such as staying mentally fit, preventing boredom or avoiding depression. About 72% of “unretiree” respondents said that they would return to work once retired to keep mentally fit while 59% said it would be tied to making ends meet.“The concept of retirement is evolving,” said Christine Russell, senior manager of retirement at TD Ameritrade. “Its not just about finances. The value of work is also driving folks to continue working past retirement.”One reason for the change in retirement patterns: Americans are living longer. The share of the population 65 and older was 16% in 2018, up 3.2% from the prior year, according to the U.S. Census Bureau. Thats also up 30.2% since 2010. Older Americans are also the fastest-growing segment of the U.S. workforce, and boomers are expected to live longer than previous generations. The percentage of retirement-age people in the labor force has doubled over the past three decades. About 20% of people 65 and older were in the workforce in February, up from an all-time low of 10% in January 1985, according to money manager United Ine.Because of longer life spans, Americans are also boosting their savings to preserve their nest eggs, the TD Ameritrade study showed, which surveyed 2,000 adults between 40 to 79. Six in 10 “unretirees” are increasing their savings in anticipation of a longer life, according to the survey. Among the most popular ways they are doing this, the pany said, is by reducing their overall expenses, securing life insurance or maximizing their contributions to retirement accounts.Unfortunately, many people who are opting to work in retirement are preparing to do so because they are worried about making ends meet in their later years, said Brent Weiss, a co-founder at Baltimore-based financial-planning firm Facet Wealth. He suggested that preretirees should speak with a financial adviser to set long-term financial goals.“The most challenging moments in life are getting married, starting a family and ultimately retiring,” Weiss said. “Its not just a financial decision, but an emotional one. Many people believe4 / 20they cant retire.”26. The survey conducted by Harris Poll indicates that A over half of the retirees are physically fit for work B the old workforce is as active as the younger one C one in three Americans enjoys earlier retirement D more Americans are willing to work in retirement.27. It can be inferred from Paragraph 3 that Americans tend to think that A retirement may cause problems for themB boredom can be relieved after retirementC the mental health of retirees is overlookedD “unretirement” contributes to the economy.28. Retirement patterns are changing partly due to A labor shortagesB population growthC longer life expectancyD rising living costs.29. Many “unretirees” are increasing their savings by A investing more in stocksB taking up odd jobsC getting well-paid workD spending less.30. With regard to retirement, Brent Weiss thinks that many people are A unpreparedB unafraidC disappointedD enthusiasticText 3.We have all encountered them, in both our personal and professional lives. Think about the times you felt tricked or frustrated by a membership or subscription that had a seamless signup process but was later difficult to cancel. Something that should be simple and transparent can be plicated, intentionally or unintentionally, in ways that impair consumer choice. These are examples of dark patterns.5 / 20First coined in 2010 by user experience expert Harry Brignull, “dark patterns” is a catch -all term for practices that manipulate user interfaces to influence the decision-making ability of users. Brignull identifies 12 types of mon dark patterns, ranging from misdirection and hidden costs to “roach motel,” where a user experience seems easy and intuitive at the start, but turns difficult when the user tries to get out.In a 2019 study of 53,000 product pages and 11,000 websites, researchers found that about one in 10 employs these design practices. Though widely prevalent, the concept of dark patterns is still not well understood. Business and nonprofit leaders should be aware of dark patterns and try to avoid the gray areas they engender.Where is the line between ethical, persuasive design and dark patterns? Businesses should engage in conversations with IT, pliance, risk, and legal teams to review their privacy policy, and include in the discussion the customer/user experience designers and coders responsible for the panys user interface, as well as the marketers and advertisers responsible for sign-ups, checkout baskets, pricing, and promotions. Any or all these teams can play a role in creating or avoiding “digital deception.”Lawmakers and regulators are slowly starting to address the ambiguity around dark patterns, most recently at the state level. In March, the California Attorney General announced the approval of additional regulations under the California Consumer Privacy Act (CCPA) that “ensure that consumers will not be confused or misled when seeking to exercise their data privacy rights.” The regulations aim to ban dark patterns this means prohibiting panies from using “confusing language or unnecessary steps such as forcing them to click through multiple screens or listen to reasons why they shouldnt opt out.”As more states consider promulgating additional regulations, there is a need for greater accountability from within the business munity. Dark patterns also can be addressed on a self- regulatory basis, but only if organizations hold themselves accountable, not just to legal requirements but also to industry best practices and standards.31. It can be learned from the first two paragraphs that dark patterns A improve user experienceB leak user information for profitC undermine users decision-makingD remind users of hidden costs.32. The 2019 study on dark patterns is mentioned to show A their major flawsB their plex designsC their severe damageD their strong presence6 / 20.33. To handle digital deception, businesses should A listen to customer feedbackB talk with relevant teamsC turn to independent agenciesD rely on professional training.34. The additional regulations under the CCPA are intended to A guide users through opt-out processesB protect customers from being trickedC grant panies data privacy rightsD restrict access to problematic content.35. According to the last paragraph, a key to copying with dark patterns is A new legal requirementsB businesses self-disciplineC strict regulatory standardsD consumers safety awarenessText 4.Although ethics classes are mon around the world, scientists are unsure if their lessons can actually change behavior; evidence either way is weak, relying on contrived laboratory tests or sometimes unreliable self-reports. But a new study published inCognitionfound that, in at least one real-world situation, a single ethics lesson may have had lasting effects.The researchers investigated one class sessions impact on eating meat. They chose this particular behavior for three reasons, according to study co-author Eric Schwitzgebel, a philosopher at the University of California, Riverside: students attitudes on the topic are variable and unstable, behavior is easily measurable, and ethics literature largely agrees that eating less meat is good because it reduces environmental harm and animal suffering. Half of the students in four large philosophy classes read an article on the ethics of factory-farmed meat, optionally watched an 11- minute video on the topic and joined a 50-minute discussion. The other half focused on charitable giving instead. Then, unknown to the students, the researchers studied their anonymized meal-card purchases for that semesternearly 14,000 receipts for almost 500 students.Schwitzgebel predicted the intervention would have no effect; he had previously found that ethics professors do not differ from other professors on a range of behaviors, including voting rates, blood donation and returning library books. But among student subjects who discussed meat ethics, meal purchases containing meat decreased from 52 to 45 percent and this effect held steady for the studys duration of several weeks. Purchases from the other group remained at 52 percent.7 / 20“Thats actually a pretty large effect for a pretty small intervention,” Schwitzgebel says. Psychologist Nina Strohminger at the University of Pennsylvania, who was not involved in the study, says she wants the effect to be real but cannot rule out some unknown confounding variable. And if real, Strohminger notes, it might be reversible by another nudge: “Easy e, easygo.”Schwitzgebel suspects the greatest impact came from social influenceclassmates or teaching assistants leading the discussions may have shared their own vegetarianism, showing it as achievable or more mon. Second, the video may have had an emotional impact. Least rousing, he thinks, was rational argument, although his co-authors say reason might play a bigger role. Now the researchers are probing the specific effects of teaching style, teaching assistants eating habits and students video exposure. Meanwhile, Schwitzgebel who had predicted no effect will be eating his words.36. Scientists generally believe the effects of ethics classes are A hard to determineB narrowly interpretedC difficult to ignoreD poorly summarized.37. Which of the following is the reason for the researchers to study meat eating? A It is mon among students.B It is a behavior easy to measure.C It is important to students health.D It is a hot topic in ethics classes.38. Eric Schwitzgebels previous findings suggest that ethics professorsA are seldom critical of their studentsB are less sociable than other professorsC are not sensitive to political issuesD are not necessarily ethically better.39. Nina Strohminger thinks that the effect of the intervention is A permanentB predictableC uncertainD unrepeatable.40. Eric Schwitzgebel suspects that the students change in behavior A can bring psychological benefits8 / 20.B can be analyzed statisticallyC is a result of multiple factorsD is a sign of self-developmentPart BDirections:Read the following text and answer the questions by choosing the most suitable subheading from the list A-G for each of the numbered paragraphs (41-45). There are two extra subheadings. Mark your answers on the ANSWER SHEET. (10 points)A. Make it a habitB. Dont go it aloneC. Start low, go slowD. Talk with your doctorE. Listen to your bodyF. Go through the motionsG. Round out your routineHow to Get Active AgainGetting back into exercise can be a challenge at the best of times, but with gyms and in-personexercise classes off-limits to many people these days, it can be tricky to know where to start. And its important to get the right dose of activity.“Too much too soon either results in injury orburnout,”says Mary Yoke, PhD, a faculty member in the kinesiology department at Indiana University atBloomington. The following simple strategies will help you return to exercise safely after abreak. 41.Dont try to go back to what you were -doing before your break. If you were walking three miles aday, playing 18 holes of golf three times a week or lifting 10-pound dumbbells for three sets of 10reps, reduce activity to a half-mile every other day, or nine holes of golf once a week with short walks on other days or use five-pound dumbbells for one set of 10 reps. Increase time, distance andintensity gradually. “This isnt something you can do overnight,” says Keri L. Denay, lead author of a recent American College of Sports Medicine
展开阅读全文