句子成分课件及练习.ppt

2020/10/15 1 高中英语语法 句子成分 和 基本句型 2020/10/15 2 什么是句子？ 句子是由词按照一定的语法结构组成的，是 能表达一个完整概念的语言单位句子的第 一个字母必须 大写 ，结尾要有 ？ ！ I am a teacher. Are you a student? How beautiful the girl is ! 2020/10/15 3 现代汉语里一般的句子成分有六种，即 主语、谓语、宾语、定语、 状语和补语。 英语的基本成分有七种： 主语（ subject）、谓语 （ predicate）、表语（ predicative）、宾语（ object）、定语 （ attribute）、状语 (adverbial) 和补语（ complement）。 英语句子的基本结构可以归纳成五种基本句型及其扩大、组合、 省略或倒装。掌握这五种基本句型，是掌握各种英语句子结构的基 础。 句子包括哪些成分？ 2020/10/15 4 主语 不及物动词 （ S + Vi ） 主语 及物动词 宾语 ( S + Vt + O) 主语 系动词 表 (S + LV + predicative) 主语双宾动词 +间宾 +直宾 (S +Vt +O.indir+O. dir) 主语 宾补动词 宾语 宾语补语 (S + Vt. + O + O. compl) There + be / stand/ lie / live. 简单句的五种基本句型 主语、动词（不及物动词、及物动词、双宾动词、系动词、 宾补动词 )、宾语及补语可以称为 基本句子成分 。 完整的句子一般至少包含 2个基本成分，至多 4个基本成分 。 2020/10/15 5 主语： 主语是在句子中说明全句中心主题的 部分一般由 1名词， 2代词， 3不定式， 4动名 词 5从句充当它的位置一般在句首 The girl is pretty. Reading is useful. To see is to believe. They are good friends. 主语： 2020/10/15 6 谓语： 谓语说明主语做什么，是什么，怎么样，由 1简单动词 2或者 动词短语 构成 They are teachers. She looks well. He studies hard. He laughed at his classmates. He can speak English. 2020/10/15 7 表语： 表语说明主语是什么，或者怎么样，由 1名词， 2形 容词， 3副词， 4介词短语， 5不定式， 6动名词， 7短 语， 8或者从句充当 表语位于系动词后面 I am a teacher. She is happy. Everybody is here. They are at home now. My job is to teach English. Seeing is believing. 2020/10/15 8 系动词词义不完整，在句中不能单独使 用（除省略句外），后面必须接有表语， 系动词和表语一起构成合成谓语。 2020/10/15 9 一 、 系动词的分类： 常见的系动词大致可分为三类 。 第一类：表示特征或状态的 ， 有 be， look， feel， seem， appear， smell， taste， sound， turn out（ 结果是 、 证明是 ） 等 。 You ll be all right soon. You don t look very well. I feel rather cold. 2020/10/15 10 第二类：表示从一种状态到另一种状态的 变化 ， 有 become， get， grow， turn， fall， go， come， run等 。 He became a world-famous scientist. It is getting warmer and warmer. It grew dark. The food has turned bad. 2020/10/15 11 第三类：表示保持状态的 ， 有 keep， remain， continue， stay等 。 Keep quiet, children! The weather continued fine for a long time. It remains to be proved. 2020/10/15 12 宾语 宾语是动作，行为的对象，由 1名词， 2代词， 3短语， 4不定式， 5动名词， 6从句充当它和 及物动词 一起说明主语做了什么， 在谓语之 后 She plays the piano. He often helps me. I like watching TV. She likes to go to shop this afternoon. I think that he is good guy. 2020/10/15 13 宾语表示动作的对象或承爱者，一般位于及物 动词和介词后面。 They went to see an exhibition（展览） yesterday.（名词） They helped the old with their housework yesterday.（名词化形容词） He pretended not to see me.（不定式 短语） I think（ that） he is fit for his office.（宾语从句） 宾语种类 ：（ 1）双宾语（间接宾语 +直接 宾语），例如： Lend me your dictionary, please.（ 2）复合宾语（宾语 +宾补），例如： They elected him their monitor. 2020/10/15 14 宾语补足语 在英语中，有些句子只有宾语并不能表达完整的意思， 还必须在宾语后面加上宾语补足语才能表达完整的意 思 它起补充说明宾语干什么，怎么样的作用 它可以由名词，形容词，副词，介词短语，不定式，现 在分词和过去分词充当 . Leave the door open. We found John out when we arrived. Make yourself at home. I saw him enter the hall. The boss keeps them working all day. I heard my name called. 2020/10/15 15 附属成分 基本成分的修饰语。可以是： 定语：即用来修饰名词的单词、短语或从句 状语：即用来修饰名词或代词以外的词的单词、 短语或从句。 定 语 Poor John tottered(蹒跚） toward a hospital nearby She likes oranges imported from the USA. John gave Mary many books， which are full of illustrations（插图） Have you seen the book on the desk? The boy playing over there is my brother. People there like sports. 2020/10/15 16 定语 定语用来修饰名词或代词形容词，代词，数 词，名词，介词短语，不定式，动名词，分词， 从句都可以充当定语 The black bike is mine. What s your name? A broken vase. I have 5 books. A sleeping boy. They made paper flowers. The boy in the room is Jack. I have something to do. It is a swimming pool. 2020/10/15 17 状语 状语用来修饰动词，形容词或副词它表示行为发 生的时间，地点，目的，方式，程度一般由 1副词， 2介词短语， 3不定式 4或相当于副词的词或短语充 当，也可由 5从句来充当 He did it carefully. Without his help, we couldn t work it out. In order to catch up with my classmates, I must study hard. I was born on June 9th 1982 in Guangxi. He is writing with a pen. 2020/10/15 18 John often came to chat with me John likes oranges very much Whenever he gets drunk， John makes Mary very angry Hearing the news, he jumped with joy. As he was ill, he didn t come to class yesterday. She is sitting at the desk, doing her homework. My father worked in this school ten years ago. You d better stay here. 状 语 2020/10/15 19 主语 可有修饰语 -定语 ， 谓语 可有修饰语 -状语 。 如 : 1. The red sun rises in the east. 2. So they had to travel by air or boat. 3.We got up early so as to catch the first bus. 4. She sat there alone, reading a novel. 5. He came back when we were eating. 6.Weak buildings will fall down in an earthquake, but strong ones may stay up. 2020/10/15 20 noun adj. / adv. infinitive V-ing V-ed etc. 主 语 谓 语 宾语 宾语 宾补 表语 宾语 (间 ) 宾语 (直 ) Vt V-l Vi Noun / Pronoun The + adj V-ing / Clause Infinitive Noun / Pronoun / The + adj V-ing / Clause / Infinitive be / feel / seem / look appear / stand / lie become /get / grow / turn go / come / remain/ keep taste / smell etc. noun pronoun adj. / adv. infinitive V-ing / V-ed clause etc. 2020/10/15 21 句子成分练习题 ( 一 ) (一 ). 指出下列句中主语的中心词（ 4分， 4分 钟） The teacher with two of his students is walking into the classroom. There is an old man coming here. The useful dictionary was given by my mother last year. To do todays homework without the teachers help is very difficult. 2020/10/15 22 (二 ) 选出句中谓语的中心词（ 10分， 10分钟） I dont like the picture on the wall. A. dont B. like C. picture D. wall The days get longer and longer when summer comes. A. get B. longer C. days D. summer Do you usually go to school by bus? A. Do B. usually C.go D. bus There will be a meeting at the library this afternoon. A. will be B. meeting C. the library D. afternoon Did the twins have porridge for their breakfast? A.Did B. twins C. have D. breakfast 2020/10/15 23 Tom didnt do his homework yesterday. A. Tom B. didnt C. do D. his homework What I want to tell you is this. A. want B. to tell C. you D. is We had better send for a doctor. A. We B. had C. send D. doctor He is interested in music. A. is B. interested C. in D. music Whom did you give my book to? A. give B.did C. whom D. book 2020/10/15 24 (三 ) 挑出下列句中的宾语（ 10分， 10分钟） My brother hasnt done his homework. People all over the world speak English. You must pay good attention to your pronunciation. How many new words did you learn last class? Some of the students in the school want to go swimming, how about you? The old man sitting at the gate said he was ill. They made him monitor of the class. Go across the bridge and you will find the museum on the left. You will find it useful after you leave school. They didnt know who Father Christmas really is. 2020/10/15 25 (四 ) 挑出下列句中的表语 The old man was feeling very tired. Why is he worried about Jim? The leaves have turned yellow. Soon They all became interested in the subject. She was the first to learn about it. 2020/10/15 26 (五 ) 挑出下列句中的定语（ 6分， 6分钟） They use Mr, Mrs with the family name. What is your given name? On the third lap are Class 1 and Class 3. I am afraid some people forgot to sweep the floor. The man downstairs was trying to sleep. I am waiting for the sound of the other shoe! 2020/10/15 27 (六 ) 挑出下列句中的宾语补足语（ 6分， 6分 钟） She likes the children to read newspapers and books in the reading-room. He asked her to take the boy out of school. She found it difficult to do the work. They call me Lily sometimes. I saw Mr Wang get on the bus. Did you see Li Ming playing football on the playground just now? 2020/10/15 28 (七 ) 挑出下列句中的状语（ 8分， 8分钟） There was a big smile on her face. Every night he heard the noise upstairs. He began to learn English when he was eleven. The man on the motorbike was travelling too fast. With the medicine box under her arm, Miss Li hurried off. She loves the library because she loves books. I am afraid that if youve lost it, you must pay for it. The students followed Uncle Wang to see the other machine. 2020/10/15 29 (八 ) 划出句中的直接宾语和间接宾语（） Please tell us a story. My father bought a new bike for me last week. Mr Li is going to teach us history next term. Here is a pen.Give it to Tom. Did he leave any message for me? 2020/10/15 30 由一个主句和一个或者一个以上从句所 构成的句子。在英语书面语中应用广泛。 主句是一个完整的句子 ,它可以独立存在。 从句是一个不完整的句子 ,它必须和一个 主句连用，不能独立存在。 复合句可以通过把两个以上简单句连接 在一起构成 ,但复合句的各组成部份并非 同等重要，其中一个句子由 从属连词 引 导（从句），用以修饰另一句子（主句）。 复合句 = 主句 + 从句 复 合 句 2020/10/15 31 复合句是在简单句的基础上，通过从属连词将两个或两个 以上简单句连接在一起而构成。从属连词所引导的从句起 形容词、名词、副词的作用。复合句主要包含以下类型从 句： 1. 主语从句 2. 宾语从句 3. 表语从句 4. 定语从句 5. 状语从句 6. 同位语从句 英文写作中最常使用的从句 1. 宾语从句 2. 状语从句 3. 定语从句 2020/10/15 32 复合句与简单句：复合句 = 简单句 + 从属连词 +简单句 He told me the news. that the match had been cancelled. 宾语 how much he was prepared to pay for my car. that I could have the money without delay. how much he was prepared to pay for my car and that I could have the money without delay. when he was leaving for Paris. that his father was working in that school. 宾语从句 2020/10/15 33 复合句与简单句：复合句 = 简单句 + 从属连词 +简单句 I don t know him. He has finished his work that he has finished his work. whether he has finished his work. 宾语从句 He is leaving for Washington. that he is leaving for Washington. when he is leaving for Washington. why he is leaving for Washington. how he is leaving for Washington. whether he is leaving for Washington. 2020/10/15 34 复合句与简单句：复合句 = 简单句 + 从属连词 +简单句 the people surprised That What he said what he did 主语 That he didn t know the answer in the room. 定语 who were sitting in the room. who were present. whose sons were at war. who had signed the contract. 2020/10/15 35 复合句与简单句：复合句 = 简单句 + 从属连词 +简单句 That is the fact. 表 语 what he needs. what he gave me. why he was late. because he was ill. what has happened. 2020/10/15 36 复合句与简单句：复合句 = 简单句 + 从属连词 +简单句 He worked in that factory three years ago. 地点状语 时间状语 where his father worked where I lived when he lived there His father worked there. I lived there. He lived there three years ago. 2020/10/15 37 复合句与简单句：复合句 = 简单句 + 从属连词 +简单句 Put the book on the desk. where you took it. where it was. 地点状语 where you found it. You can t camp here. where there are a lot of trees. wherever you like.