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Unit,4,Inside the Brain,Book 2,Think and Discuss,Viewing the World,Exploring the Theme,Analytical Listening,Sharing Your Ideas,Engaging,Further Listening,Content,Unit 4 Inside the Brain,Think and Discuss,What skills do you need to juggle? Why do you think learning to juggle changes the structure of your brain? 3. What would you like to know about the brain?,A juggler balances six basketballs in Xing Qing Park, Xian, China. Studies show that juggling can change the structure of your brain in just seven days.,Questions,Example Answers In order to juggle, I need to have good concentration, good balance, a good sense of spatial relationships, and good hand-eye coordination.,What skills do you need to juggle?,Questions,Why do you think learning to juggle changes the structure of your brain?,Example Answers Learning to juggle makes me use and exercise certain parts of the brain. By using these parts of the brain, the number of neurons sending signals and / or the number of connections between parts of the brain can be increased.,Questions,3. What would you like to know about the brain?,Questions,Example Answers I would like to know how we remember things, and how to improve my memory. I would like to know if all people are born with the same ability to learn things. I would like to know more about mental illness. I would like to know how our diet and exercise habits affect our brains.,Unit 4 Inside the Brain,Exploring the Theme,Look at the photos and read the captions. Then discuss the questions. 1. What are some things your brain helps you do? 2. What happens to your brain when you learn something new? 3. What is your hippocampus?,Inside the Brain,Studies show that when we learn something new, it changes the structure of our brains.,Inside the Brain,Glen McNeill spends six or seven hours a day riding his motorbike through the streets of London, Britain so he can become a taxi driver. When he finishes his training, his hippocampus, the area of the brain used for memory, will be larger than most adults.,Inside the Brain,A laurel（月桂树）maze（迷宫）at Glendurgan in Cornwall, England,Inside the Brain,What are some things your brain helps you do?,Inside the Brain,Example Answers Our brain helps us to learn and remember things, create and imagine stories, make judgements and inferences, have different feelings, etc.,2. What happens to your brain when you learn something new?,Inside the Brain,Example Answers When I learn something new, it changes the structure of my brain, for example, the hippocampus may become larger.,3. What is your hippocampus?,Inside the Brain,Example Answers The hippocampus is the part of the brain used for memory.,Unit 4 Inside the Brain,Analytical Listening,Listening 1,documentary n. 纪录片 calculate v. 计算 sensory organ n. 感觉器官 microscopic a. 极小的，微小的 neuron n. 神经元，神经细胞 sensory neuron n. 感觉神经元 spinal cord n. 脊髓 motor neuron n. 运动神经元 transmit v. 传送，传输 pathway n. 神经通路,An image of the human brain,Predicting Content. You are going to listen to a documentary about the human brain. With a partner, discuss the question.,Before Listening,Listening 1,Which of these topics do you expect to hear about in the documentary? Check () your ideas. exercise learning food neurons memory intelligence,A | Checking Predictions. Listen to the documentary and check your predictions.,A Documentary,Listening,Listening 1, exercise learning food neurons memory intelligence,B | Listening for Main Ideas. Listen again and check () the main ideas of the documentary.,Listening 1, Your brain is a very important and complex organ. Your brain tells your muscles what to do. Your brain is very powerful. You brain can send messages very quickly. Your brain helps you protect your pets. Learning changes your brain. Exercise helps you learn.,C | Listening for Details. Read the statements. Then listen again and check () T for true or F for false.,Listening 1,To be continued ,5. Exercise can improve your mood. 6. Exercise produces chemicals that make it easier to learn., ,T F, ,C | Listening for Details. Read the statements. Then listen again and check () T for true or F for false.,Listening 1,Listening 1,Example Answers 1. F (Your brain weighs three pounds.) 2. F (In the documentary, it is said that “No computer can come close to your brains ability ”) 3. F (Your brain contains about 100 billion neurons.) 4. T 5. T 6. T,D | Listening for Details. Read the sentences. Then listen again and complete the sentences with what you hear.,Listening 1,1. The brain is also an amazingly powerful organ. It generates enough electricity to power a _. 2. Whenever you dream, laugh, think, see, or move, its because _ are moving at high speed between these neurons along billions of tiny neuron highways.,To be continued ,light bulb,tiny chemical and electrical signals,3. We know that learning increases knowledge, but studies show that when you learn, you actually change _. 4. As you practice, your brain sends “bike riding” messages along certain pathways of neurons over and over, forming new _.,Listening 1,the structure of your brain,connections,D | Listening for Details. Read the sentences. Then listen again and complete the sentences with what you hear.,A | Discussion. With your partner, discuss the questions.,Listening 1,After Listening,1. What are some activities or skills that were difficult for you at first, but are easy for you now (e.g., riding a bicycle)? 2. Do you agree that exercise improves your mood? Why or why not? 3. Do you think that exercise helps you study or solve problems more easily? Why or why not?,Listening 1,Example Answers At first, playing the guitar / understanding English / sewing / playing volleyball / doing mathematical calculations / drawing pictures was difficult for me, but its easy for me now.,1. What are some activities or skills that were difficult for you at first, but are easy for you now (e.g., riding a bicycle)?,Listening 1,Example Answer 1 I agree that exercise improves my mood because I feel happy and relaxed after I exercise.,2. Do you agree that exercise improves your mood? Why or why not?,Listening 1,Example Answer 2 I dont agree that exercise improves my mood because I feel tired after I exercise, and dealing with city traffic to go to the place where I exercise is stressful.,2. Do you agree that exercise improves your mood? Why or why not?,Listening 1,Example Answer 1 I do think that exercise helps me to study or solve problems more easily because I walk or ride my bicycle to school in the morning, and I remember information from my morning classes better than I remember information from my afternoon classes.,3. Do you think that exercise helps you study or solve problems more easily? Why or why not?,Listening 1,Example Answer 2 I dont think that exercise helps me to study or solve problems more easily because I exercise some evenings, and some evenings I dont exercise. My homework isnt any easier on the nights when I have exercised earlier.,3. Do you think that exercise helps you study or solve problems more easily? Why or why not?,B | Self-Reflection. Work in pairs to test how your brain works. Follow the instructions and then switch roles.,Listening 1,1. Write down eight numbers between one and 100 in any order across a piece of paper. 2. Show your partner the paper and read the numbers aloud. 3. Take the paper away and ask your partner to repeat the numbers.,Listening 1,Your Amazing Brain . You carry around a three-pound organ in your head that controls everything you will ever do. It enables you to think, learn, create, and feel emotions, and controls every breath and heartbeatthis fantastic control center is your brain. It is so amazing that a famous scientist once called it “the most complex thing we have yet discovered in our universe”. Your brain works faster than a supercomputer . Imagine your cat is on your kitchen counter. Shes about to step onto a hot stove. You have only seconds to respond. By using the signals coming from your eyes, your brain quickly calculates when, where, and how quickly you will need to move to stop your cat from stepping on the stove. Your brain then tells your muscles what to do. You run across the kitchen, and pick your cat up, and shes safe. No computer can come close to your brains ability to receive, process, and respond to the enormous amount of,To be continued ,Listening 1,information coming from your eyes, ears, and other sensory organs. The brain is also an amazingly powerful organ. It generates enough electricity to power a light bulb. Your brain contains about 100 billion microscopic cells called neuronsso many it would take you over 3,000 years to count them all. Whenever you dream, laugh, think, see, or move, its because tiny chemical and electrical signals are moving at high speed between these neurons along billions of tiny neuron highways. The activity in your brain never stops. Thousands and thousands of messages are sent around inside your brain every second. Your neurons create and send more messages than all the phones in the entire world. And while a single neuron generates only a tiny amount of electricity, all your neurons together can generate enough electricity to power a light bulb,To be continued ,Listening 1,Your neurons are not only able to send lots of messages, they are able to send them very quickly. Neurons send information to your brain at more than 150 miles per hour. For example, imagine that a bee lands on your bare foot. Sensory neurons in your skin send this information to your spinal cord and brain at a speed of more than 150 miles per hour. Your brain then uses motor neurons to transmit, or send the message back, through your spinal cord, telling your foot to shake the bee off quickly. Motor neurons can transmit this information at more than 200 miles per hour. What about learning? We know that learning increases knowledge, but studies show that when you learn, you actually change the structure of your brain. For example, an activity like riding a bike seems impossible at first. But soon you master it. But how do you do this? As you practice, your,To be continued ,Listening 1,brain sends “bike riding” messages along certain pathways of neurons over and over, forming new connections. In fact, the structure of your brain changes every time you learn, as well as whenever you have a new thought or memory. Exercise also has an impact on your brain. Research shows that exercise actually helps make you smarter. It is well-known that any exercise that makes your heart beat faster such as jogging or playing soccer is good for your body and can even help improve your mood. But scientists have recently learned that for a period of time after youve exercised, your body produces a chemical that makes it easier for your brain to learn. So the next time youre stuck trying to solve a homework problem, go out for a bike ride or go jogging, then try the problem again. You just might discover that youre able to solve it.,short-term a. 短期的 long-term a. 长期的,Listening 2,A | Listening for Main Ideas. Read and listen to part of a conversation. What are the classmates talking about?,Listening 2,Cathy: Did you understand everything Professor Wong said yesterday about short-term memory? Toshi: Yeah, I think so. Cathy: Im not sure that I did. Toshi: Well, heres what I got from the lecture. Your short-term memory only lasts a few seconds, right? Information enters the brain through the sensesthings we taste, touch, smell, and so on and we remember it long enough to function normally.,To be continued ,Before Listening,Listening 2,Cathy: Sorry, but what do you mean by “function normally”? Toshi: Well, for example, if I ask you a question, you can remember the question long enough to answer it. Cathy: Im not sure that I did. Liz : Right, but you might not remember the question tomorrow.,A | Listening for Main Ideas. Read and listen to part of a conversation. What are the classmates talking about?,Listening 2,Answer Keys The students are talking about a professors lecture about memory.,B | Understanding Visuals. Look at the flow chart below. Then discuss the questions with a partner.,Listening 2,The Memory Process,To be continued ,Listening 2,B | Understanding Visuals. Look at the flow chart below. Then discuss the questions with a partner.,1. How does information enter the brain? What are some examples? 2. What information from short-term memory moves to long-term memory? 3. What are some things you have difficulty remembering (names, new vocabulary, etc.)?,Listening 2,B | Understanding Visuals. Look at the flow chart below. Then discuss the questions with a partner.,To be continued ,4. In your opinion, whats the best way to remember something you want to remember? a. Repeat it to yourself. b. Write it down. c. Pay extra attention to it. d. Other: _,Listening 2,B | Understanding Visuals. Look at the flow chart below. Then discuss the questions with a partner.,1. How does information enter the brain? What are some examples?,Example Answers Information enters the brain through the senses; for example, we might see a friends face, or hear a professors lecture, or feel a piece of ice.,Listening 2,2. What information from short-term memory moves to long-term memory?,Example Answers Information that we try to remember or that the brain decides is important moves from short-term memory to long-term memory.,Listening 2,3. What are some things you have difficulty remembering (names, new vocabulary, etc.)?,Example Answers I have difficulty remembering telephone numbers, the year in which something happened, the names of plants and trees, and what I did yesterday.,Listening 2,4. In your opinion, whats the best way to remember something you want to remember? a. Repeat it to yourself. b. Write it down. c. Pay extra attention to it. d. Other: _,Example Answers In my opinion, the best way to remember something is to visualize it (make a mental picture), think about it or analyze it in some way, or connect it to something I already know or feel.,Listening 2,Cathy: Did you understand everything Professor Wong said yesterday about short-term memory? Toshi: Yeah, I think so. Cathy: Im not sure that I did. Toshi: Well, heres what I got from the lecture. Your short-term memory only lasts a few seconds, right? Information enters the brain through the sensesthings we taste, touch, smell, and so on and we remember it long enough to function normally. Cathy: Sorry, but what do you mean by “function normally”? Toshi: Well, for example, if I ask you a question, you can remember the question long enough to answer it. Liz: Right, but you might not remember the question tomorrow.,Listening 2,Listening 2,Listening,A Conversation Between Students,A | Listening for Main Ideas. Listen to the whole conversation. What do the students say about short-term and long-term memory? Short-term memory: _ _ _ _,Information enters the brain through the senses, and we remember it for a few seconds, which is long enough for us to function normally; for example, we remember a question long enough to answer it.,Listening 2,Listening,A Conversation Between Students,A | Listening for Main Ideas. Listen to the whole conversation. What do the students say about short-term and long-term memory? Long-term memory: _ _ _ _,We decide, or our brain decides, that something is important, and we form memories that last much longer than short-term memories. We may have to focus on something or practice it again and again in order to remember it long term.,Listening 2,B | Listening for Details. Read the sentences. Then listen again and complete the sentences with what you hear. 1. To create a long-term memory, your brain has to . 2. To learn new information, you have to _. 3. To learn how to ride a bicycle, you have to . 4. To memorize information for an exam, you have to _ _ and _.,decide that something is important,concentrate,do it again and again,concentrate on the information when you hear it or read it,maybe review it several times,After Listening,A | Critical Thinking. Take turns asking and answering the questions with your partner. 1. In your own words, whats the difference between short- term and long-term memory? 2. What kinds of information can you remember easily (e.g., names, songs, directions, etc.) for a long time?,Listening 2,1. In your own words, whats the difference between short- term and long-term memory?,Example Answers Short-term memory doesnt last very long at all, whereas long-term memory can last a lifetime. In addition, we dont have to think much or practice something in order for it to become a short-term memory. But we do have to decide to remember something and perhaps practice or review it in order for it to become a long-term memory.,Listening 2,2. What kinds of information can you remember easily (e.g., names, songs, directions, etc.) for a long time?,Example Answers I can easily remember very good or very bad experiences for a long time. I can also remember smells, recipes, and the locations of places in my city quite easily.,Listening 2,B | Self-Reflection. Read the statements and check () Agree or Disagree. 1. It was easier to learn something new when I was younger. 2. Even with practice, there are some things I just cant learn how to do. 3. I learn from mistakes more quickly than I learn in other ways.,Listening 2,To be continued ,Agree Disagree ,4. Its easier for me to learn how to do something new if someone shows me rather than tells me how to do it. 5. Its easier for me to remember information if I write it down. 6. Memorization is a kind of skill that can be trained.,Listening 2,Agree Disagree,B | Self-Reflection. Read the statements and check () Agree or Disagree.,Agree Disagree ,C | Discussion. Form a group with another pair of students. Discuss the statements in exercise B. Give reasons why you agree or disagree with each statement.,Listening 2,Listening 2,Example Answer 1 I agree because there was much less to remember when I was younger. I hadnt experienced many things, so every new experience seemed more important.,1. It was easier to learn something new when I was younger.,Listening 2,Example Answer 2 I disagree because now that Im older, I know things I can do to increase the chances that Ill remember something.,1. It was easier to learn something new when I was younger.,Listening 2,Example Answer 1 I agree because Ive tried to learn to play ping-pong, and I dont get any better at it. I think my physical reactions are too slow, so Ill never be good at playing ping-pong.,2. Even with practice, there are some things I just cant learn how to do.,Listening 2,Example Answer 2 I disagree because I think we all have the same potential for learning. If one person can be good at driving a car, then another person can learn to drive well, too.,2. Even with practice, there are some things I just cant learn how to do.,Listening 2,Example Answer 1 I agree because I regret my mistakes, and that makes me feel bad. I think the brain decides to remember negative experiences so we can avoid them in the future.,3. I learn from mistakes more quic
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