初升高英语衔接班

第4讲非谓语动词之动词不定式二. 重、难点（一）非谓语动词概述动词在句中除充当谓语外，还可以起名词、形容词或副词的作用。在句中充当主语、宾语、表语、补语、定语和状语。这就是动词的非谓语形式。当句中需要用某种动作作主语、宾语或作某种修饰、说明的成分时，就要用这种形式。动词非谓语形式有三种：动词不定式to do，分词（现在分词和过去分词）和动名词，动词非谓语形式不随主语的人称和数的变化而变化，故又称为非限定性动词。动词非谓语形式仍具有动词的一般特征，可以带有宾语、状语等构成短语。（二）动词不定式动词不定式能起名词、形容词和副词作用，充当谓语以外的各种成分。1. 作主语：不定式可以直接放在句首做一句话的主语，如：To learn English is not an easy thing . 学习英语不是一件容易的事。也可以用it作形式主语，而将不定式充当的真正主语放在后面。如：It is important to protect our environment . 保护环境是重要的。2. 作宾语：很多动词后面都可带不定式作宾语，如want , decide , agree , would like , hope , wish等。如：He wants to visit Nanjing . 他要参观南京。Mary decided to go alone . 玛丽决定一个人去。3. 作宾语补足语：这样的动词有want , would like , wish , ask , tell , expect等，但我们需要注意有的动词后带不带“to”的不定式作宾语补足语。如“使役动词”：let , have , make+宾语+do，感官动词hear / see / feel / notice +宾语+do，另外，感官动词还可以加doing作宾语补足语，这时我们要知道与加不带to的不定式之间的区别。如：I expect you to write to me . 我盼望你给我来信。I asked him to show me his new dictionary . 我要他给我看看他的新词典。The landlord made my grandfather work in the field all day . 地主以前让我祖父整天在田里干活。I often hear her sing when I am free . 当我有空时常听她唱歌。4. 作表语：如：My hope is to become an artist . 我的愿望是成为一名艺术家。The young man seems to be a college graduate . 那个年轻人好像是个大学毕业生。To see is to believe . 百闻不如一见。（眼见为实）She was seen to enter the hall . 有人看见她到大厅里去了。注意此句用的是see的被动语态，它的主动语态是see sb. do sth.的短语，这种在主动语态中不带to的不定式作宾补的动词，在被动中要还原to。5. 作定语：动词不定式作定语时，不定式所表示的动作与其所修饰的中心词之间一般有三种关系：（1）动宾关系：即动词不定式所表示的动作与其所修饰的中心词之间具有逻辑上的动宾关系。如：She has a lot of homework to do . 她有很多作业要做。句中不定式to do与homework之间构成动宾关系。注意：当作定语的不定式中的动词为不及物动词时，不定式后面要加适当的介词。如：He needed a chair to sit on . 他需要一把椅子坐。I want a pen to write with . 我要一支笔写字。（2）主谓关系：中心词与不定式所表示的动作之间具有逻辑上的主谓关系，即中心词是不定式动作的发出者。如：She is always the first to come to school. 她总是第一个到学校来。句中的the first是to come to school这一动作逻辑上的主语，即这个动作的发出者。（3）同位关系：作定语的不定式是对中心词内容的解释和说明。如：This is the best way to solve the problem . 这是解决问题的最好办法。句中的way的内容是to solve the problem，二者之间是同位的关系。6. 作状语：不定式在句中一般可作三种状语：目的状语、结果状语和原因状语。（1）作目的状语：这时不定式前面还可加上in order和so as，构成in order to do和so as to do的形式，意为“为了；以便于”，作目的状语的动词不定式可放在句首，也可放在句尾。如：In order to get there on time , he started very early . 为了能按时到那儿，他很早便动身了。She came here to visit some friends . 她来到这儿是为了拜访一些朋友。此外，我们还需注意，不定式作目的状语构成的简单句可以与in order that 和so that引导的目的状语从句之间进行互换。如：He started very early so that / in order that he could get there on time .（2）作结果状语：不定式作结果状语常用于tooto和enough to的结构中，此外，还有only to也表示结果。如：He is too young to go to school . 他年龄太小，不能上学。Xiao Ming is old enough to join the army . 小明到了参军的年龄。I went to the cinema in a hurry only to find that the film had already finished . 我匆匆忙忙地赶到电影院，结果却发现电影已经结束了。（3）作原因状语：作原因状语的不定式常出现在表示情感的形容词后面，表示产生这种情感的原因。如：My father was surprised to hear the news . 我父亲听到这个消息，感到惊奇。Im sorry to hear that . 听到这件事，我感到很遗憾/抱歉。Im happy to see you . 见到你我很高兴。7. 不定式的否定形式：在to前加not即可。如：He decided not to take up the job . 他决定不干这个工作。The teacher told him not to be late again . 老师告诉他别再迟到了。8. “疑问词+不定式”结构：（1）常用于此结构的动词有：tell , teach , know , learn , wonder , show , ask等，这些词后面可以接宾语从句，当主句与从句的主语一致时，后面的宾语从句可简化成“疑问词+不定式”的结构。如：I want to know how I can get there . = I want to know how to get there . 我想知道怎样去那儿。（2）当动词tell , ask , show , teach等后带双宾语且直接宾语是从句时，当宾语从句主语和间接宾语一致时，宾语从句可以转换成“疑问词+不定式”的结构。如：Please tell me where I can find her . = Please tell me where to find her . 请告诉我到哪儿能找到她。9. 作简短回答时或避免不必要的重复时，动词不定式可省略to后的动词，但不定式的标志“to”不可以省略。如：Did you go to see the Great Wall ? No , I wanted to（go to see it）, but there wasnt time . 你游览长城了吗？没有，我想去（游览长城），但是没时间。Will you help me ? Ill try to（help you）. 你愿意帮助我吗？我会尽力而为。（但不一定能做到）10. 如果动词不定式的逻辑主语不是句子的主语或谓语动词的宾语，需要在这一逻辑主语前加for。如：I opened the door for her to come in . 我开了门让她进来。（不定式的逻辑主语是her）试比较：I want to open the door . 我要开门。（动词不定式to open的逻辑主语是I）I want him to open the door . 我要他把门打开。（to open的逻辑主语是谓语want的宾语him）【模拟试题】综合练习（一）1. After school we usually play basketball for half an hour on playground . A. the ; the B. / ; / C. / ; the D. the ; /2. There are few in the fridge . Lets go and buy some peas , carrots and cabbages . A. vegetables B. fruit C. meat D. eggs3. About of the workers in the clothes factory are women . A. third fifths B. third fifth C. three fifths D. three fifth4. The two little girls are crying . cannot find mother . A. She , her B. They , them C. They , their D. They , her5. Jim always comes to school of all because he has to open the door for others . A. early B. earlier C. most early D. earliest6. were you away from school last year ? About two weeks . A. How often B. How soon C. How long D. When7. We have four classes the morning and then have a rest noon . A. in ; in B. in ; at C. on ; at D. at ; in8. What are you going to do in the future ? Id like to be a doctor you are . A. so B. as C. what D. when9. Can you go swimming with us this afternoon ? Sorry , I cant . I take care of my little sister at home because my mother is ill . A. can B. may C. would D. have to10. I wonder where I could find something about the Museum of Natural History . Why on the Internet ? Theres a lot of information there . A. dont go B. not to go C. not going D. not go11. He finished the book yesterday evening . A. seeing B. watching C. reading D. looking12. Where Jane and Kate ? Oh , they to the reading-room . A. is ; went B. were ; are going C. are ; have been D. are ; have gone13. He something important when suddenly something a very loud noise outside . A. was thought ; made B. thought ; was makingC. was thinking ; made D. was thinking ; was making14. A talk on Chinese history in the school hall next week . A. is given B. has been given C. will be given D. will given15. Dont your coat , Tom ! Its easy to catch cold in spring . A. take away B. take off C. take down D. take out16. There is a beautiful clock on the wall , ?A. isnt there B. is there C. isnt it D. doesnt it17. There a lot of important news in todays newspapers . A. are B. is C. were D. is going to have18. Could you tell me ?A. where can I buy this kind of CD player B. where could I buy this kind of CD playerC. I can buy this kind of CD player whereD. where I can buy this kind of CD player19. Could you tell me ?A. when will Tom come back B. when does Tom come backC. when Tom will come back D. when Tom comes back20. Would you like this skirt , Madam ? Mmm ! Very nice ! Ill take .A. this B. it C. them D. those21. I dont think the number of people this happens is very large . A. who B. to which C. that D. to whom22. Shanghai lies the east of China . A. to B. in C. on D. at23. Oh , its late at nigh . We must go to bed now . .A. Good morning B. Goodbye C. Good night D. Good evening24. If you dont like the red coat , take the blue one . OK , but do you have size in blue ? This ones a bit tight for me . A. a big B. a bigger C. the big D. the bigger综合练习（二）1. She has orange skirt , skirt is nice . A. a ; the B. an ; the C. an ; a D. the ; the2. Mr. Green has lived in the hotel since he came to China . A. five-star B. five-stars C. five stars D. five stars3. About people are in the Peoples Park at weekends . A. two hundreds B. two hundreds of C. two hundred D. hundred of4. There isnt water here . Could you get for me ? All right . A. some ; some B. any ; any C. some ; any D. any ; some5. Now the air in our hometown is than it was before . Something must be done . A. much better B. more worse C. more better D. much worse6. Lucy and I are classmates . We in Class One . A. all are B. are all C. both are D. are both7. Your coat looks very nice . What is it made ? Cotton . And it is made Shanghai . A. in ; by B. from ; by C. by ; in D. of ; in8. What do you like doing after class ? I like not only reading painting . A. and B. but also C. or D. for9. “ What I do for you ? ” means “ I help you ? ”A. can , May B. shall , Need C. can , Shall D. will , Shall10. Sorry , I cant hear you clearly . Will you please your e-mail address ? Ill write it down . A. review B. recite C. report D. repeat11. Its too hot . Would you mind the door ? . Please do it now . A. to open ; OK B. opening ; Certainly not C. opening ; Of course D. to open ; Good idea12. you your clothes ? Yes . When you it ?A. Have ; washed ; did ; wash B. Did ; washed ; did ; washC. Have ; washed ; have ; washed D. Do ; wash ; did ; wash13. I a magazine（杂志）when the teacher up to me . A. was reading ; came B. read ; was comingC. was reading ; was coming D. read ; came14. Mr. Chen has a loud voice . His voice can clearly even in that big classroom . A. hear B. be heard C. be hearing D. have heard15. After years of hard work , his dream in the end . A. came out B. came true C. came over D. came up16. The computer is very useful in our life , it ?A. isnt B. wasnt C. hasnt D. doesnt17. Both Kate and I ready for the picnic now . A. is not B. is getting C. are getting D. am getting18. She said she me five letters in one month . A. has written B. will write C. had written D. wrote19. The poor man ate a big breakfast he said he wasnt hungry . A. since B. because C. though D. for20. How far is from Beijing Shanghai ?A. it ; to B. this ; till C. that ; till D. / ; to21. We are talking about Tonny , you met yesterday . A. whom B. which C. that D. with who22. ? I have a headache , doctor . A. Whats the trouble B. What wrong with youC. Whats your name D. What matter23. The children planted more trees and flowers after they Greener China . A. joined B. took part in C. became D. were24. They planted trees . Each time trees were planted . A. twice a year ; thousands of B. two times a year ; two thousandC. twice every year ; two thousands of D. two times each year ; two thousand综合练习（三）1. Look , you missed “ l ” in word “ could ” .A. a ; the B. a ; a C. an ; the D. an ; a2. She has been in Tianjin for ten years . Tianjin has become her second .A. family B. house C. home D. room3. Which is the smallest number of the four ? .A. Two-thirds B. A half C. A quarter D. Three-fourths4. of them has a dictionary and one of them can look up words in the dictionary . A. Each ; every B. Every ; each C. Each ; each D. Every ; every5. Is the physics problem ? Yes . I can work it out .A. easy ; easily B. easy ; easy C. easily ; easy D. easily ; easily6. We have never seen film before . Its very interesting . A. so a good B. a so good C. such a good D. a such good7. What did Mary have breakfast this morning ? She was late for school and hurried off breakfast . A. for ; without B. at ; without C. for ; after D. at ; after8. Get up early tomorrow , you cant get there before seven . A. so B. but C. and D. or9. Must I hand in the exercise-book now ? No , you . You hand it in tomorrow . A. mustnt ; need B. mustnt ; may C. cant ; may D. neednt ; may10. Excuse me . Would you please tell me buy a digital camera ? A. what to B. where to C. what I can D. where can I 11. He Mr. Hu to give him some work during the holiday . A. want ; to do B. wants ; to do C. ask ; to do D. hopes ; do12. They good friends since they know each other . A. were ; were B. were ; had C. had been ; did D. have been ; got to13. listen to the radio while you your homework . A. Dont ; are doing B. Not ; do C. Arent ; are doing D. Not to ; do14. The APEC meeting in Shanghai last autumn . I hear it in different countries every year . A. is held ; is held B. was held ; is held C. was held ; has held D. is held ; was held15. Could you tell me something more about Hong Kong ? Im going there for a holiday soon . A. looking up B. thinking about C. trying out D. finding out16. Neither of them is right , ?A. is he B. isnt he C. arent they D. is it17. The mother with little son at my home that snowy night . A. were ; at B. was ; at C. were ; on D. was ; on18. The woman still doesnt know what in her hometown while she was away . A. happens B. happened C. will happen D. was happened19. The students will go to the Summer Palace if it tomorrow . A. dont rain B. wont rain C. doesnt rain D. isnt rain20. is difficult to work on the Great Green Wall . A. This B. It C. That D. Its21. It Mike and Lily helped the old woman yesterday . A. were ; who B. were ; whom C. was ; who D. was ; whose22. Would you please show me the printing machine ?A. how can I use B. what can I use C. how to use D. what to use23. Hello . May I speak to Mike ? . Please call back later . A. Wait a minute B. Hold on for a moment C. Speaking D. Sorry , he is out24. The little boy when he said he had in bed all the morning . A. lied ; lay B. lay ; lied C. lied ; lain D. lay ; had lied 【试题答案】综合练习（一）15 CACCD 610 CBBDD 1115 CDCCB 1620 ABDCB2124 DBCB综合练习（二）15 BACDD 610 DDBAD 1115 BAABB 1620 ACCCA2124 AAAA综合练习（三）15 CCCAA 610 CADDB 1115 BDABB 1620 ADBCB2124 CCDC【试题分析】综合练习（一）6. 答案：C。此题考查由how构成的疑问词之间的区别。how often是用来提问频率的，how soon是用“in+一段时间”来回答，how long是用“for+一段时间”来回答，此题答语就是一段时间，因而选C。而D项则是对一个时间点进行提问。21. 选择D。这是一道定语从句的练习。从句中缺少的成份是“to+宾语”（happen to sb.指“某事发生在某人身上”，）先行词为people指代人，这样就应为可指人又可充当宾语的关系词应为whom，所以D（to whom）正确。综合练习（二）11. 选择B。此题考的第一个知识点是动词mind的用法：mind+doing另外，如果表示不介意应用含有否定意义的词。因而只有B符合要求。21. 选择A。这是一个带有非限定性定语从句的句子，在非限定性定语从句中不能用关系词that，这句话先行词为Tonny，指代人，且在从句中关系词充当“met”（遇见）的宾语，因此可用who或whom选项中只有whom，因而选A答案。综合练习（三）4. 选择A。考查each和every的区别，every后不可加of短语，each后可加of短语。every one后可以加of短语，因而选A。10. 选择B。此题考查宾语从句与“疑问词+不定式”结构，动词tell后面可加从句作宾语，但宾语从句要求用陈述句语序，D答案不合要求，而C答案在意思上不正确；tell后还可常“疑问词+不定式”作宾语，综合全句的意思应为“Where to buy ”，所以选B答案。