网络工程师：tcpip协议课件

1999,Cisco Systems,Inc.ICND8-1Chapter 2TCP/IP协议协议 1999,Cisco Systems,Inc.ICND8-21.5 TCPIP协议根底协议根底互联网协议互联网协议IP和传输控制协议和传输控制协议TCP是互联网协议族中最为有名的两个是互联网协议族中最为有名的两个协议，其应用非常广泛，它可以用于任何互协议，其应用非常广泛，它可以用于任何互相连接的计算机网络系统之间的通信，对局相连接的计算机网络系统之间的通信，对局域网域网LAN和广域网和广域网WAN都有非常好都有非常好的效果。的效果。1999,Cisco Systems,Inc.ICND8-31.5 TCPIP协议根底协议根底1.5.1 TCPIP与与OSI参考模型参考模型 TCP/IP协议和协议和OSI模型的对应关系模型的对应关系TCPIP协议协议 OSI模型模型 FTP,TELNET,SMTP,RPC,SNMP,DNS,TFTP,BOOTP,HTTP 应用层应用层TCP,UDP 传输层传输层IP(ICMP,IGMP),(ARP,RARP)网络层网络层 1999,Cisco Systems,Inc.ICND8-41.5 TCPIP协议根底协议根底 TCP/IP的主要协议之间的相关性的主要协议之间的相关性 图中每个封闭的多边形对应了一个协议，并图中每个封闭的多边形对应了一个协议，并且位于它所直接使用的协议之上。如且位于它所直接使用的协议之上。如 SMTP依赖于依赖于TCP，而而TCP依赖于依赖于IP。1999,Cisco Systems,Inc.ICND8-51.5 TCPIP协议根底协议根底TCP/IP的层次构造的层次构造 l应用层。向用户提供一组常用的应用程序。应用层。向用户提供一组常用的应用程序。2传输层传输层TCP和和UDP。提供给用程序间的通信，提供了可靠的提供给用程序间的通信，提供了可靠的传输传输UDP不能提供可靠的传输等。不能提供可靠的传输等。3网络层网络层IP。负责数据包的寻径功能，以保证数据包可靠到达。负责数据包的寻径功能，以保证数据包可靠到达目的主机，假设不能到达，那么向源主机发送过失控制报文。目的主机，假设不能到达，那么向源主机发送过失控制报文。4网络接口层网络接口层。这是。这是TCPIP软件的最低层，负责接收软件的最低层，负责接收IP数据包并数据包并通过网络发送之，或者从网络上接收物理帧，抽出通过网络发送之，或者从网络上接收物理帧，抽出IP数据包，并把它数据包，并把它交给交给IP层。层。1999,Cisco Systems,Inc.ICND8-61.5 TCPIP协议根底协议根底1.5.2 网络层网络层IP层层 将所有的低层的物理实现隐藏起来将所有的低层的物理实现隐藏起来，作用是将数据包从源主机发送出去，并且，作用是将数据包从源主机发送出去，并且使这些数据包独立地到达目的主机。使这些数据包独立地到达目的主机。在数据包传送过程中，即使是连续在数据包传送过程中，即使是连续的数据包，也可能走过不同的途径，到达目的数据包，也可能走过不同的途径，到达目的主机的顺序也会不同于它们被发送时的顺的主机的顺序也会不同于它们被发送时的顺序。序。1999,Cisco Systems,Inc.ICND8-71.5 TCPIP协议根底协议根底 TCP/IP数据流程数据流程 1999,Cisco Systems,Inc.ICND8-81.5 TCPIP协议根底协议根底 IP数据包数据包一个一个IP数据包由包头和数据体两部分组成。包头由数据包由包头和数据体两部分组成。包头由20字节的固定部分和变长的可选项成。字节的固定部分和变长的可选项成。1999,Cisco Systems,Inc.ICND8-91.5 TCPIP协议根底协议根底 IP地址地址在在Internet中，每一台主机都有一个唯一的地址，网中，每一台主机都有一个唯一的地址，网关常常有不止一个的地址。地址由两部分组成：网络号和关常常有不止一个的地址。地址由两部分组成：网络号和主机号。这种组合是唯一的，以使每一个主机号。这种组合是唯一的，以使每一个IP地址表示地址表示Internet中的唯中的唯一台主机。所有一台主机。所有IP地址都是地址都是32位长。位长。IP地址分为五类，平常使用的是地址分为五类，平常使用的是A，B，C三类地址三类地址 地址类型地址类型地址形式地址形式AN.H.H.HBN.N.H.HCN.N.N.H 1999,Cisco Systems,Inc.ICND8-101.5 TCPIP协议根底协议根底 IP层的其它一些协议层的其它一些协议 ICMPInternet控制信息协议用来传送一些控制信息协议用来传送一些关于网络和主机的控制信息。如目的主机是不可到达的、路关于网络和主机的控制信息。如目的主机是不可到达的、路由的重定向等。由的重定向等。ARP地址解析协议用来将地址解析协议用来将IP地址映射成相地址映射成相应的主机应的主机 MAC地址。地址。RARP反向地址解析协议用来将物理地址反向地址解析协议用来将物理地址映射成映射成32位的位的IP地址。地址。1999,Cisco Systems,Inc.ICND8-111.5 TCPIP协议根底协议根底1.5.3 传输层传输层TCP和和UDP TCPTCP协议，即传输控制协议，是一个可协议，即传输控制协议，是一个可靠的、面向连接的协议。它允许在靠的、面向连接的协议。它允许在Internet上两台主机间信息的无过失传输。上两台主机间信息的无过失传输。UDP无连接方式，即无连接方式，即UDP方式，当源主机有方式，当源主机有数据时，就发送。它不管发送的数据包是数据时，就发送。它不管发送的数据包是否到达目的主机，数据包是否出错，收到否到达目的主机，数据包是否出错，收到数据包的主机也不会告诉发送方是否正确数据包的主机也不会告诉发送方是否正确收到了数据，因此，这是一种不可靠的数收到了数据，因此，这是一种不可靠的数据传输方式。据传输方式。1999,Cisco Systems,Inc.ICND8-121.5 TCPIP协议根底协议根底1.5.4 应用层协议应用层协议Telnet，也就是虚终端效劳。它允许一台主机，也就是虚终端效劳。它允许一台主机上的用户登录进另一台远程主机，并在远程主机上的用户登录进另一台远程主机，并在远程主机中工作，而用户当前所使用的主机好象仅仅是远中工作，而用户当前所使用的主机好象仅仅是远程主机的一个终端。程主机的一个终端。FTP，即文件传输协议。提供了一个有效的途，即文件传输协议。提供了一个有效的途径，将数据从一台主机传送到另一台主机。文件径，将数据从一台主机传送到另一台主机。文件传输有文本和二进制两种形式。文本形式用来传传输有文本和二进制两种形式。文本形式用来传输文本文件，并实现一些格式转换。输文本文件，并实现一些格式转换。SMTP，即电子邮件效劳使用缺省的端口，即电子邮件效劳使用缺省的端口25，以电子数据的方式，使用户快速、方便地传送信以电子数据的方式，使用户快速、方便地传送信息。即使相隔大洲、大洋，电子邮件也可以在短息。即使相隔大洲、大洋，电子邮件也可以在短短的几分钟内到达接收方的电子信箱。短的几分钟内到达接收方的电子信箱。HTTP，即超文本传输协议，用来在，即超文本传输协议，用来在.效劳器上效劳器上获得用超文本标记语言书写的页面。获得用超文本标记语言书写的页面。1999,Cisco Systems,Inc.ICND8-13Early protocol suiteUniversalIntroduction to TCP/IPHostInternetTCP/IPHost 1999,Cisco Systems,Inc.ICND8-14TCP/IP 协议栈协议栈7654325432ApplicationPresentationSessionTransportNetworkData LinkPhysical1ApplicationTransportInternetData LinkPhysical1 1999,Cisco Systems,Inc.ICND8-15应用层应用层 Overview*Used by the routerApplicationTransportInternetData LinkPhysicalFile Transfer-TFTP*-FTP*-NFSE-Mail-SMTPRemote Login-Telnet*-rlogin*Network Management-SNMP*Name Management-DNS*1999,Cisco Systems,Inc.ICND8-16传输层传输层 OverviewTransmission ControlProtocol(TCP)User Datagram Protocol(UDP)ApplicationTransportInternetData LinkPhysical面向连接、可靠的面向连接、可靠的无连接，不可靠的无连接，不可靠的 1999,Cisco Systems,Inc.ICND8-17TCP传输控制协议传输控制协议面向连接的面向连接的先建立连接，后传数据先建立连接，后传数据通过三次握手建立连接通过三次握手建立连接可靠的可靠的发送数据后，必须等待确认后才继续发送发送数据后，必须等待确认后才继续发送等不到确认，会重传数据等不到确认，会重传数据电话电话 1999,Cisco Systems,Inc.ICND8-18TCP Segment FormatSource port(16)Destination port(16)Sequence number(32)Headerlength(4)Acknowledgement number(32)Reserved(6)Code bits(6)Window(16)Checksum(16)Urgent(16)Options(0 or 32 if any)Data(varies)20BytesBit 0Bit 15Bit 16Bit 31 1999,Cisco Systems,Inc.ICND8-19Port NumbersTCPPort NumbersFTPTransportLayerTELNETDNSSNMPTFTPSMTPUDPApplicationLayer2123255369161RIP520 1999,Cisco Systems,Inc.ICND8-20TCP Port NumbersSourcePortDest.PortHost A102823SPDPHost ZTelnet ZDest.port=23.Send packet to my Telnet application.1999,Cisco Systems,Inc.ICND8-21Send SYN(seq=100 ctl=SYN)SYN receivedHost AHost BTCP 三次握手三次握手1 1999,Cisco Systems,Inc.ICND8-22Send SYN(seq=100 ctl=SYN)SYN receivedSend SYN,ACK(seq=300 ack=101 ctl=syn,ack)Host AHost BSYN received12TCP Three Way Handshake/Open Connection 1999,Cisco Systems,Inc.ICND8-23Send SYN(seq=100 ctl=SYN)SYN receivedSend SYN,ACK(seq=300 ack=101 ctl=syn,ack)Established(seq=101 ack=301 ctl=ack)Host AHost B123SYN receivedTCP Three Way Handshake/Open Connection 1999,Cisco Systems,Inc.ICND8-24TCP Simple AcknowledgmentWindow size=1 Sender Receiver 1999,Cisco Systems,Inc.ICND8-25TCP Simple AcknowledgmentWindow size=1 Sender ReceiverSend 1Receive 1 1999,Cisco Systems,Inc.ICND8-26TCP Simple AcknowledgmentWindow size=1 Sender ReceiverSend 1Receive 1Receive ACK 2 Send ACK 2 1999,Cisco Systems,Inc.ICND8-27TCP Simple AcknowledgmentWindow size=1 Sender ReceiverSend 1Receive 1Receive ACK 2 Send ACK 2Send 2Receive 2 1999,Cisco Systems,Inc.ICND8-28TCP Simple AcknowledgmentWindow size=1 Sender ReceiverSend 1Receive 1Receive ACK 2 Send ACK 2Send 2Receive 2Receive ACK 3Send ACK 3 1999,Cisco Systems,Inc.ICND8-29TCP Simple AcknowledgmentWindow size=1 Sender ReceiverSend 1Receive 1Receive ACK 2 Send ACK 2Send 2Receive 2Receive ACK 3Send ACK 3Send 3Receive 3 1999,Cisco Systems,Inc.ICND8-30Window size=1 Sender ReceiverSend 1Receive 1Receive ACK 2 Send ACK 2Send 2Receive 2Receive ACK 3Send ACK 3Send 3Receive 3Receive ACK 4Send ACK 4TCP Simple Acknowledgment 1999,Cisco Systems,Inc.ICND8-31TCP Sequence and Acknowledgment NumbersSourcePortDest.PortSequence#Acknowledgement#Source Dest.Seq.Ack.102823101I justsent#10.1999,Cisco Systems,Inc.ICND8-32TCP Sequence and Acknowledgment NumbersI just got#10,now I need#11.SourcePortDest.PortSequence#Acknowledgement#102823Source Dest.Seq.1Ack.102823Source Dest.Seq.1Ack.I justsent#10.1999,Cisco Systems,Inc.ICND8-33TCP Sequence and Acknowledgment NumbersSourcePortDest.PortSequence#Acknowledgement#102823Source Dest.Seq.2Ack.102823Source Dest.Seq.1Ack.102823Source Dest.Seq.1Ack.I just got#10,now I need#11.I justsent#11.1999,Cisco Systems,Inc.ICND8-34TCP Sequence and Acknowledgment NumbersSourcePortDest.PortSequence#Acknowledgement#102823Source Dest.Seq.2Ack.102823Source Dest.Seq.1Ack.102823Source Dest.Seq.1Ack.102823Source Dest.Seq.2Ack.I just got#11,now I need#12.I justsent#11.1999,Cisco Systems,Inc.ICND8-35TCP WindowingSenderReceiver 1999,Cisco Systems,Inc.ICND8-36TCP WindowingWindow size=3Send 2SenderReceiverWindow size=3Send 1Window size=3Send 3 1999,Cisco Systems,Inc.ICND8-37Window size=3Send 2TCP WindowingSenderWindow size=3Send 1Window size=3Send 3ACK 3Window size=2Packet 3 isDroppedReceiver 1999,Cisco Systems,Inc.ICND8-38Window size=3Send 2TCP WindowingSenderWindow size=3Send 1Window size=3Send 3ACK 3Window size=2Packet 3 isDroppedWindow size=3Send 4Window size=3Send 3Receiver 1999,Cisco Systems,Inc.ICND8-39Window size=3Send 2TCP WindowingSenderWindow size=3Send 1Window size=3Send 3ACK 3Window size=2Packet 3 isDroppedWindow size=3Send 4Window size=3Send 3ACK 5Window size=2Receiver 1999,Cisco Systems,Inc.ICND8-40UDP用户数据报协议用户数据报协议面向无连接面向无连接发送数据之前不需要建立连接发送数据之前不需要建立连接直接发送直接发送不可靠不可靠没有发送确认没有发送确认没有重传机制由上层协议控制纠错重传没有重传机制由上层协议控制纠错重传Segment尺寸小，发送速度快尺寸小，发送速度快传呼，短信传呼，短信 1999,Cisco Systems,Inc.ICND8-41No sequence or acknowledgment fieldsUDP Segment FormatSource port(16)Destination port(16)Length(16)Data(if any)1Bit 0Bit 15Bit 16Bit 31Checksum(16)8Bytes 1999,Cisco Systems,Inc.ICND8-42网络层网络层 IPOverviewOSI 网络层对应网络层对应 TCP/IP internet 层层Internet Protocol(IP)Internet Control MessageProtocol(ICMP)Address ResolutionProtocol(ARP)Reverse AddressResolution Protocol(RARP)ApplicationTransportInternetData LinkPhysical 1999,Cisco Systems,Inc.ICND8-43IP层的主要协议层的主要协议IP协议协议-Internet Protocol控制数据的路由与转发控制数据的路由与转发ICMP协议协议-Internet控制消息协议控制消息协议测试网络连通性的协议，返回目的不可到达、测试网络连通性的协议，返回目的不可到达、Echo、超时等消息超时等消息Ping，Trcert，PathpingARP协议协议-地址解析协议地址解析协议RARP协议协议-反向地址解析协议反向地址解析协议 1999,Cisco Systems,Inc.ICND8-44IP DatagramVersion(4)Destination IP Address(32)Options(0 or 32 if any)Data(varies if any)1Bit 0Bit 15Bit 16Bit 31HeaderLength(4)Priority&Type of Service(8)Total Length(16)Identification(16)Flags(3)Fragment offset(13)Time to live(8)Protocol(8)Header checksum(16)Source IP Address(32)20Bytes 1999,Cisco Systems,Inc.ICND8-45Determines destination upper-layer protocol Protocol FieldTransportLayerInternetLayerTCPUDPProtocolNumbersIP176 1999,Cisco Systems,Inc.ICND8-46Internet Control Message ProtocolApplicationTransportInternetData LinkPhysicalDestination UnreachableEcho(Ping)OtherICMP1 1999,Cisco Systems,Inc.ICND8-47Address Resolution ProtocolIP:172.16.3.2=?I need the Ethernet address of 176.16.3.2.1999,Cisco Systems,Inc.ICND8-48Address Resolution ProtocolIP:172.16.3.2=?I heard that broadcast.The message is for me.Here is my Ethernet address.I need the Ethernet address of 176.16.3.2.1999,Cisco Systems,Inc.ICND8-49Address Resolution ProtocolIP:172.16.3.2 Ethernet:0800.0020.1111 IP:172.16.3.2=?I heard that broadcast.The message is for me.Here is my Ethernet address.I need the Ethernet address of 176.16.3.2.1999,Cisco Systems,Inc.ICND8-50Address Resolution ProtocolMap IP EthernetLocal ARPIP:172.16.3.2 Ethernet:0800.0020.1111 IP:172.16.3.2=?I heard that broadcast.The message is for me.Here is my Ethernet address.I need the Ethernet address of 176.16.3.2.1999,Cisco Systems,Inc.ICND8-51Reverse ARPEthernet:0800.0020.1111 IP=?What is my IP address?1999,Cisco Systems,Inc.ICND8-52Reverse ARPEthernet:0800.0020.1111 IP=?What is my IP address?I heard that broadcast.Your IP address is 172.16.3.25.1999,Cisco Systems,Inc.ICND8-53Reverse ARPEthernet:0800.0020.1111 IP=?What is my IP address?I heard that broadcast.Your IP address is 172.16.3.25.1999,Cisco Systems,Inc.ICND8-54Reverse ARPMap Ethernet IPEthernet:0800.0020.1111 IP=?What is my IP address?I heard that broadcast.Your IP address is 172.16.3.25.1999,Cisco Systems,Inc.ICND8-55 网络中唯一网络中唯一 路由选择的根据路由选择的根据 Location is represented by an addressIP 地址地址SADAHDRDATA 1999,Cisco Systems,Inc.ICND8-56IP Addressing 255255 255 255DottedDecimalMaximumNetworkHost32 bits 1999,Cisco Systems,Inc.ICND8-57IP Addressing 255255 255 255DottedDecimalMaximumNetworkHost1286432168421 11111111 11111111 11111111 11111111Binary32 bits18 916 1724 2532128643216842112864321684211286432168421 1999,Cisco Systems,Inc.ICND8-58IP Addressing 255255 255 255DottedDecimalMaximumNetworkHost1286432168421 11111111 11111111 11111111 11111111 10101100 00010000 01111010 11001100Binary32 bits 172 16 122 204ExampleDecimalExampleBinary18 916 1724 2532128643216842112864321684211286432168421 1999,Cisco Systems,Inc.ICND8-59Class A:Class B:Class C:Class D:Multicast Class E:ResearchIP Address ClassesNetworkHostHostHostNetwork NetworkHostHostNetwork Network NetworkHost8 bits8 bits8 bits8 bits 1999,Cisco Systems,Inc.ICND8-60IP Address Classes1Class A:Bits:0NNNNNNNHostHostHost8 916 1724 2532Range(1-126)1Class B:Bits:10NNNNNNNetworkHostHost8 916 1724 2532Range(128-191)1Class C:Bits:110NNNNNNetworkNetworkHost8 916 17242532Range(192-223)1Class D:Bits:1110MMMMMulticast Group Multicast Group Multicast Group8 916 17242532Range(224-239)1999,Cisco Systems,Inc.ICND8-61Host AddressesE11212NetworkHost.NetworkInterfaceE0E1Routing TableE0 1999,Cisco Systems,Inc.ICND8-62 11111111Determining Available Host Addresses 172 16 0 0 10101100 00010000 00000000 0000000016151413121110 987654321NetworkHost 00000000 00000001 11111111 11111111 11111111 11111110.00000000 00000011 11111101123655346553565536-.265534N2N-2=216-2=65534 1999,Cisco Systems,Inc.ICND8-63IP Address Classes ExerciseAddressClassNetworkHost 1999,Cisco Systems,Inc.ICND8-64IP Address Classes Exercise AnswersAddressClassNetworkHostABCCBNonexistent 1999,Cisco Systems,Inc.ICND8-65Addressing without Subnets.1999,Cisco Systems,Inc.ICND8-66Addressing with Subnets 1999,Cisco Systems,Inc.ICND8-67Subnet AddressingE0NetworkNetworkInterfaceE0E1New Routing Table 2160Host.E1 1999,Cisco Systems,Inc.ICND8-68Subnet AddressingE0E12160NetworkHost.NetworkInterfaceE0E1New Routing TableSubnet 1999,Cisco Systems,Inc.ICND8-69Subnet Mask1721600255255002552552550IPAddressDefaultSubnetMask8-bitSubnetMaskNetworkHostNetworkHostNetworkSubnetHostAlso written as“/16 where 16 represents the number of 1s in the mask.Also written as“/24 where 24 represents the number of 1s in the mask.11111111 111111110000000000000000 1999,Cisco Systems,Inc.ICND8-70Decimal Equivalents of Bit Patterns10000000=12811000000=19211100000=22411110000=24011111000=24811111100=25211111110=25411111111=255128 6432168421 1999,Cisco Systems,Inc.ICND8-7116NetworkHost17200101011001111111110101100000100001111111100010000000000000000000010100000000000000000000000000010Subnet Mask without SubnetsNetworkNumber 1999,Cisco Systems,Inc.ICND8-72Subnets not in usethe default 1999,Cisco Systems,Inc.ICND8-73Network number extended by eight bitsSubnet Mask with Subnets16NetworkHost 255.255.255.017220101011001111111110101100000100001111111100010000111111110000001010100000000000000000000000000010SubnetNetworkNumber128192224240248252254255 1999,Cisco Systems,Inc.ICND8-74Subnet Mask with Subnets(cont.)NetworkHost 255.255.255.192101011001111111110101100000100001111111100010000111111110000001010100000110000001000000000000010SubnetNetwork number extended by ten bits161722128NetworkNumber128192224240248252254255128192224240248252254255 1999,Cisco Systems,Inc.ICND8-75Subnet Mask ExerciseAddressSubnet MaskClassSubnet 1999,Cisco Systems,Inc.ICND8-76Subnet Mask Exercise AnswersAddressSubnet MaskClassSubnetBAA 1999,Cisco Systems,Inc.ICND8-77Broadcast Addresses(Directed broadcast)(Local network broadcast)(All subnets broadcast)1999,Cisco Systems,Inc.ICND8-78Addressing Summary Example16172216010101100000100001010000000000010HostMaskSubnetBroadcastLastFirst41 1999,Cisco Systems,Inc.ICND8-79Addressing Summary Example1010110011111111000100001111111111111111101000001100000000000010HostMaskSubnetBroadcastLastFirst12161722160 1999,Cisco Systems,Inc.ICND8-80Addressing Summary Example1010110011111111000100001111111111111111101000001100000000000010HostMaskSubnetBroadcastLastFirst1237161722160 1999,Cisco Systems,Inc.ICND8-81Addressing Summary Example101011001111111100010000111111111111111110100000110000001000000000000010HostMaskSubnetBroadcastLastFirst1234161722160 1999,Cisco Systems,Inc.ICND8-82Addressing Summary Example10101100111111110001000011111111111111111010000011000000100000000000001010111111HostMaskSubnetBroadcastLastFirst123456161722160 1999,Cisco Systems,Inc.ICND8-83Addressing Summary Example1010110011111111000100001111111111111111101000001100000010000000000000101011111110000001HostMaskSubnetBroadcastLastFirst123456161722160 1999,Cisco Systems,Inc.ICND8-84Addressing Summary Example101011001111111100010000111111111111111110100000110000001000000000000010101111111000000110111110HostMaskSubnetBroadcastLastFirst1234567161722160 1999,Cisco Systems,Inc.ICND8-85Addressing Summary Example101011001111111110101100000100001111111100010000111111110000001010100000110000001000000000000010101011000001000000000010 10111111101011000001000000000010 10000001101011000001000000000010 10111110HostMaskSubnetBroadcastLastFirst12345678161722160 1999,Cisco Systems,Inc.ICND8-86Addressing Summary Example101011001111111110101100000100001111111100010000111111110000001010100000110000001000000000000010101011000001000000000010 10111111101011000001000000000010 10000001101011000001000000000010 10111110HostMaskSubnetBroadcastLastFirst123456789161722160 1999,Cisco Systems,Inc.ICND8-87Eight bits of subnettingNetworkSubnetHost10101100000100000000001011111111172.16.2.121:255.255.255.0:1010110011111111Subnet:1010110000010000000100001111111100000010000000101111111101111001 0000000000000000Class B Subnet ExampleBroadcast:Network 1999,Cisco Systems,Inc.ICND8-88Subnet PlanningOther subnets20 subnets5 hosts per subnetClass C address:1999,Cisco Systems,Inc.ICND8-8911111000NetworkSubnet Host192.168.5.121:1100000011111111Subnet:1100000010101000101010001111111100000101000001011111111101111001 01111000255.255.255.248:Class C Subnet Planning ExampleFive Bits of SubnettingBroadcast:NetworkNetwork11000000101010000000010101111111 1999,Cisco Systems,Inc.ICND8-90Broadcast Addresses ExerciseAddressClassSubnetBroadcast201.222.10.60 Subnet Mask15.16.193.6 128.16.32.13 153.50.6.27 1999,Cisco Systems,Inc.ICND8-91Broadcast Addresses Exercise AnswersAddressClassSubnetBroadcast201.222.10.60 CSubnet Mask15.16.193.6 A128.16.32.13 B153.50.6.27 B