公路路桥施工中有关软土地基的处理

公路路桥施工中有关软土地基的处理【摘要】：随着我国经济社会的发展，各项工程建设如雨后春笋般出现，国家对于公路建设的投入也逐步加大，目前是我国公路建设飞速发展的时期，并且，公路建设的等级和难度也越来越大，以适应经济社会发展的需要；同时，由于公路建设等级的提升，施工难度的增大，一些相关建设单位指标的要求标准也随着提升；目前，在公路路桥施工建设中，一个比较严重和突出的问题就是软土地基的处理和施工问题，在公路建设中，能否很好的对软土地基进行处理，将直接影响地基的性能和使用寿命，这就需要我们运用高超的施工技术和方法，满足建筑工程对地基的要求，本文主要从增强公路地基抗剪性、提升地基土的渗透性和可塑性及坚硬化，消除软土地基的各种不利影响，进而达到符合工程设计要求的目的，提出了一些施工上的可行性建议，希望有所帮助。【关键词】：公路路桥 软土地基 存在问题 解决措施1 软土地基的特性及危害分析1.1 软土地基特性分析由于我国地形地貌复杂，在公路建设中，经常遇到软土区域，给公路施工和建设带来了很大的难度；软土地基，一般来说，是由淤泥、沙质土、亚粘土、亚砂土层、淤泥质粘土等组成，这种地基，具有含水量大、抗剪能力差、可压缩性强、不稳定的特点，广泛分布在我国各个省市和地区。1.2 软土地基危害分析在公路建设施工过程中，软土地基处理不好，就会严重影响公路正常功能的发挥和使用，并且，还会缩短公路的使用寿命，在公路建设中，遇到软土地基，由于其承载力和抗剪性能达不到工程设计要求，对上部建筑物的承载能力不足，就会产生很大的危害，甚至出现公路空洞、坍塌等现象；此外，一些施工单位没能严格执行施工质量标准，马虎了事，对软土地基进行简单的处理之后，就马上进行下一工序的施工，就会导致在公路建设过程和建设初期，地基的各项指标符合设计要求，但等公路建设施工完成，后期使用过程中，就会发现，由于地基本身的原因，地基失稳、造成公路发生沉降或是不均匀裂缝等，将直接影响和破坏公路的正常使用； 因此，在公路施工建设过程中，为了保证地基符合设计要求，建造更好质量的公路工程，必须对软土地基加以处理。2 对公路施工软土地基处理的方法分析目前，处理软土地基的方法有很多，甚至在同一公路施工地点，对软土地基的处理也同步，根据地质情况的差异，并总结以往的施工经验，总结出来以下几种施工处理方法，下面进行详细分析。2.1 采用砂砾土垫层进行软土地基的处理目前，在公路施工遇到软土区域时，使用砂砾土垫层进行软土地基的处理，是十分常见的施工处理技术；当进行软土地基处理时，在团土层上部铺设排水砂层，这样可以增加排水量，使软土地基在砂砾土填入，增加其荷载能力的作用下，加速内部排水过程，进而提升其强度和硬度，提高其稳定性能。虽然排水砂层对地基基底应力的分布和沉降量大小没有十分明显的影响，但排水砂层可以显著的提升排水效果，加快地基沉降，缩短地基基础的凝固时间；一般来说，在使用砂砾土垫层技术时，要时公路施工和软土地基的具体情况而定，当路堤高度小于设计的极限高度两倍以内时，此时，软土层中就会含有丰富的砂砾土，并且，软土层不厚且具有良好的排水功能，上部覆盖的砂砾层可以增加爱软土层的强度，但由于砂砾的物理特点，既不会影响排水，还能很好的对软土层进行处理，是一种十分简便和常用的公路建设软土地基的处理方法。2.2 置换填土进行软土地基处理 当遇到一些比较难以施工的软土地域，尤其是沼泽地带，这就需要使用置换填土的办法进行软土地基的处理；在泥沼地带及当软土厚度小于一点五米，路堤高度较低时，就优先采用此方法进行软土地基的硬化处理，在处理过程中，首先将淤泥、亚粘土、软土根据情况，进行全部挖出或是部分挖出，并采用渗水性好的材料，例如，加入一些粉煤灰、水泥、石灰等材料，进行分层填筑，并且，每一层填筑完成之后，要进行夯实碾压，确保工程质量符合要求，此外，根据软土地基的软化程度，必要时候，可以掺入一些砂、石、卵石等渗水性材料进行填充，并且进行振捣夯实。2.3 抛石挤淤进行软土地基处理在公路施工建设中，一些软土区域很难使用常见的处理技术进行施工，当淤泥厚度小于四米、软土区域没有硬壳、呈现流动状态，排水较为困难时，就要采用抛石挤淤的办法进行软土施工处理；首先，在进行抛石挤淤施工中，首先要保证用料的高质量，采用一些不易风化和侵蚀的石料，对于片石的大小要视淤泥的粘稠程度而定，保证片石的直径不大于四十公分，并且含量不超过百分之二十。在进行抛石挤淤时，应该注意抛石的顺序，应该沿着软土区域的中线逐步向前抛。并遵循“慢、紧、满”的原则，之后，再向淤泥两侧逐步扩展，达到把淤泥挤向两侧的目的，当软土区域底部有较大的横坡时，抛石就要注意从一侧高的地方开始，逐步向两侧扩展，并且，在低处要多抛一些，使得低的一侧能够形成一个约两米宽度的平台顶面。在片石高出原有的软土地基表层高度之后，就要使用较小的片石进行填筑，并且，使用重型碾压设备进行反复碾压，使得填石密实，然后再之后，铺上反滤层，进行填土，进行下一工序的施工。2.4 加固土桩进行软土对处理 在一些软土地基施工中，经常使用到加固土桩的办法进行施工，使用专门的机械设备将软土地质局部范围内的软土加入加固材料改良，之后形成桩体，使得桩体和桩之间软土形成复合地基；一般使用水泥、生石灰、粉煤灰等作为填充加固材料。水泥适用于含沙量较大的软土层，通常来说，水泥用量和软土的天然重量之间的比不易过大，一般在百分之八至百分之十六之间，最好使用普通水泥或是矿渣等。生石灰适用于含沙量较低的软土，掺入的比例大约控制在百分之十二至百分之十九之间，应该使用磨细之后的粉煤灰，要求颗粒直径不大于两毫米，确保无杂质，氧化钙和氧化镁的含量应该不低于百分之八十，此外，可以使用石膏粉最为填充材料，有利于桩体强度的提升，对软土地基的处理有很好的帮助。在桩体设置过程中，要注意桩长最大不能超过十二米，桩体之间的间距大约在一米。2,5 高压旋喷桩进行软土地基处理高压旋喷桩技术，分为单管和双管，利用旋喷钻机，将旋喷注浆装置放入预定的软土层深处，并通过旋转钻杆的转动和徐徐上升，把事先配置好的浆液，在压力的作用下，从喷嘴喷出，从底部冲击软土土层，使得土层和配置好的浆液相互搅拌融合成一种混合体，形成具有一定强度和硬度的人工地基，我们要注意，在使用高压旋喷技术时，最大有效深度不超过二十米。2.6 土工布进行软土地基处理 当遇到地下水位较高、软土层较厚，可以通过使用土工布处理急速，提升地基的物理性能，有利于地基排水，在施工过程中，一段要进行锚固，并铺设两层以上的土工布，中间放置适量的砂层，确保排水效果。2.7 塑料板排水法进行软土地基处理当软土地基所在区域的地质情况不佳，淤泥含量较高，渗透系数较小的时候，我们就可以在施工时使用塑料板排水法。首先，将塑料排水板打入软土层中，一定要注意打入的方式和力度，将其作为垂直的排水通道，由于其渗水性好，可以很好的确保排水效果，而且，塑料排水板具有一定的强度和延伸率，能够很好的适应地基的变形，在施工过程中，由于板面的尺寸较小，能够很好的方便施工，能够和地基变形相互协调，使用率很高。3 软土地基施工处理注意事项分析在进行软基处理之后，还要进行预应力加载，进行反复碾压，确保排水效果和地基的强度，缩小空隙，使得地基的抗剪能力增强。在进行填筑路基时，可以使用反压护道措施，并保证各个施工工序之间的协调，护道要和路基上方同步施工，确保地基的受力均衡。对于一些桥头等特殊路段的处理，可以采用超载预压的方式，在桥头路基填充至标高时，再加载一点五米，并在五十米范围内过渡到一般路段的标高，形成一个超载三角形。此外，由于软土地基都是在水位较高的地段，一定要最好排水施工，加深排水沟和完善排水系统。结束语：地基施工和处理的好坏将直接关系到公路的使用，随着我国公路建设项目的逐渐增多，对于地基等指标的要求也越来越高，本文主要从软土地基的危害开始分析，并对软土地基的处理提出了几种比较常见的施工技术，只有我们不断研究，根据工程实际，采用科学合理的施工技术，才能建造更好质量的公路工程，造福于社会和人民。参考文献：王猛 周康江 公路软土地基处理分析 吉林 吉林通讯出版社 2007于泽名 韩风 浅析软土地基基础的处理技术 河南 中原杂志出版社 2011任宝亚 对我国公路建设软土地基处理发展的分析 广西 桂林杂志出版社 2009郝云天 林敏 试论软土地基处理存在问题 河北 河北大学出版社 2011赵福珍 钱坤 对软土地基处理存在问题及解决措施分析 陕西 西安大学出版社 2008（英文版 ） Two regulations promulgated for implementation is in the party in power for a long time and the rule of law conditions, the implementation of comprehensive strictly strategic plan, implementation in accordance with the rules and discipline to manage the party, strengthen inner-party supervision of major initiatives. The two regulations supporting each other, the adhere to a positive advocate, focusing on morality is of Party members and Party leading cadres can see, enough to get a high standard; around the party discipline, disciplinary ruler requirements, listed as negative list, focusing on vertical gauge, draw the party organizations and Party members do not touch the bottom line . Here, the main from four square face two party rules of interpretation: the first part introduces two party Revised regulations the necessity and the revision process; the second part is the interpretation of the two fundamental principles of the revision of laws and regulations in the party; the third part introduces two party regulations modified the main changes and needs to grasp several key problems; the fourth part on how to grasp the implementation of the two regulations of the party. and revised the necessity and revised history of the CPC Central Committee the amendment to the Chinese Communist Party members and leading cadres honest politics several guidelines and column 1 by 2015 to strengthen party laws and regulations focus. Two party regulations revision work lasted a Years, pooling the wisdom of the whole party, ideological consensus, draw historical experience, respect for the wisdom of our predecessors, which reflects the unity of inheritance and innovation; follow the correct direction, grasp the limited goals, adhere to the partys leadership, to solve the masses of the people reflect a focus on the problem. The new revision of the and , reflects the partys 18 and the eighth session of the third, the spirit of the fourth plenary session, reflecting the experience of studying and implementing the General Secretary Xi Jinping series of important speech, reflects the partys eighteen years comprehensive strictly practice. (a) revised two regulations of the party need of in based on revised, the promulgation and implementation of January 2010, to strengthen the construction of the contingent of leading cadres play an important role. But with the party to manage the party strictly administering the deepening, has not been able to fully meet the actual needs. Content is too complicated, eight prohibition, 52 are not allowed to hard to remember, and also difficult to put into practice; the second is concisely positive advocated by the lack of prohibited provisions excessive, no autonomy requirements; the third is banned terms and discipline law, both with the party discipline, disciplinary regulations repeat and Criminal law and other laws and regulations repeat; the fourth is to clean the theme is not prominent, not for the existing problems, and is narrow, only needle of county-level leading cadres above. is in 1997 based on revision, in December 2003 the promulgation and implementation, to strengthen the construction of the party play very important role. Along with the development of the situation, which many provisions have been unable to fully meet the comprehensive strictly administering the practice needs. One is Ji law, more than half of the provisions and criminal law and other countries laws and regulations Repetition; two is the political discipline regulations is not prominent, not specific, for violation of the party constitution, damage the authority of Party Constitution of misconduct lack necessary and serious responsibility to pursue; third is the main discipline for the leading cadres, does not cover all Party members. Based on the above situation, need to and the two is likely to be more relevant regulations first amendment. By revising, really put the authority of Party discipline, the seriousness in the party tree and call up the majority of Party members and cadres of the party constitution of party compasses party consciousness. (II) two party regulations revision process the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China attaches great importance to two regulations revision . Xi Jinping, general books recorded in the Fifth Plenary Session of the eighth session of the Central Commission for Discipline Inspection, on the revised regulations made clear instructions. According to the central deployment, the Central Commission for Discipline Inspection from 2014 under six months begin study two regulations revision. The Standing Committee of the Central Commission for Discipline Inspection 4 review revised. Comrade Wang Qishan 14 times held a special meeting to study two regulations revision, amendment clarifies the direction, major issues of principle, path and target, respectively held a forum will listen to part of the province (area) secretary of the Party committee, Secretary of the Discipline Inspection Commission, part of the central ministries and state organs Department The first party committee is mainly responsible for people, views of experts and scholars and grassroots party organizations and Party members. Approved by the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China, on 7 September 2015, the general office of the Central Committee of the Party issued a notice to solicit the provinces (autonomous regions, municipalities) Party, the central ministries and commissions, state ministries and commissions of the Party (party), the General Political Department of the military, every 3 people organization of Party of two regulations revision opinion. Central Commission for Discipline Inspection of extensive solicitation of opinions, careful study, attracting, formed a revised sent reviewers. In October 8 and October 12, Central Committee Political Bureau Standing Committee and the Political Bureau of the Central Committee After consideration of the two regulations revised draft. On October 18, the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China formally issued two regulations. Can say, two laws amendment concentrated the wisdom of the whole party, embodies the party. Second, and revision of the basic principles of two party regulations revision work and implement the partys eighteen, ten eight plenary, the spirit of the Fourth Plenary Session of the Eleventh Central Committee and General Secretary Xi Jinping important instructions on the revised and , highlighting the ruling party characteristics, serious discipline, the discipline quite in front of the law, based on the current, a long-term, advance as a whole, with Bu Xiuding independent and . Main principle is: first, adhere to the party constitution to follow. The constitution about discipline and self-discipline required specific, awaken the party constitution of party compasses party consciousness, maintaining the authority of the constitution. General Secretary Xi Jinping pointed out that no rules, no side round. Party constitution is the fundamental law, the party must follow the general rules. In early 2015 held the eighth session of the Central Commission for Discipline Inspection Fifth Plenary Session of the 16th Central Committee, Xi Jinping again pointed out that constitution is the party must follow the general rules, but also the general rules. the revision of the and is Method in adhere to the regulations established for the purpose of combining rule of virtue is to adhere to the party constitution as a fundamental to follow, the constitution authority set up, wake up the party constitution and party rules the sense of discipline, the party constitution about discipline and self-discipline specific requirements. 4 second is to adhere to in accordance with the regulations governing the party and the party. The Party of rule of virtue de, mainly refers to the partys ideals and beliefs, excellent traditional style. The revised the closely linked to the self-discipline, insisting on the positive initiative, for all members, highlight the vital few, emphasized self-discipline, focusing on the morality, and the majority of Party members and the ideological and moral standards. The revised Ji method separately, Ji, Ji Yan to Method, as a negative list, emphasizing the heteronomy, focusing on vertical gauge. Is this one high and one low, a positive reaction, the strict party discipline and practice results transformation for the integration of the whole party to observe moral and discipline requirements, for the majority of Party members and cadres provides benchmarking and ruler. Third, insist on to. In view of the problems existing in the party at the present stage, the main problems of Party members and cadres in the aspect of self-discipline and abide by the discipline to make clearly defined, especially the partys eighteen years strict political discipline and political rules, organization and discipline and to implement the central eight provisions of the spirit against the four winds and other requirements into Disciplinary provisions. Not one pace reachs the designated position, focusing on in line with reality, pragmatic and effective. After the revision of major changes, major changes in the and modified and needs to grasp several key problems (a) adhere to according to regulations governing the party and party with morals in combination, for at the present stage, the leadership of the party members and cadres and Party members in existing main problems of self-discipline, put forward principles, requirements and specifications, showing Communists noble moral pursuit, reflected at all times and in all over the world ethics from high from low 5 common requirements. One is closely linked to the self-discipline, removal and no direct relation to the provisions of . the second is adhere to a positive advocate, eight prohibition 52 are not allowed to about the content of the negative list moved into synchronization amendment . Three is for all the party members, will apply object from the leadership of the party members and cadres to expand to all Party members, fully embodies the comprehensive strictly required. The fourth is prominent key minority, seize the leadership of the party members and cadres is the key, and put forward higher requirements than the ordinary Party members. Five is to simplify, and strive to achieve concise, easy to understand, easy to remember. The revised is the ruling Party since the first insists on a positive advocate forAll Party members and the self-discipline norms, moral declaration issued to all members of the party and the National Peoples solemn commitment. criterion of a clean and honest administration consists of 4 parts, 18, more than 3600 words. After the revision of the , a total of eight, 281 words, including lead, specification and Party member cadre clean fingered self-discipline norms, etc. Part 3 members low-cost clean and self-discipline, the main contents can be summarized as four must eight code. Lead part, reiterated on ideal and faith, fundamental purpose, the fine traditions and work style, noble sentiments, such as four must the principle of requirements, strong tone of self-discipline, The higher request for 6 and supervised tenet, the foothold in permanent Bao the partys advanced nature and purity, to reflect the revised standards requirements. Members of self-discipline norms around the party members how to correctly treat and deal with the public and private, cheap and rot thrifty and extravagance bitter music, put forward the four norms. Party leader cadre clean fingered self-discipline norms for the leadership of the party members and cadres of the vital few, around the clean politics, from civil servant of the color, the exercise of power, moral integrity, a good family tradition and other aspects of the leadership of the party members and cadres of the four norms to fully adapt to the strictly requirements, reflects the according to the regulations governing the law of recognition of deepening, the realization of the discipline construction and Jin Ju. is party a ruler, members of the basic line and follow. And the majority of Party members and cadres of Party organizations at all levels should adhere to the bottom line of thinking, fear discipline, hold the bottom line, as a preventive measure, to keep the partys advanced nature and purity. 1, respect for the constitution, refinement and discipline. Revised from comprehensive comb physical constitution began, the party constitution and other regulations of the Party of Party organizations and Party discipline requirements refinement, clearly defined in violation of the party constitution will be in accordance with regulations to give the corresponding disciplinary action. The original 10 categories of misconduct, integration specification for political discipline, discipline, honesty and discipline masses Ji Law and discipline and discipline and other six categories, the content of real return to Party discipline, for the majority of Party members and listed a negative list. 7 2, highlighting the political discipline and political rules. Regulations according to the stage of the discipline of outstanding performance, emphasizing political discipline and political rules, organization and discipline, in opposition to the partys leadership and the partys basic theory, basic line, basic program and basic experience, the basic requirement of behavior made prescribed punishment, increase the cliques, against the organization such as violation of the provisions, to ensure that the central government decrees and the Party of centralized and unified. 3, adhere to strict discipline in the law and discipline In front, Ji separated. Revised adhere to the problem oriented, do Ji separated. Any national law existing content, will not repeat the provisions, the total removal of 79 and criminal law, repeat the content of the public security management punishment law, and other laws and regulations. In the general reiterated that party organizations and Party members must conscientiously accept the partys discipline, die van comply with national laws and regulations; at the same time, to investigate violations of Party members and even criminal behavior of Party discipline and responsibility, Regulations distinguish five different conditions, with special provisions were made provisions, so as to realize the connection of Party discipline and state law. 4, reflect Wind building and anti-corruption struggle of the latest achievements. the partys eighteen years implement the spirit of the central provisions of the eight, against the requirements of the four winds and transformation for disciplinary provisions, reflecting the style construction is always on the road, not a gust of wind. In the fight against corruption out of new problems, increase the trading rights, the use of authority relatives profit and other disciplinary terms. Prominent discipline of the masses,