研究生英语下第八单元.ppt

高等院校研究生英语系列教材,综合教程（下） INTEGRATED COURSE,2,Unit 4,Science and Technology,Content,Starting out Reading Focus Reading More Practical Translation Focused Writing Final Project,Task 1 Work in groups and solve the following crossword puzzle involving words describing things that have emerged in recent years with the improvement of science and technology, e.g. email, surfing the Net, search engine, cell phone, etc.,Starting out,Across 2. a science which involves developing and making extremely small but very powerful machines 4. to post a reply in order to raise the threads profile by returning it to the top of the list of active threads 5. to produce an exact copy of an animal or a plant from its cells 9. someone who secretly uses or changes the information in other peoples computer systems 10.GM food refers to _ modified food which is not affected by particular diseases or harmful insects. 13. A _ potato is someone who spends most of their time surfing the net. 15. email messages that a computer user has not asked for and does not want to read, for example from someone who is advertising something 16. a business that sells products or services on the Internet, instead of in a shop 17. a virtual pet in the form of an interactive program 19. the opposite of cyberspace or the virtual world of the Internet 20. education via the Internet; e-education,Down 1. keyboard characters used in combination to produce whimsical symbols representing a range of emotions, also known as smiley 3. online romance 6. teenagers who spend too much time in front of the screen (television or computer screens) 7. a knowledgeable and experienced Internet user 8. move information or programs from a computer network to a small computer 11. an activity performed on Internet forums or chat rooms that involves wandering the website, reading posts and never actually posting anything 12. the user (or employee) of the forum which is granted access to the posts for the purpose of moderating discussion on the Internet 14. someone who has just started doing something, especially using the Internet or computers 18. China and India will soon have far larger numbers of _(s) than any Western nation.,The Internet is without any doubt one of the greatest inventions in history. Now lets watch a witty (措辞巧妙的; 诙谐的)speech on “If I Controlled the Internet” and find out about what if the speaker ran the Internet.,Click on the picture,Task 2 Step One Directions: Work in pairs to match inventors in Column A with inventions in Column B. (P96),Starting out,1) Tim Berners-Lee (England) 2) Alexander Graham Bell (US, born in Scotland) 3) Wilbur Wright and Orville Wright (US) 4) Thomas Alva Edison (US) 5) Cai Lun (China) 6) Alexander Fleming (England) 7) Leo Baekeland (US, born in Belgium) 8) Chester Floyd Carlson (US) 9) Wilhelm Conrad von Rntgen (Germany) 10) Willis Carrier (US) ,Starting out,g. the World Wide Web,d. telephone,i. airplane,h. electric light bulb,c. paper,a. penicillin,e. plastics,j. Xerography,b. X-ray,f. air-conditioner,Step Two Directions: Choose two of the inventions mentioned above and talk about their importance. Sample: I think one of the most important inventions is the electric light bulb. The importance of this invention becomes most apparent when there is a power outage(储运损耗) and we have to feel for everything in darkness. Another most important invention is the airplane. The invention of airplanes has enabled human beings to fulfill their dream of flying like birds. It is the fastest means of transportation so far. Modern tourism also owes much to the invention of the airplane. Airplanes have shortened the distance between people and made the world smaller. Thanks to the invention of the airplane, people can now travel around the world and enjoy different things in exotic destinations.,Starting out,Is Google Making Us Stupid?,Reading Focus,Google（Google Inc.，NASDAQ：GOOG）是一家美国上市公司（公有股份公司），于1998年9月7日以私有股份公司的形式创立，以设计并管理一个互联网搜索引擎。Google公司的总部称作“Googleplex”，它位于加利福尼亚山景城。Google 创始人 Larry Page 和 Sergey Brin 在斯坦福大学的学生宿舍内共同开发了全新的在线搜索引擎，然后迅速传播给全球的信息搜索者。Google 目前被公认为是全球规模最大的搜索引擎，它提供了简单易用的免费服务。不作恶（Dont be evil）是谷歌公司的一项非正式的公司口号，最早是由Gmail服务创始人在一次会议中提出。我们Google无论在哪里都能为您搜寻出海量您所需要的资料。Google是全球最大的并且最受欢迎的搜索引擎，主要的搜索服务有：网页搜索，图片搜索，视频搜索，地图搜索，新闻搜索，购物搜索，博客搜索，论坛搜索，学术搜索，财经搜索。,Complete the following extract with information from the text. on page 103 Over the past few years, Ive had an 1) _ feeling that Im not thinking the way I used to think, particularly when I am 2) _. In the past, I would be able to 3) _ myself in lengthy articles. But, it is a different story now. It has become an exacting thing for me to do some 4) _ reading. This, I think, can be attributed to a universal medium the Net, which provides immediate 5) _ to such an incredibly rich store of information. Reliance on the Net leads to the gradual loss of my capacity for 6) _ and contemplation. Similar troubles with reading also fall upon other people,Reading Focus Global Understanding,uncomfortable,reading,immerse,deep,access,concentration,including Scott Karp, who recently confessed that he has 7) _ reading books altogether, and Bruce Friedman, who claimed that the Internet has 8) _ his mental habits. A recently published study of online research habits also points to the 9) _ in the way we read and think. Although the Internet and text-messaging on cell phones facilitate our reading, its a 10) _ kind of reading. According to Maryanne Wolf, a developmental psychologist at Tufts University, we tend to become “mere 11) _ of information” while reading online.,Reading Focus Global Understanding,stopped,altered,change,different,decoders,As a consequence, our ability to interpret and make rich mental connections remains tremendously 12) _. Another good case in point, illustrating the point that 13) _ extend across many regions of the brain when we apply different media, is Friedrich Nietzsche. When his vision was failing and it was tough for him to keep his eyes focused on a page, he bought a typewriter, with which 14) _ could once again flow from his mind to the page. But, as one of Nietzsches friends claimed, it made Nietzsches terse prose even 15) _ and more telegraphic.,Reading Focus Global Understanding,disengaged,variations,words,tighter,Task 2,Choose the sentence that best expresses the meaning of the sentence from the text. (P103),Key: 2 3 4 5 67 8,D,A,B,D,A,C,B,C,Reading Focus Detailed Information,Critical Thinking,Reading Focus,Read the following sentences from the text and discuss with your group members how you understand them and whether you agree with them. Use examples to illustrate your point.,Reading FocusCritical Thinking,1. “We are not only what we read,” says Maryanne Wolf. “We are how we read.” 2. When we read online, she says, we tend to become “mere decoders(解码器) of information.”,Read the following sentences or questions and discuss with your partner whether you have the same problems and if you have, how you will cope with these problems.,Reading FocusCritical Thinking,1. The more they use the Web, the more they have to fight to stay focused on long pieces of writing. 2. People using the sites exhibited “a form of skimming activity,” hopping from one source to another and rarely returning to any source theyd already visited. 3. “I cant read War and Peace anymore,” he admitted. “Ive lost the ability to do that. Even a blog post of more than three or four paragraphs is too much to absorb. I skim it.”,Discuss in groups the following questions People can gain easy access to virtually all the information on the Internet, including e-books, which acts as a catalyst for the debate as to whether to abandon or strengthen the copyright of books. In your opinion, how should the issue of copyright be dealt with?,Reading FocusCritical Thinking,1. Immersing myself in a book or a lengthy article used to be easy. My mind would get caught up in the narrative or the turns of the argument, and Id spend hours strolling through long stretches of prose. (Para. 1) Here, the author is talking about his past experience. For example, he used to be easily absorbed in a book or a long article. His attention would also be drawn to the narrative, complex arguments and long prose.,Reading Focus Language Point,If you describe something as a godsend, you are emphasizing that it helps you very much. e.g. 1) The hot weather has been a godsend for ice- cream sellers. 2) It was a godsend to have him there just when we needed someone.,Reading Focus Language Point,2. The Web has been a godsend to me as a writer. (Para. 2),3. A few Google searches, some quick clicks on hyperlinks, and Ive got the telltale fact or pithy quote I was after. (Para. 4) If you are after somebody or something, you are looking for somebody or something. e.g. 1) That boys always in troublethe police are after him again. 2) “Were you after anything in particular?” “No, were just looking.”,Reading Focus Language Point,4. Once I was a scuba diver in the sea of words. Now I zip along the surface like a guy on a Jet Ski. (Para. 3) These two sentences imply that I used to have a liking for deep reading whereas I tend to skim and scan for information while reading now.,Reading Focus Language Point,5. “What happened?” He speculates on the answer: “What if I do all my reading on the web not so much because the way I read has changed, i.e. Im just seeking convenience, but because the way I THINK has changed?” (Para. 4) “not so much because , but because” means “并不是因为，而是因为”. speculate 1) speculate (on/about something)/ that/ wh- e.g. There was no point _ _ (猜测他们是否会一起 回来). 2) speculate in/ on something e.g. He likes to speculate on the stock market. Derivations: speculation; speculative,speculating about the possibility of them getting back together,Reading Focus Language Point,6. A pathologist who has long been on the faculty of the University of Michigan Medical School, Friedman elaborated on his comment in a telephone conversation with me. (Para. 5) If somebody is on the faculty of a particular college or university, he or she works in it. However, “faculty” has other meanings as follows. 1) How can the faculty improve their teaching so as to encourage creativity? 2) the Faculty of Social and Political Sciences 3) She is over eighty but still has all her faculties. ,Reading Focus Language Point,all the teachers,department,be able to speak, hear, see, understand, etc,articulate (v.): to give more details or new information about something e.g. 1) He said he had new evidence, but refused to elaborate any further. 2) They refused to elaborate on the reasons for their decision. articulate (adj.) 1) very complex e.g. an elaborate research project 2) carefully planned and organized in great detail e.g. She had prepared a very elaborate meal.,Reading Focus Language Point,7. But a recently published study of online research habits, conducted by scholars from University College London, suggests that we may well be in the midst of a sea change in the way we read and think. (Para. 6) In this sentence, “conducted by scholars from University College London” functions as an attributive of “a recently published study”. “ may well be in the midst of a sea change” means “ are very likely to undergo dramatic changes”.,Reading Focus Language Point,8. Thanks to the ubiquity of text on the Internet, not to mention the popularity of text-messaging on cell phones, we may well be reading more today than we did in the 1970s or 1980s, when television was our medium of choice. (Para. 6) 参考译文： 多亏铺天盖地的网络文本，更别说当下时兴的手机短信，可供我们阅读的东西很可能比上世纪七八十年代要多了，那时，我们选择的媒体还是电视。,Reading Focus Language Point,9. His vision was failing, and keeping his eyes focused on a page had become exhausting and painful, often bringing on crushing headaches. (Para. 9) Here, “failing” is an adjective, meaning “no longer strong or healthy”. e.g. government money wasted on failing industries “bringing on crushing headaches” is used to modify the previous sentence as an attributive. “bring on” here means “make something bad or unpleasant happen”. e.g. Stress can bring on an asthma attack.,Reading Focus Language Point,“bring on” can also have other meanings as follows. 1) to help someone to improve or make progress e.g. Teachers have to bring on the bright children and at the same time give extra help to those who need it. 2) to make plants or crops grow faster e.g. Keeping the young plants in a greenhouse will help bring them on.,Reading Focus Language Point,10. His already terse prose had become even tighter, more telegraphic. (Para. 10) This sentence implies that his prose had become even more concise and terse.,Reading Focus Language Point,Key 1- 2- 3- 4- 5- 6- 7- 8- 9- 10-,Task 1 Step One Column A is a list of words from the passage. Find a word or phrase in Column B which is similar in meaning to each of the words in Column A. (P106),i,f,a,b,h,j,c,e,Reading Focus Vocabulary in Action,d,g,Step Two,1) The children get _ if they have nothing to do. 2) The shipyard has been dealt another _ blow with the failure to win this contract.,Fill in each of the blanks with an appropriate word from Column A above. Change the form if necessary. (P.106),fidgety,crushing,applauddefinitivecurtailduly forage pithypropelubiquityfidgety crushing,Reading Focus Vocabulary in Action,3) His _ advice to young painters was, Above all, keep your colors fresh. 4) It is important to note that _ for information does not equate to aimless “surfing.” 5) The victims families of the murder have appealed to the Supreme Court to have a(n) _ answer. 6) His addiction to drugs _ him towards a life of crime.,pithy,foraging,definitive,propelled,Reading Focus Vocabulary in Action,applauddefinitivecurtailduly forage pithypropelubiquityfidgety crushing,7) On the triumphant return home, the captain, Brian Robson, was _ for sticking to his guns. 8) The _ of advertising is not being driven by corporations searching for new ways to sell products but by media searching for new ways to make money. 9) Here are your travel documents, all _ signed. 10) By the same token, reduced military budgets would force the government to _ its foreign involvement.,applauded,ubiquity,duly,curtail,Reading Focus Vocabulary in Action,applauddefinitivecurtailduly forage pithypropelubiquityfidgety crushing,Task 2,Fill in each of the blanks with an appropriate preposition or adverb. (P107),Key 1- 2- 3- 4- 5- 6- 7- 8- 9- 10-,above,on,to,on,about/on,to,with,at,on/about,in,Reading Focus Vocabulary in Action,The regions where a person grows up _ _ (可能会对产生微妙的影响) his or her idea of typicality of certain items. 2. Many sites on the Internet _ (提供免费阅读电子书籍的机会). 3. Business _ (正发生着巨变) when it comes to staffing and retaining superior talent.,Complete the following sentences by translating the Chinese in brackets into English. Try to use the expressions you have learned from the text.,may have a subtle effect on,provide free access to e-books,is in the midst of a sea change,Reading Focus Vocabulary in Action,Task 3,4. Since 1970, Green _ _ (一直在哈佛任教), where he currently holds two named professorships. 5. John is _ (如饥似渴的读者) and participates in two monthly book clubs. 6. When your goal is in your conscious mind all the time, _ (你就会把心思全花在这上了). 7. In all facets of community life, the media play a central role as _ (信息传递者) and potentially a catalyst for activism and change.,has been on the faculty of Harvard University,a voracious book reader,youll stay focused on it,the conduit for information,Reading Focus Vocabulary in Action,8. The rent was due, so _ (你的支票真是天赐之物)! 9. I must have skipped a page, because I _ (我弄不清故事的脉络了). 10. In the warm winter afternoon, she likes to _ (徜徉在优美的散文中).,your check came as an absolute godsend,lost the thread of the story,stroll through elegant prose,Reading Focus Vocabulary in Action,Confessions of a Cyber Columnist,Reading More,Reading More,Global Understanding,Critical Thinking,Language Points,Vocabulary in Action,1,2,3,4,Complete the following extract with information from the text. The middle-aged man may suffer from various kinds of 1) _, among which a visit to a computer shop is most 2) _. At least, I have run across such a miserable encounter, which reflects much of whats crazy about our technologically 3) _ society. It appears that we are 4) _ to technology when we should make the technology 5) _ for us. However, the new thinking is that the human species needs to 6) _ itself ever more closely to computers. Dramatic advances have been achieved to make computers more 7) _ than ever.,humiliation,irritating,infatuated,enslaved,work,bind,human-like,Reading MoreGlobal Understanding,Complete the following extract with information from the text. For example, they can talk like us and they are learning to possess an increasing ability to simulate 8) _, make moral judgments and use social skills. The prospect thrills scientists. But it 9) _ me. The escalation of financial crisis to near-catastrophe is a 10) _ of what might happen if common sense is replaced by 11) _ enhanced by artificial intelligence. Meanwhile, it leaves me wondering about a series of questions, say, what happens when we 12) _ our brains to those of the machines or when we cant even think for ourselves without triggering the machines to think for us?,emotions,chills,warning,superbrains,link,Reading MoreGlobal Understanding,Critical Thinking,Reading More,1. “Is there any humiliation more irritating to a fiftysomething - more symbolic of the widening gulf between his 20th-century sensibility and the faddish, superficial epoch in which we now live - than a visit to a computer shop? ”,Reading MoreCritical Thinking,Do you agree or disagree with the statement? Use examples to justify your answer. What do you think is symbolic of the widening gap between the 20th century and the 21st century?,Work with your partner to answer the following questions based on the text youve just read.,2. In the text, the author seems to think that we live in a technologically infatuated society, which is crazy. Do you agree with him? Why or why not?,Reading MoreCritical Thinking,Step Two As you can see, the human race has made great strides in science and technology, which has dramatically changed our everyday lives.,Reading MoreCritical Thinking,A Monster or An Angel?,Do you think science and technology is an angel or a monster? Use examples to illustrate your point.,1. But is there any humiliation more irritating to a fiftysomethingmore symbolic of the widening gulf between his 20th-century sensibility and the faddish, superficial epoch in which we now live than a visit to a computer shop? (Para. 2) 参考译文： 但是对于一个五十几岁的人来说，还有什么羞辱比光顾一家电脑商店更令人无地自容呢？这似乎更能代表20 世纪的理性和如今社会的时尚和浮华之间有越来越大的鸿沟。,Reading More Language Point,2. In the first I bought a small laptop computer - handy for stuffing in a jacket pocket as I rush from theatres bearing tidings of great cultural joy to Times readers. (Para. 2) Here, “handy for stuffing in a jacket pocket” functions as an attributive of “a small laptop computer”, “as” is used to introduce a reason. “bearing tidings of great cultural joy to Times