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语法专项-非谓语动词,一、动词不定式 （一）构成：1.肯定形式：to + v 2.否定形式：not to + v (二）句法功能： 1.主语： eg: (1) To speak English is not easy for us. =It is not easy for us _ _ English. (2) It is necessary for them to practice more. = _ _ _ is necessary for them. 不定式充当主语时，常常用it代（放到句首），而把真正的不 定式放在后面。 2.表语： eg: (3)My work is to clean the room every day. =To clean the room every day is my work. (4)Your duty is to collect information. 多数情况下，不定式作表语，可转换为作主语。,to,speak,To,practice,more,3.宾语： eg: (5)He likes to play basketball. (6)I want to go fishing with you on weekends. 动词不定式只能作某些及物动词的宾语，一般不作介词的宾语。 want, refuse, wish, need, choose, hope, agree, try, begin, offer, would like to等动词后只能跟不定式作宾语。 4.宾补： eg: (7)She asked me not to speak Chinese in an English class. (8)I heard her cry in the next room just now. 在make, let, have, see, hear, watch等使役动词、感官动 词后，不定式省略to。但在变为被动句时应加上to。 tell, ask, want, allow, get, would, encourage后常跟不定式作宾补。 5.定语： eg: (9)Have you anything to say? (10)I need a room to live in.,不定式作定语，位于中心词之后；若作定语的不定式为不及物动词，且与中心词之间有动宾关系，要在该动词后加上适当的介词（如例10）。 6.状语： eg: (11)Im sorry to trouble you.（表原因） (12)I went there to study English.（表目的） 不定式作状语，其逻辑主语要和句子的主语一致。 （三）常见的一些与不带to的不定式连用的词组、句型： 1. Why not + do ? 2. had better (not) do 3. would rather do 4. Could/Would/Will you please (not) do? （四）特殊疑问词+不定式 不定式可以和疑问代词(who, whom, whose what, which,) 、疑问副词(when, where, how, why)连用构成不定式短语，在句中作主语、宾语、表语等成分。,eg: (13)Please tell me what to do next. (14)I didnt know where to go. 二、动名词 （一）构成：v+-ing (二）句法功能： 1.主语： eg: (15) Feeding animals is my job. =My job is feeding animals. (16) Eating too much is bad for your health. 2.宾语： （1）动词的宾语：（17）He likes dancing/singing. (2) 介词的宾语： (18) Cookers are used for cooking. (19) Jim is good at painting. 常见的带动名词作宾语的动词：finish, enjoy, mind, practice, have fun, have trouble/problem, spend, feel like, have a hard time, be used to, cant stand/help,3.表语： eg: (20)His hobby is collecting stamps. =Collecting stamps is his hobby. 多数情况下，动名词作表语可转换成作主语。 4.定语： eg: (21)She is in the reading room. (22)We should improve our teaching methods. 动名词作定语只表明它所修饰的词的用途、所属关系等。 三、分词 （一）构成：1.现在分词：v+-ing 2.过去分词：v+-ed (二）句法功能： 1.定语： eg: (23)Do you know the girl standing under the tree? (24)Please hand in your written exercises. 分词作定语，其逻辑主语就是它所修饰的词。,2.状语： eg: (25)The students went out of the classroom, talking and laughing. 分词的逻辑主语就是句子的主语。 3.表语： eg: (26)The boy is too frightened to move. 现在分词表示主语的性质、特征；过去分词表示某种状态。 4.补足语： eg: (27)Dont keep us waiting for a long time. (28)I heard her singing in the classroom. (29)Hell have his hair cut after school. 现在分词作补足语，被补足的宾语或主语是它的逻辑主语 （即主动关系）； 过去分词作补足语，被补足的宾语或主语是它的逻辑宾语 （即被动关系）。,（三）现在分词与过去分词的区别 1.在语态上，现在分词表示主动，过去分词表示被动。 eg: the surprising news 令人惊讶的电影 a surprised man 一个受惊吓的人 a moving film 一场感人的电影 the moved people 被感动的人们 2.在时间上，现在分词表示动作正在进行，过去分词表示动作 已经结束。 eg: the developing country 发展中国家 the developed country 发达国家 the rising sun 正在升起的太阳 the risen sun 升起来的太阳 （四）have sb. do sth./have sb. doing sth./have sth. done 1. have sb. do sth.“让某人做某事”have可用let, make代替. 不定式往往表示一次性的具体动作，且强调动作已经完成或 尚未发生。,eg: (30)The soldiers had the boy stand with his back to his father. 士兵们让这个男孩背对着他的父亲站着。 2.have sb. doing sth.“让某人/某物做某事”，可用keep代 替，现在分词(doing)表示的这个动作往往具有持续、进行的 意思。 eg: (31)The two men had their lights burning all night long. 那两个人让灯通宵亮着。 3.have sth. done “让某人做某事”，即 ask sb. else to do sth. 过去分词(done)表示的这个动作由他人（即非主语本身） 来完成，含有被动意义且强调动作已经完成。 eg: (32)The driver had his car washed once a week. 那位司机每周叫人洗一次车。 (33)I had my bike repaired yesterday. 昨天我叫人把自行车修了。,四、某些动词或词组后接动名词或不定式的区别 stop to do sth.停下来去做某事 stop doing sth.停止做某事 eg: (34)Stop talking, please. (35)Stop to think about it for a moment. remember/forget to do sth.记住/忘了要做某事 remember/forget doing sth.记得/忘了做过某事 eg: (36)I remember posting your letter. (37)Please remember to post my letter. (38)I forgot to bring my homework. (39)I forgot bringing my homework. try to do sth.努力去做某事 try doing sth.试着去做某事 eg: (40)He tried speaking English to us. (41)Please try to do better next time.,go on to do sth. 做完一件事，接着去做另一件事 go on doing sth. 继续不停地做某事 eg: (42)Go on to do the other exercise after you finish this one. (43)Go on doing the exercise after a short rest. allow doing sth. 允许做某事 allow sb. to do sth.允许某人做某事 eg: (44)We dont allow smoking here. (45)We dont allow students to go out on weekdays. Exercises 1.If you feel tired, you may stop _. A. have a rest B. to have a rest C. having a rest 2.Were in class. Youd better not _. A. talk B. talking C. talked D. to talk,B,A,3.We are going for a picnic tomorrow. Ill call Wendy to make sure _. A. why to start B. when to start C. what to start D. which to start 4.Some children are arguing what TV programs_. A. watching B. for watching C. to watch D. will watch 5.I often see my teacher, Mr Zhao, _ books in his office. A. reads B. to read C. is read D. read 6.Shopping with me? -Sorry, I have a lot of clothes _. A. to wash B. washed C. wash D. washing 7.Who was the first one _? A.to reach B.to arrive C.to get to D.to arrive at,B,C,D,A,B,
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