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十、主旨大意标题归纳题,专题三第二节分类突破,真题感悟,名师点津,内容索引,随堂限时练,真题感悟,(2018浙江，B) Steven Stein likes to follow garbage trucks.His strange habit makes sense when you consider that hes an environmental scientist who studies how to reduce litter，including things that fall off garbage trucks as they drive down the road.What is even more interesting is that one of Steins jobs is defending an industry behind the plastic shopping bags.,Americans use more than 100 billion thin film plastic bags every year.So many end up in tree branches or along highways that a growing number of cities do not allow them at checkouts(收银台).The bags are prohibited in some 90 cities in California，including Los Angeles.Eyeing these headwinds，plastic-bag makers are hiring scientists like Stein to make the case that their products are not as bad for the planet as most people assume.,Among the bag makers arguments：many cities with bans still allow shoppers to purchase paper bags，which are easily recycled but require more energy to produce and transport.And while plastic bags may be ugly to look at，they represent a small percentage of all garbage on the ground today.,The industry has also taken aim at the product that has appeared as its replacement：reusable shopping bags.The stronger a reusable bag is，the longer its life and the more plastic-bag use it cancels out.However，longer-lasting reusable bags often require more energy to make.One study found that a cotton bag must be used at least 131 times to be better for the planet than plastic.,语篇解读本文是一篇议论文，主要介绍了环境科学家史蒂文斯坦支持提倡使用塑料袋的做法，由此引出了对于塑料袋、纸袋、可重复使用袋的讨论。,Environmentalists dont dispute(质疑) these points.They hope paper bags will be banned someday too and want shoppers to use the same reusable bags for years.,语篇解读,24.What has Steven Stein been hired to do? A.Help increase grocery sales. B.Recycle the waste material. C.Stop things falling off trucks. D.Argue for the use of plastic bags.,解析细节理解题。根据文章第一段最后一句和第二段最后一句可知，塑料购物袋制造商雇用像Stein这样的科学家来说明他们的产品并不像大多数人认为的那样对地球有那么大的危害，所以D项“据理支持使用塑料袋”正确。,答案,解析,25.What does the word “headwinds” in Paragraph 2 refer to? A.Bans on plastic bags. B.Effects of city development. C.Headaches caused by garbage. D.Plastic bags hung in trees.,解析词义猜测题。画线单词所在句意为“看到这种逆风，塑料购物袋制造商雇用像Stein这样的科学家来说明他们的产品不像大多数人认为的那样对地球有那么大的危害。”联系上一句“The bags are prohibited in some 90 cities in.”可知，A项“禁止使用塑料袋”为正确选项。,答案,解析,26.What is a disadvantage of reusable bags according to plastic-bag makers? A.They are quite expensive. B.Replacing them can be difficult. C.They are less strong than plastic bags. D.Producing them requires more energy.,解析细节理解题。根据题干信息“可重复使用的购物袋的缺点”可定位到倒数第二段倒数第二句“.longer-lasting reusable bags often require more energy to make.”，这种可长期重复使用的购物袋的生产需要更多的能源，故选D项。,答案,解析,27.What is the best title for the text? A.Plastic，Paper or Neither B.Industry，Pollution and Environment C.Recycle or Throw Away D.Garbage Collection and Waste Control,解析标题归纳题。本文主要叙述了三方面的内容：塑料购物袋产生“白色垃圾”；塑料购物袋制造商想出了对策用可重复使用的购物袋；环保专家希望塑料袋和纸袋都不用。故A项“塑料袋、纸袋或者两者都不用”可作为文章的最佳标题。,答案,解析,名师点津,一、题型解读 记叙文、说明文和议论文三种文体涉及的不同话题的阅读材料都会考查到标题归纳题。设问形式常有： (1)Which of the following can be the best title for the passage? (2)What can be a suitable title for the passage/text? (3)What is the best title for this passage? (4)The most suitable title of this passage is . 一个好的标题应具备三大特点：概括准确而又简短；针对性标题外延正好与文章内容相符；醒目能引发读者的阅读欲望。,二、解题技巧 1.“高度概括”定标题 (1)所选文章标题须能概括全文的中心内容。标题是文章的点睛之笔，是文章的灵魂和门面。为吸引读者的注意，标题往往比较醒目。 (2)一般文章的标题可根据主题句来判断，但在某些文章中，如记叙文，没有明确的主题句，需要根据文中的事实细节，查找文章的“主线”，归纳出文章的主题。,2.文章标题三特点 (1)一般为单词、短语或句子形式，短语居多； (2)短小精悍，精确性强； (3)涵盖性强，能覆盖全文大意。 例如：【真题感悟】中第27题，要求概括标题，本文讲述了使用塑料袋造成的环境问题；纸袋容易回收，但生产成本高；环保专家认为塑料袋和纸袋都不要用。对这三个方面进行了对比，Plastic，Paper or Neither既能概括全文，又能吸引读者，适合作为标题。,随堂限时练,A (2018河南六市第一次联考) In the fall of 1988，I visited many Buddhist temples，but after a while they all began to 9fade from my memories.However，there was one temple that left a great impression in my heart. It is called the Temple of the Golden Buddha.After walking around it and taking some photos，I walked over to a glass case，next to which was a typewritten page describing the history of this magnificent piece of art.,Back in 1957 a group of monks from a monastery(修道院) had to 5relocate a 1clay Buddha from their temple to a new location.The monastery was to be relocated to make room for the development of a highway.When the crane(吊车) began to lift it，the weight of it was so large that it began to 2crack.Whats more，rain began to fall.The head monk decided to lower the statue back to the ground and cover it with a large oilcloth to protect it from the rain.,Later that evening the head monk went to check on the Buddha.He shined his flash-light under the oilcloth to see if the Buddha was staying dry.As the light reached the crack，he noticed a little beam shining back and thought it strange.As he took a closer look at this beam of light，he wondered if there might be something underneath the clay.He went to fetch a chisel and hammer from the monastery and began to chip away at the clay.As he knocked off pieces of clay，the little beam grew brighter and bigger.Many hours of labor went by before the monk stood face to face with the extraordinary solid-gold Buddha.,Historians believe that several hundred years before the head monks discovery，the army was about to invade the country.The monks，realizing that their country would soon be attacked，covered their precious golden Buddha with an outer covering of clay in order to keep their treasure from being robbed by the enemy. Unfortunately，it appears that the enemy killed all the monks，and the well-kept secret of the golden Buddha remained uncovered until the day in 1957.,As I flew home I began to think to myself，“We are all like the clay Buddha covered with a shell of hardness created out of fear，and yet underneath each of us is a golden Buddha，a golden Christ，or a golden spirit，which is our real self.Somewhere along the way，between the ages of two and nine，we begin to cover up our golden spirit，our natural self.Much like the monk with the hammer and the chisel，our task now is to discover our true spirit once again.”,语篇解读本文作者通过讲述金佛寺中金佛不同寻常的历史，说明我们都像被一层坚硬的外壳覆盖着的泥佛，要发现自己真正的金色。,语篇解读,1.What made the monks cover the Buddha with a large oilcloth? A.Hiding it from being stolen. B.Protecting it from the rain. C.Protecting it from being damaged. D.Avoiding being seen.,解析细节理解题。根据第三段末句可知，修道士们在金佛上盖上一块大油布是为了保护佛像不被雨淋。故选B。,答案,解析,2.Why was the author greatly impressed by the golden Buddha? A.Because he likes it very much. B.Because it differs from others. C.Because of its history. D.Because of the protection of the monks.,答案,解析,解析推理判断题。根据第二段末句及下文的具体介绍可知，这个金佛给作者留下了深刻印象是因为它的不寻常的历史。故选C。,解析标题归纳题。作者通过讲述金佛寺中的金佛出于保护被涂上一层粘土，经雨淋后露出本来面目，揭开了其不同寻常的历史。作者以此说明我们都像被一层坚硬的外壳覆盖着的泥佛，要发现自己真正的金色。“The Golden Buddha(金色的佛)”贯穿全文，适合作为标题。故选B。,3.What might be the best title of the passage? A.Visiting Buddhist Temples B.The Golden Buddha C.Protecting Their Country D.Relocating the Buddha,答案,解析,4.What advice is given to us according to the passage? A.Covering up ourselves. B.Finding the truth. C.Discovering our true spirit. D.Building up our belief.,答案,解析,解析细节理解题。根据最后一段最后一句中的“our task now is to discover our true spirit once again”可知，作者建议我们要发现自己真正的精神。故选C。,B (2018山东枣庄一模) 3D printing is being more and more popular.We are now able to create things we need very quickly and easily using 3D printers.But can you imagine printing food? Some scientists are trying to 3revolutionize the dining experience by doing this.They hope that having a 3D printer in the kitchen will be as mon as the microwave oven or blender.,Scientists say that itll be quite easy：you simply have to select a 4recipe and put the raw food inks into the printer.You can also modify the instructions to make the food exactly how you want it.This means that it would be very quick and easy to create tasty and nutritious meals. Using 3D printers to create your meals would also be saving the environment.There would be less need for traditional growing，transporting and packaging processes as food production would be a lot more efficient.For example,6alternative ingredients(原料) such as proteins from algae，beetroot leaves and insects could be 7converted into tasty products.,Printing food could also help people who suffer from dysphasia (a swallowing disorder).They could program the printer to print softer versions of their favorite foods so that they would not have trouble in swallowing them. However，some people think that a future of 3D food printing would be a disaster.It could take away many jobs，including those for growing，transporting and packaging food.Imagine a world where there was no need for farming or growing crops and the same tastes could be printed from a raw “food ink”.8Likewise，traditional cafes and restaurants might lose business.Also，there are concerns about the nutritional value of printed food：is it really possible to get the nutrients we need from food-based inks and gels(凝胶)?,语篇解读本文介绍了一项新技术3D食物打印，它是一种能像打印文件一样把食物“印”出来的技术。,Whats more，cooking and eating together with family and friends has long been a traditional and enjoyable activity.It is hard to imagine a world where the pleasure of cooking is dead and meals can be created at the touch of a button.,语篇解读,5.Which of the following best describes 3D food printing? A.Quick and popular. B.Easy and efficient. C.Nutritious and tasty. D.Soft and convenient.,解析细节理解题。根据第三段最后一句“This means that it would be very quick and easy to create tasty and nutritious meals.”可知，3D食物打印很快、很容易就能创造出好吃、有营养的食物。故选B。,答案,解析,6.Why do some think that 3D food printing would be a disaster? A.Traditional food would disappear. B.Many people could lose their jobs. C.It would affect the peoples health. D.We could all eat the same food.,解析细节理解题。根据倒数第二段前两句可知，一些人认为3D食物打印在未来将会是一个灾难，因为它会抢人们的饭碗比如食物的种植、运输、打包工作，故选B。,答案,解析,7.What can we infer from the last paragraph? A.3D food printing will replace traditional cooking. B.The future of 3D food printing is uncertain. C.It would hurt our tradition of food culture. D.3D food printing would be a failure.,解析推理判断题。根据最后一段可知，烹饪和聚餐是人类的传统活动，很难想象3D食物打印带来的按钮世界，由此可推知，3D食物打印的应用会破坏我们的传统饮食文化。故选C。,答案,解析,8.Which of the following can be the best title for the text? A.3D Food Printing：Coming to the Kitchen B.Can 3D Printing Create Everything? C.3D-Printing Food Will Be in Fashion! D.The Disadvantages of 3D Food Printing,解析标题归纳题。根据全文大意可知本文讲述了一项新技术即将进入厨房的3D食物打印。故选A。,答案,解析,素材提炼再拓展,做完以上两篇阅读后，巧妙运用语境，解决障碍词和长难句,.障碍词汇突破 (一)阅读下列句子，并根据句意猜测画线部分的意思 1.The aged walls are made out of clay from the earth and wood. _ 2.A gas main had a crack under my neighbours garage and gas had seeped into our homes. _ 3.Over the past forty years，plastics have revolutionized the way we live. _,黏土,彻底改变,裂缝,4.Its her turn to cook this evening so she looks up a recipe for tomato soup on the Internet. _ (二)同义词语替换 5.If the pany was to relocate，most employees would move. 6.He said there is no alternative for him but to maintain order under any circumstances._ 7.You can use these transformations to convert the data from one model to another. 8.The fish were delicious. Likewise，the eggplant was excellent._,菜谱,remove,choice,transform/shift,Similarly,(三)一词多义 9.fade褪色；枯萎，凋谢；(逐渐)消失 (1)All memory of the childhood faded from her mind. _ (2)Coloured cloth often fades when it is washed. _ (3)The roses he planted in the garden faded after three days. _,(逐渐)消失,褪色,枯萎，凋谢,.长难句理解 1.After walking around it and taking some photos，I walked over to a glass case，next to which was a typewritten page describing the history of this magnificent piece of art. 句式分析本句话是一个复合句，句子的主干部分I walked over to a glass case是简单句的 结构；After walking around it and taking some photos是 ；next to which was a typewritten page describing the history of this magnificent piece of art是 从句，修饰 ；describing the history of this magnificent piece of art为现在分词作 ，修饰 。,主谓,时间状语,a glass case,定语,定语,a typewritten page,精美译文,围着它走了几圈并拍了几张照片以后，我走向一个玻璃箱子，在它的旁边是一张打印的纸张，描述了这件壮丽的艺术品的历史。,2.They could program the printer to print softer versions of their favorite foods so that they would not have trouble in swallowing them. 句式分析本句话是一个复合句，主句是简单句的 结构；so that they would not have trouble in swallowing them为 从句。 精美译文,主谓宾,目的状语,他们给打印机输入程序，让它打印出较软的食物，以便他们吞咽的时候没有困难。,
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