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第三讲 推理判断题,一、题型解读,高考英语考试大纲指出，阅读文章的主要目的是获取信息，即理解作者所要传达的信息。高考英语阅读理解试题命制形式多样，其中推理判断题属于高层次的阅读理解题，解答此类题目要从整体上把握语篇内容，在理解语篇的表面意义与隐含意义的基础上进行深层推理，透过字里行间去体会作者的“弦外之音”。 推理判断主要包括：,此类题目在高考题中的数量所占比例较大，是高考阅读理解考查的重点，应引起考生的重视。 具体来说，针对不同的推理判断题，寻找线索时要使用不同的方法。,二、设问方式,一般来说，推理判断题题干中常出现know about，learn from，infer，imply，suggest，conclude，intend，mean，indicate等词语。,1.细节推断题常见的命题形式,It can be inferred from the passage that _. It can be concluded from the passage that _. The author strongly suggests that _. The writer implies but not directly states that _. The writer/author indicates/suggests/implies that _. Which of the following statements does the passage support?,2.态度倾向推断常见的命题形式,The attitude of the author towards something is _. The writer of the passage seems to think that _. Whats the writers attitude towards.? What is the authors opinion on.? What does the author think about.?,3.写作意图推断题常见的命题形式,What is the main purpose of the author writing the text? The purpose of the text is to get more people to _. The writer of the story wants to tell us that _. The writer talks about.in order to _. The author writes the last paragraph in order to _.,4.文章来源或读者对象推断题常见的命题形式,This passage would most likely be found in _. In which of the following publications would this passage most likely be printed? The passage is probably taken out of _. Where does this text probably e from? Where is the passage most likely to have been taken from?,5.对文章内容预测常见的命题形式,What do you think will happen when/if.? At the end of this passage，the writer might continue to write _. The paragraph following the passage will probably be about _. Which of the following statements is most likely to be talked about in the following paragraph?,三、选项特征 1.推理判断题正确选项的特征,(1)“立足原文，只推一步”，即根据原文内容，一步即可推得。 (2)选项中一般不可以出现绝对概念，如only，never，all，absolutely等。正确答案的表述一般有一点模糊，会用一些相对能够留有一些余地的词汇，如often，usually，sometimes，some，may，might，can，could，possibly，probably等。,2.推理判断题干扰选项的特征,(1)曲解文意。即推测意义与文章表层意义有区别，推理判断题中有些选项来自文章中的某一句或某几句话，命题者可能会利用里面的字词设计出干扰项，看似表达文章的意思，其实是借题发挥，是对原文意思的曲解。 (2)张冠李戴。为了起到干扰的效果，高考命题人常用的一个手段就是张冠李戴，即通过使用原文中出现的词汇甚至句式，把本来适用于一种情况的内容移用到其他情况。 (3)颠倒是非。干扰项的内容常涉及原文中提及的一些内容或现象，但选项的意思却与原文恰恰相反。,(4)无中生有。这种类型的干扰项往往是基本的生活常识或普遍认可的观点，但在文章中并无相关的信息支撑点。另外，这种干扰项也有可能与设置的问题毫不相干。 (5)扩缩范围。为了准确、严密地表达文章内容，命题者特别注意对文意范围的限定，有时通过加上almost，all，nearly，more than，normally，usually等词语对文意加以限制。“扩缩范围”干扰法就是在选项中通过改变或去掉限制性词语，将信息的范围、程度、感情色彩等改变，从而给考生解题造成干扰的命题方法。,典例(2017江苏高考阅读C) The first is that antitrust authorities need to move from the industrial age into the 21st century.When considering a merger(兼并)，for example，they have traditionally used size to determine when to step in.They now need to take into account the extent of firms data assets(资产) when assessing the impact of deals.The purchase price could also be a signal that an established pany is buying a new-born threat.When this takes place，especially when a new-born pany has no revenue to speak of，the regulators should raise red flags.,细节判断题,63.By paying attention to firms data assets，antitrust regulators could_.,A.kill a new threat B.avoid the size trap C.favour bigger firms D.charge higher prices 答案B推理判断题。 根据本段“The first is that antitrust authorities need to move from the industrial age into the 21st century.When considering a merger(兼并)，for example，they have traditionally used size to determine when to step in.They now need to take into account the extent of firms data assets(资产) when assessing the impact of deals.”可知，在考虑公司数据资产的基础上，反垄断监管机构会避免陷于规模陷阱。,【技巧点拨】,如何解决细节判断题？,细节判断题属于深层理解题，要求根据语篇内容，推断具体细节。做此类题目关键是要正确把握文章的内在关系，理解文章的真正含义，要忠实于原文，千万不能主观臆断，随意揣测，更不能以自己的观点代替作者的观点。此类题目的题干一般包括六个动词：infer(推断)，indicate(象征，暗示)，imply(暗示)，suggest(暗示)，assume(假定，设想)和conclude(推断，做出结论)。,典例(江苏高考阅读D) Athens reached the point when the freedom she really wanted was freedom from responsibility.There could be only one result.If men insisted on being free from the burden of self-dependence and responsibility for the mon good，they would cease to be free.Responsibility is the price every man must pay for freedom.It is to be had on no other terms.Athens，the Athens of Ancient Greece，refused responsibility；she reached the end of freedom and was never to have it again.,观点态度题,70.What is the authors understanding of freedom?,A.Freedom can be more popular in the digital age. B.Freedom may e to an end in the digital age. C.Freedom should have priority over responsibility. D.Freedom needs to be guaranteed by responsibility. 答案D推理判断题。一开始作者对freedom的定义是“The essential belief.would take responsibility for the state.”，到雅典人对自由的看法的变化，即逃避责任，再到最后作者说雅典人没有了自由，但自由的概念在数字时代的世界仍然存在，D项“自由需要责任的保障”符合文意。,【技巧点拨】,如何解决观点态度题？,做此类题目必须透过文章的字面意义去理解。作者的态度和观点无非也就是三种：支持、赞同、乐观；反对、批评、怀疑、悲观；中立、客观。作者的态度和观点常用一些形容词、副词和不定意义的动词来表达，如possible，impossible，seem，strange等。这时需要注意的是：一定要理清作者所列举的事例与其观点、态度是一致的还是相反的。有些文章作者的观点态度隐含在文章的字里行间，需要通读全文，才能做出正确的判断。注意熟悉一些常见的有关作者情感、态度的词语。,1.褒义词有：supportive(支持的)；positive(积极的)；optimistic(乐观的)；enthusiastic(热情的)等。 2.贬义词有：negative(否定的，消极的)；ironic(讽刺的)；critical(批评的)；disgusted(厌恶的)；disappointed(失望的)等。 3.中性词有：indifferent(漠不关心的)；uninterested(不感兴趣的)；objective(客观的)；neutral(中立的)等。,典例(2016江苏高考阅读C ) El Nio，a Spanish term for “the Christ child，” was named by South American fishermen who noticed that the global weather pattern，which happens every two to seven years，reduced the amount of fishes caught around Christmas.El Nio sees warm water，collected over several years in the western Pacific，flow back eastwards when winds that normally blow westwards weaken，or sometimes the other way round.,写作意图推断题,The weather effects both good and bad，are felt in many places.Rich countries gain more from powerful Nios，on balance，than they lose.A study found that a strong Nio in 1997-98 helped Americas economy grow by $15 billion，partly because of better agricultural harvests：farmers in the Midwest gained from extra rain.The total rise in agricultural ines in rich countries is greater than the fall in poor ones. But in Indonesia extremely dry forests are in flames.A multi-year drought (干旱) in south-east Brazil is being worse.Though heavy rains brought about by El Nio may relieve the drought in California，they are likely to cause surface flooding and other disasters.,The most recent powerful Nio，in 1997-98，killed around 21，000 people and caused damage worth $36 billion around the globe.But such Nios e with months of warning，and so much is known about how they happen that governments can prepare.According to the Overseas Development Institute (ODI)，however，just 12% of disaster-relief funding in the past two decades has gone on reducing risks in advance，rather than recovery and rebuilding afterwards.This is despite evidence that a dollar spent on risk-reduction saves at least two on reconstruction.,Simple improvements to infrastructure (基础设施) can reduce the spread of disease.Better sewers (下水道) make it less likely that heavy rain is followed by an outbreak of the disease of bad stomach.Stronger bridges mean villages are less likely to be left without food and medicine after floods.According to a paper in 2011 by Mr Hsiang and co-authors，civil conflict is related to El Nios harmful effectsand the poorer the country，the stronger the link.Though the relationship may not be causal，helping divided munities to prepare for disasters would at least reduce the risk that those disasters are followed by killing and wounding people.Since the poorest are least likely to make up for their losses from disasters linked to El Nio，reducing their losses needs to be the priority.,64.What is the authors purpose in writing the passage?,A.To introduce El Nio and its origin. B.To explain the consequences of El Nio. C.To show ways of fighting against El Nio. D.To urge people to prepare for El Nio. 答案D目的意图题。根据最后一句“Since the poorest are least likely to make up for their losses from disasters linked to El Nio，reducing their losses needs to be the priority.”可知，各国政府要把减少损失放在优先的位置。也就是说我们要事先做好准备。故D项正确。,【技巧点拨】,如何解决写作意图类推断题？,要求考生根据文章的论述，揣测作者的写作意图。作者一般不直接陈述自己的意图，而是通过文章所提供的事实，客观地使读者信服某种想法或观点。这种题型要求考生不但能理解文章的大意，同时还要具备对作者阐述问题的方法进行归纳总结和分析的能力。判断文章的写作目的时一定要对文章主题有正确的把握，阅读时务必找准文章的主旨句，准确归纳文章主题。,典例 Donald John Trump (born June 14，1946)，is an American businessman and politician who became the President-elect of the United States on November 8，2016.Since 1971 he has chaired The Trump Organization，the principal holding pany for his real estate ventures and other business interests.During his business career，Trump has built office towers，hotels，casinos，golf courses，and other branded facilities worldwide.,文章来源题或读者对象题,Trump was born and raised in New York City and received a bachelors degree in economics from the Wharton School of the University of Pennsylvania in 1968.In 1971，he was given control of his father Fred Trumps real estate and construction firm.Trump has appeared at the Miss USA pageants，which he owned from 1996 to 2015，and has made cameo appearances in films and television series. Trump and his businesses，as well as his three marriages，have received prominent media exposure.He hosted a popular NBC reality show，The Apprentice，from 2004 to 2015.As of 2016，he was listed by Forbes as the 324th wealthiest person in the world，and 156th in the United States，with a net worth of $3.7 billion in October 2016.,Trump first campaigned for the U.S.presidency in 2000，winning two Reform Party primaries.On June 16，2015，Trump again announced his candidacy for president，this time as a Republican.Trump became known for his opposition to illegal immigration and free trade agreements，as well as his frequently non-interventionist views on foreign policy，and quickly emerged as the Republican nomination front-runner.As of March 23，2016，Trump has won 21 contests in the 2016 Republican presidential primaries. He was elected as the 45th U.S.president in the 2016 election on the Republican ticket，defeating Democratic nominee Hillary Clinton，and is scheduled to take office on January 20，2017.At 70 years old，he will be the oldest person to ever assume the presidency.,1.This passage is mostly probably taken from _.,A.a story book B.a biography book C.a science book D.an advertisement 答案B文章出处题。通读全文可知，本文介绍的是美国新当选的总统特朗普。由此可推知，本文极可能来自于一本人物传记。故选B。,【技巧点拨】,如何解决文章来源题？,做此类题目要求读者具备一定的常识，这样文章的内容才能与读者本身已具备的常识结合起来。做此类题目应从文章的内容和结构来判断其出处。如果来源于报纸，前面一般会出现日期、地点或通讯社名称；如果是广告，其格式很容易辨认；产品说明和药品说明也很容易辨认。,典例(福建高考阅读E) A MENTORING(导师制) program is giving life changing opportunities to Banbury youth. Young Inspirations was founded two years ago to provide mentoring sessions for students and unemployed young adults aged 11 to 21. Alex Goldberg，the programs founder，said：“We set up Young Inspirations because we wanted to give young people experiences which will potentially be life changing and broaden their outlook.”,“We try to create work experience opportunities that will really make a difference to our youth.For example，weve secured internships(实习) with world-famous firms such as Honda.” “At a time of funding cutbacks where schools are finding it more and more difficult to offer this kind of mentoring，it is extremely important that these opportunities are available both to help youth with their school work and grades and to give them opportunities which may help shape their futures.” Kieran Hepburn，14，is one of a group of Banbury youth who has benefited from the program so far.In October the Banbury School pupil was acpanied by Young Inspirations staff to Paris where he was an observer at the United Nations Educational，Scientific and Cultural Organizations (UNESCO) International Youth Forum(论坛).,The event was held for young people from around the world，to seek their views on how the future of youth and education should look.Kieran joined several hundred observers mostly in their 20s and was the only UK school pupil to attend the event.Kieran thinks the trip was a life changing experience.“Before we left I didnt quite know what to make of it but when we got there we didnt stop，it was amazing，” he said，“We went to three or four hours of debates each day and then did something cultural each afternoon.”,The main theme of the forum was how youth can drive change in political and public life.It dealt with issues(问题) such as drug abuse，violence and unemployment. Kieran said：“It has really helped me to improve my confidence and social skills as well as my school grades and I was voted most improved pupil at school in August.” The Young Inspirations mentoring sessions take place each Friday in Banbury.For details visit younginspirations.,71.The Young Inspirations mentoring program aims to _.,A.train staff for world-famous firms B.offer job opportunities to young adults C.provide youth with unique experiences D.equip the unemployed with different skills 答案C细节理解题。由第三段中的“We set up Young Inspirations because we wanted to give young people experiences.”可知，目的是给青年提供独特的经验。,【技巧点拨】,如何解决读者对象题？,做此类题目通常从文章内容入手，明确所谈话题及具体内容，体会作者使用的语言适合于哪一群体，这样才能根据文章的特点对号入座，从而得出正确判断。,典例(2017全国卷阅读B ) Last week some city officials suggested the city might be interested in turning the old theater into a museum and public meeting place.However，these plans were abandoned because of financial problems.Bradford sold the building and land to a local development firm，which plans to build a shopping plex on the land where the theater is located.,预测推断题,6.What will probably happen to the building?,A.It will be repaired. B.It will be turned into a museum. C.It will be knocked down. D.It will be sold to the city government. 答案C根据“which plans to build a shopping plex on the land where the theater is located.”可以推断出这个剧院将被拆除，取而代之的是一个现代的购物中心。,【技巧点拨】,如何解决预测推断题？,有些题目要求根据语篇，对事件可能的结局或下一段可能涉及的内容等进行猜测推理。做此类题目时，务必把握作者的写作思路，如文章可能按事件发展的经过描写，也可能按因果关系、对比关系来叙述，从而做出比较科学的、合情合理的预测判断。特别要注意文章最后一段的内容及最后几句话。,
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