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第11讲名词与冠词,专题一语法知识,真题诊断,考点突破,专项训练,内容索引,真题诊断,1.Try to understand whats actually happening instead of acting on the _ youve made.(2018江苏,32) A.assignment B.association C.acquisition D.assumption,解析,解析句意为:努力弄明白实际正在发生的事情,而不是按照你做出的假设去行动。D项assumption意为“假设”,符合语境。youve made是定语从句,修饰assumption,make an assumption意为“做出假设”。assignment任务,作业;association联系;acquisition获得,得到。,答案,1,2,3,4,5,6,7,2.The _ that there is life on other planets in the universe has always inspired scientists to explore the outer space.(2018天津,6) A.advice B.order C.possibility D.invitation,解析,解析句意为:在宇宙的其他星球上存在着生命,这一可能性一直鼓舞着科学家们探索外太空。possibility意为“可能性”,符合语境,故选C。advice建议;order命令,秩序;invitation邀请,请柬。,答案,1,2,3,4,5,6,7,3.Can you tell us your _ for happiness and a long life? Living every day to the full,definitely.(2016江苏,24) A.recipe B.record C.range D.receipt,解析,解析句意为:您能告诉我们您幸福与长寿的秘诀吗?确切地说,是充实地过好每一天。根据答语可知,此处问的是幸福与长寿的秘诀。recipe秘诀,诀窍,符合句意。record记录;range范围;receipt收据,均不符合题意。,答案,1,2,3,4,5,6,7,4.Some schools will have to make _ in agreement with the national soccer reform.(2015江苏,32) A.judgments B.adjustments Cments D.achievements,解析句意为:为了与国家足球改革相一致,一些学校将不得不做出调整。judgment判断;adjustment调整,适应;ment评论;achievement成果,成就。故选B项。,解析,答案,1,2,3,4,5,6,7,5.Go and say sorry to your Mom,Dave. Id like to,but Im afraid she wont be happy with my _. (2015江苏,35) A.requests B.excuses C.apologies D.regrets,解析,解析句意为:去向你妈妈道歉,戴夫。我想去,但我担心她对我的道歉不满意。request要求,请求;excuse理由,借口;apology道歉,致歉;regret懊悔,遗憾。根据前面的“say sorry”可知选C项。,答案,1,2,3,4,5,6,7,6._ prize for the winner of the petition is _ two-week holiday in Paris.(2016浙江,2) A.The;/ B.A;/ C.A;the D.The;a,解析,解析句意为:这次比赛给获胜者的奖励是在巴黎度假两周。第一个空格表示对比赛获胜者的奖励,是特指,故用the;第二个空格泛指一次为期两周的假期,用不定冠词a。故选D项。,答案,1,2,3,4,5,6,7,7.Being able to afford _ drink would be _ fort in those tough times. A.the;the B.a;a C.a;/ D./;a,解析,解析句意为:在那些艰苦的岁月里,能买得起一杯饮料都会是一件令人安慰的事。本题容易误选C项,认为fort “安慰”是不可数名词,其实此处为抽象名词的具体化,a fort令人感到安慰的一个人或一件事;a drink一杯饮料。故B项正确。,答案,1,2,3,4,5,6,7,诊断报告,解题方法 (一)三方法解决名词辨析题 1.利用固定搭配和习惯表达 2.利用句子的平衡、对比等结构 3.充分把握具体的语境 (二)三方法辨别冠词方法 1.语境暗示法 在解答冠词试题时,要注意下面的原则:一是根据句子的意思判断是特指(定冠词表示特指)还是泛指(不定冠词表示泛指),其次看是可数名词还是不可数名词。这样就能够根据句子的意思判断出是选定冠词还是不定冠词。,2.准确翻译法 冠词a/an表示“一个,一种,某一个”,一般泛指任意一个;而the表示“这个,那个”,是特指。所以在大多数情况下,如果我们能准确地把泛指或特指的意思翻译出来,就能够正确地解答该题。 3.固定短语搭配法 掌握冠词的习惯用法,冠词活用和固定词组中用不用冠词或用什么冠词对于解答冠词试题也是很重要的。,考点突破,考点1名词词义辨析,1.There is no need to tell me your answer now.Give it some_ and then let me know.(2015安徽,30) A.thought B.support C.protection D.authority,解析句意为:现在没有必要告诉我你的答案。多思考一下,再让我知道。 thought思想,思考,符合句意。support支持,维持,支援,供养;protection保护,防卫;authority权威,权力,当局。,解析,答案,1,2,3,4,5,2.One of the most effective ways to reduce _ is to talk about feelings with someone you trust.(2015浙江,15) A.production B.stress C.energy D.power,解析句意为:减少压力最有效的方法之一就是与你信任的人谈谈你的感受。stress压力,紧张,符合语境。production生产,制作,产品;energy精力,活力,干劲;power权力,势力,影响力。,解析,答案,1,2,3,4,5,3.The weather forecast says it will be cloudy with a slight _ of rain later tonight.(2016天津,10) A.effect B.sense C.change D.chance,解析句意为:天气预报说今天多云,后半夜可能有雨。chance可能性,符合语境。effect结果,效应;sense感觉,理解力;change变化,改变。,解析,答案,1,2,3,4,5,4.The failure was a big _ to him,but he wasnt discouraged and soon got as enthusiastic as ever.(2015福建,24) A.blow B.issue C.excuse D.factor,解析句意为:这次失败对他来说是一次不小的冲击,但是他没有气馁,很快就变得和以往一样有热情了。blow打击,痛击,符合语境。issue问题;excuse借口;factor因素。,解析,答案,1,2,3,4,5,5.Could you tell me the _ of making such tasty cakes? Well,I just follow the directions in the cookbook.(2014福建,26) A.feature B.plan C.cost D.trick,解析句意为:你能告诉我制作如此美味的蛋糕的诀窍吗?哦,我只是按照烹饪书上的说明来做的。feature特征,特点;plan计划;cost费用;trick技巧。,解析,答案,1,2,3,4,5,考点归纳,(一)名词的词义辨析 名词的词义辨析是高考的热点,主要考查考生结合语境区分词义的能力,因而在记忆单词时,一定要结合语境体会其意义。近几年考查的名词词义辨析主要有以下几种形式:,1.“同缀”词的词义辨析,即相同词缀的名词辨析。近几年高考中常出现的有: expression(表情) attention(注意) satisfaction(满意) impression(印象) acmodation(住宿) occupation(职业) adaptation(适应,改编) appreciation(欣赏) equipment(设备) arrangement(安排) assessment(评估,估算) entertainment(娱乐) consequence(后果) independence(独立) petence(能力,权限) intelligence(智力),2.“形近”词的词义辨析,近几年高考中常出现的形近词有: mand(命令) parison(比较) pliment(赞美) contribution(贡献) mitment(承诺,保证) petition(竞争) acmodation(住宿) acpany(陪伴),(二)名词的一词多义与熟词新义 名词的一词多义与熟词新义是考查的重点和难点。掌握熟词新义重在多阅读、多积累。 Those who suffer from headache will find they get relief from this medicine. 患头疼的人会发现通过使用这种药,他们的头疼会得到缓解。 relief的常见含义为“安慰,宽慰”,此处表示“缓解”。,考点2名词构成的固定搭配,When he was running after his brother,the boy lost his _ and had a bad fall.(2015湖北,21) A.balance B.chance C.memory D.place,解析,解析句意为:当这个男孩追赶哥哥的时候,他失去了平衡,狠狠地摔了一跤。根据句中的had a bad fall可知,这个男孩之所以摔倒是因为失去了平衡,lose ones balance意为“失去平衡”。chance机会;memory记忆;place地方。,答案,考点3抽象名词具体化,Its _ good feeling for people to admire the Shanghai World Expo that gives them _ pleasure. A./;a B.a;/ C.the;a D.a;the,解析,解析句意为:对人们来说,欣赏能带给他们乐趣的世博会感觉非常棒。feeling为可数名词,pleasure为不可数名词,均表示泛指,故B项正确。,答案,考点归纳,抽象名词具体化通常可分为以下四类: 1. 表示情感、情绪的词,强调具体的人或事时常将其具体化使用。常用的重点抽象名词有:,I think this sports meeting was a huge success. 我认为这次运动会是一个巨大的成功。,2.表行为的抽象名词,强调其具体表现形式时,常用“a/an抽象名词”或“a/an形容词抽象名词”。常用短语、句型如下: have a wonderful supper;have a bright future;have a good time;have a population of;have a good knowledge/understanding of;have an ine of;receive a good education;receive a warm wele;cover an area of;reach a height of Its a waste of time/money. Its a great help to me. Its a pity that.,3.表示具体动作意义的抽象名词,加a/an与某些动词(have,take,make,give)等词连用时,表示某一次短暂的动作。 have a swim/rest/look/trip/discussion/smoke/wash/sleep;take a walk/ bath;give/take a try;make an advance/an early start/an apology; take/have a great interest;go out for a walk 4.接同源宾语的短语,通常名词表示具体化意义。 die a heroic death;live/lead a happy/simple/hard/poor/bitter life; dream a strange dream,考点4不定冠词与定冠词的综合考查,1.I just heard _ bank where Dora works was robbed by _ gunman wearing a mask.(2015重庆,3) A.the;/ B.a;/ C.the;a D.a;the,解析,解析句意为:我刚听说多拉工作的那家银行被一名蒙面持枪歹徒抢劫了。第一空为特指,表示“多拉工作的那家银行”;第二空为泛指,表示“一名”。,答案,2.There are over 58,000 rocky objects in _ space,about 900 of which could fall down onto _ earth. A.the;the B./;the C.the;/ D.a;the,解析,解析句意为:太空中有超过58 000的岩状物体,其中大约900有可能掉到地球上。第一空in space是固定短语,不用冠词,类似用法还有in nature,in society等;第二空后的名词earth属于独一无二的事物,其前必须用定冠词。,答案,考点归纳,(一)不定冠词a/an的用法,(1)The “Chinese Dream” is a dream to improve peoples well-being and a dream of harmony,peace and development. “中国梦”是一个提升人民幸福感的梦,也是一个和谐、和平和发展的梦。 (2)He missed the gold in the high jump,but will get a second chance in the long jump. 他在跳高比赛中没有赢得金牌,但是,在跳远比赛中他还有一次(获得金牌的)机会。,(二)定冠词the的用法,(1)Marco Polo is said to have sailed on the Pacific Ocean on his way to Java in the thirteenth century. 据说在十三世纪马可波罗去爪哇岛途中曾航行经过太平洋。 (2)Its said John will be in a job paying over $60,000 a year. Right,he will also get paid by the week. 据说约翰将拥有一份年薪超过60 000美元的工作。 是的,而且会按周获得报酬。,(三)零冠词,independence等。,(1)The Smiths dont usually like staying at hotels,but last summer they spent a few days at a very nice hotel by sea. 史密斯一家通常不喜欢住旅馆,但去年夏天他们在海边一家不错的旅馆住了几天。 (2)Dr.Peter Spence,headmaster of the school,told us,“A fifth of pupils here go on to study at Oxford and Cambridge.” 这所学校的校长彼得斯彭斯博士告诉我们,这里五分之一的学生将继续到牛津或剑桥大学深造。 (3)Clever boy as he is,he cant solve such a difficult problem. 尽管他是个聪明的孩子,但他无法解决这么难的问题。,专项训练,1,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10,2,1.We have been making furniture for over 100 years,and have a worldwide for quality.(2018天津十二区县二模) A.contribution B.qualification C.reputation D.institution,解析,解析contribution贡献,捐赠;qualification资格,授权;reputation名声,名望,名誉;institution 机构,学院。句意为:我们生产家具已有100多年的历史,在质量上享誉世界。,答案,1,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10,2,2.Since there isnt enough to show that this medicine works in children,it shouldnt be given to them.(2018南开区二模) A.target B.symbol C.assumption D.evidence,解析,解析target目标;symbol符号;assumption假定,假设;evidence证据。句意为:因为没有足够的证据证明这种药对儿童有效,所以不应该给他们服用。,答案,1,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10,2,3.Some people believe that robots will take the place of the humans one day. What if that is the ?(2018红桥区一模) A.future B.result C.end D.case,解析,解析future将来;result结果;end结尾,末端;case情况,状况。根据下文表达的意思“即便是这种情况又怎样?”可知应选D。,答案,1,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10,2,4.Jims car crashed yesterday. Yes,but he had the good to escape injury when it happened. (2018和平区一模) A.memory B.condition C.impression D.fortune,解析,解析memory记忆;condition条件;impression印象;fortune幸运。根据句意和to escape injury可知他有幸没有受伤。,答案,1,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10,2,5.My cousin has decided to pursue career in music after his college graduation though his parents dont agree with decision. (2018天津一中4月考) A./;the B.a;the C.a;a D.a;/,解析,解析句意为:我表兄决定在大学毕业后从事音乐事业,尽管他的父母不同意这个决定。这里从事音乐事业是泛指一种职业,所以用不定冠词a;decision是特指表兄从事音乐的决定,所以用定冠词the。,答案,1,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10,2,6.Usually the Player of the Year title is given to a big name from the best team.But this time there is a(n) .(2017河西区一模) A.break B.improvement C.exception D.tradition,解析,解析句意为:通常情况下,“年度最佳球员”这一头衔会给最好球队中的大牌运动员,但是这一次却是个例外。由Usually及But可知选C。exception一般情况以外的人(或事物),例外。,答案,1,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10,2,7.The fear of failing exams can cause you to panic and stress can be a(n) to your performance at school.(2017河北区一模) A.solution B.invitation C.block D.access,解析,解析solution解决方法;invitation邀请,诱因;block障碍,街区,大块;access接近,入口。句意为:对考试失败的恐惧会引起你的恐慌,压力会阻碍你在学校的表现,故选C。,答案,1,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10,2,8.I bought a dress for only 10 dollars in a sale;it was a real . (2018南开区一模) A.exchange B.bargain C.trade D.business,解析,解析exchange交流,交换;bargain便宜货;trade贸易;business生意,商业。结合语境可知此处表示“真是便宜货”的意思。,答案,1,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10,2,9.Unfortunately, stone hit him on head and he got injured.(2017南开区二模) A.the;a B.a;/ C.a;the D.the;the,解析,解析句意为:不幸的是,一块石头击中了他的头部,他受伤了。第一空表泛指,用不定冠词a;第二空考查固定搭配:hit sb. on the head“打某人的头”,用定冠词the。故答案为C。,答案,1,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10,2,10.I prefer writing letters to talking on phone. (2017河西区二模) A.the;a B./;the C.the;the D./;a,解析,解析句意为:和打电话相比,我更喜欢写信。第一空letters为名词复数其前不用冠词;第二空on the phone为习惯搭配。,答案,
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