（直击高考）2013高考英语 语法重难点系列 专题09 定语从句的难点和考点

（直击高考）2013高考英语 语法重难点系列 专题09 定语从句的难点和考点 定语从句是由关系代词(who, whom, that, which, whose, as)和关系副词(when, where, why)引导的从句，其作用是作定语用来修饰主句的某个成分，被定语从句修饰的那个词叫先行词，定语从句放在先行词的后面。关系代词在定语从句中充当句子的主语、表语、宾语；关系副词在定语从句中充当状语。作宾语的关系代词可以省略。 定语从句分为限定性和非限定性从句两种。定语从句和先行词用逗号隔开的叫非限定性定语从句。限定性定语从句是告诉人们 which one , 去掉之后句子意思不完整，非限定性定语从句是告诉人们更多的信息，去掉之后句子总体意思不受影响。 定语从句的讲点和考点都是关系词。一、基础题型：用适当的关系词填空：1. The man _lives next to us deals in vegetables.答案：who/that “住在我们隔壁的那个人是卖蔬菜的”。关系词在定语从句中作主语。解析：当先行词是人的时候，关系词用who，whom（作宾语），that2. A plane is a machine _can fly.答案：that/which “飞机是能飞的机器”。关系词在定语从句中作主语。解析：当先行词是物时，关系词用that，which3. This is the actor _name is known to all.答案：whose “这是那个他名字我们都知道的演员”。4. The room _window faces to south is mine.答案：whose “窗户朝南的那个房间是我的”解析：在3.4.题中，当先行词和关系词后面的名词有所属关系时，关系词用whose5. Do you remember the day _ we first met? 答案：when “你记得我们第一次见面的那天吗？”。关系词在定语从句中作状语。解析： 当先行词是时间名词时，关系词常用when（作状语）6. The school _ we study is beautiful.答案：where “我们学习的那所学校漂亮”。关系词在定语从句中作状语。解析：当先行词是地点名词时，关系词常用where（作状语）7. The reason _he was late was that he missed the train. 答案：why “他迟到的原因是他错过了火车”。关系词在定语从句中作状语。 解析：当先行词是reason，cause时，关系词常用why（作状语）二、当先行词是物时,只用that不用which的情况1.We should do everything _ is good for our health. 我们应该做对我们身体有益的一切事。解析：先行词是不定代词all, everything, anything, nothing, something, much, little, few,none等时，关系词用that2. You can use any pen _ is available. 你可以使用能得到的任何一支笔。解析：先行词被all, every, any , no, some, much, little, few, none等修饰时关系词用that3. This is the only thing_we can do . 这是我们能做的唯一的事。 Its the very reason _I want to help you. 这正是我要帮你的原因。解析：先行词被the only, the very,(正是）修饰时，关系词用that，但是如果先行词是人时被only修饰关系词也可以用who.例如：I was the only person that/who was invited in my office.三、 当先行词是地点名词时一般来说，先行词是地点名词时，用关系副词where（作状语）引导定语从句。但具体用哪一个关系词，我们还是要看其在定语从句中作什么成分。1. This is the factory. We work here. This is the factory where we work. （作状语） 这是我们上班的工厂。从上述的例句我们得出：当先行词是地点名词时，定语从句中差主语或者宾语，关系词就用that/which,不差主语和宾语时，关系词就用where. 注意下面句子结构的不同：1. This factory is the one that/which we want to visit . 这家工厂是我们想参观的那家工厂。解析：在此句中，the one是名词的替代，因为factory在前面出现了，再用一次就重复，所以采用了替代，在后面的定语从句中visit是及物动词后面差宾语，所以用的关系代词that/which.2. This is the factory that/which we want to visit . 这是我们想参观的那家工厂。解析：在此句中，后面的定语从句仍然是差宾语，所以用的关系代词that/which.四、 当先行词是时间名词时一般来说，先行词是时间名词时，用关系副词when（作状语）引导定语从句。但具体用哪一个关系词，我们同样也是要看其在定语从句中作什么成分。1. Do you remember the day when we met? （作状语）你记得我们见面的那天吗？解析：此题用关系副词when,因为在定语从句中主谓语是完整的，met(见面）在这里是不 及物动词。我们在那天见面。所以关系词在定语从句中是作状语。2.I will never forget the days when we worked together. 我将永远不会忘记我们一起工作的那些日子。 解析：此题用关系副词when是因为在定语从句中主谓已构成了一个完整句，关系词在定语从句中作状语，所以用关系副词。3. I will never forget the days (that/which) we spent together. 我将永远不会忘记我们一起度过的那些日子。 解析：在此句中用的关系代词that/which，因为在定语从句中差宾语。4. Do you still remember the day that/which we met on? （作介词宾语）你仍然记得我们见面的那天吗？解析：此题用关系代词，因为在定语从句中句尾有介词on,介词的后面差宾语，we met on the day ,所以就要用关系代词that/which,并且还可以省去。 在上句中，我们把句尾的on可以提前，然后句子就改成了 Do you still remember the day on which we met ? = Do you still remember the day when we met ? 如果将上一个句中的day 换成1979/Monday/spring/March 3/8.oclock，我们就会有下面的带定语从句的句子：1） Do you still remember the 1979 when/ in which we met ? 你仍然记得我们见面的那个1979年吗？ 解析：因为在“年份”的前面用介词in，所以关系词which前是in。2) Do you still remember the Monday when/ on which we met ? 你仍然记得我们见面的那个星期一吗？ 解析：因为在“星期”名词前面用介词on.3) Do you still remember the spring when/ in which we met ?你仍然记得我们见面的那个春天吗？ 解析：因为在“四季”名词前用介词in.4) Do you still remember the March 3 when/ on which we met ?你仍然记得我们见面的那个三月三号吗？ 解析：因为在“具体日期”前用介词on.5) Do you still remember the 8 oclock when/ at which we met?你仍然记得我们见面的那个八点吗？ 解析：因为在具体钟点前用介词at.由上述的句子我们可以看出，当先行词是时间名词,关系词在定语从句中作状语时用关系副词when，when都可以换成“介词+which”同样，当先行词是地点名词，关系词在定语从句中作状语时用关系副词where，where可以换成“介词+which”。eg. 1) This is the school where I am studying. This is the school in which I am studying. 这是我们读书的学校。 解析:定语从句中差状语，所以用关系副词where, school 和study之间的 试着完成下面的句子：（用介词+关系词）1. Do you know the boy_ your mother is shaking hands ? 答案：with whom 解析：为什么在关系词的前面我们用的with呢？因为是从短语shake hands with（与。握手）得来的。“你认识你妈妈刚才和她握手的那个男孩吗？”2. She is the girl _I often go to school. 答案： with whom解析：为什么我们在关系词前面还是用的介词with呢？这时是根据 go to school with sb(与某人一起上学”这个意思得来的。“她是我经常和她一起上学的那个女孩”。3. There was no one_she could turn in the street yesterday evening.答案：to whom解析：这时关系词前面的介词是根据短语turn to(向某人求助）得来的。“昨天晚上在街道上没有她可以求助的人”。4. I like the person _you referred just now.答案： to whom解析：此题中关系词前面的介词to是根据短语refer to (提到，谈到）得来的。“我喜欢你刚才提到的那个人”。 翻译下面的句子：她是我在照顾的那个女孩。 She is the girl who/whom/that I am looking after. 解析：在此句中的介词after就不能提到关系词的前面去，因为look after 是固定词组。 主要考点：由上面三种情况我们可以看出：介词提到关系词的前面，只能用which指物，whom指人，但如果是固定短语时，介词不能提前。五、先行词是those（指人时，关系词用who，指物时用that/which)六、在谚语he.引导的定语从句中，关系词用who/that（习惯表达）1.He who plays with fire gets burnt. =He gets burnt who plays with fire . 玩火者自焚。2.He who laughs last laughs best.=He laughs best who laughs last. 谁笑到最后谁笑得最好。3.He who doesnt go to the Great Wall is not a true man. =He is not a true man who doesnt go to the Great Wall. 不到长城非好汉。4. He is truly happy who makes others happy. 真正幸福的是使人幸福的人。5.He that climbs high falls heavily. 爬得高，跌得重。6.He that commits a fault thinks everyone speaks of it. 做贼心虚。7.He that runs fastest gets the ring. 捷足先登。8.He that travels far knows much. 见多识广。9.He who risks nothing gains nothing. 不入虎穴，焉得虎子。七、当先行词是way（表方式）时，关系词用that、in which或不要 1）这是我学英语的方法。 This is the way that/in which/I study English. 解析：在定语从句中，句子的主语和宾语都不差，所以关系词在定语从句中是作状语。 2）我不喜欢他给我们讲故事的方式。I dont like the way that/in which/he tells us a story.解析：和上句一样，定语从句中不差主语和宾语，关系词同样是作状语。3）我不想试你刚才告诉我们的那个方法。 I would like to try the way that/which /you told me just now. 解析：此题的定语从句中差宾语，所以这里用的关系代词。归纳总结:选关系词先就要分析定语从句中缺少什么成分。1. The way _he explained the answer to the problem to us was not difficult to understand. 解析：答案是that/ in which/不填。“他给我们解释那个问题答案的方法不难理处就是选的不填。4. The room _we live is big. 我们住的那个房间大。 解析：答案用where或者in which，定语从句中缺状语。5. The room _ we can see is big. 我们能看见的那个房间大。 解析：答案用which或者that，定语从句中缺宾语6. Is this the reason _he explained at the meeting for his absence ? 这是她在会上解释的他缺席的理由吗？ 解析：答案用that或者which，定语从句中缺宾语7. Do you know the reason _he did not come? 你知道他没有来的理由吗？ 解析：答案用why或者for which，定语从句中缺状语解析：这里的关系词whose前面的先行词girl和它后面的名词hair是所属关系，即：那个女孩的头发。 解析：这里的关系词whose前面的先行词room和它后面的名词door是所属关系，即：那个房间的门。3.他是我在他部门上班的那个人。 He is the man in whose department I work. 解析：这里的关系词whose前面的先行词man和它后面的名词department是所属关系，即： 那个人的部门。4. 我妹妹在他公司上班的那个人很胖。 The person in whose company my sister works is very fat. 解析：这里的关系词whose前面的先行词person和它后面的名词company是所属关系，即：那个人的公司。结论：whose作关系词时，其后面一定还要跟一个名词，前面的先行词和其后面的名词是逻辑上的所属关系。whose+n.(先行词是人时)=the+n. of whom/of whom the +n. ; whose +n. (先行词指物时)= the +n. of which/of which the +n.九、非限定性定语从句 用逗号和前面的先行词隔开的定语从句叫非限定性定语从句。非限定性定语从句是给人们更 多的信息，去掉后主要意思不受影响。常把非限定性定语从句翻译成一个并列句。重要考点：在非限定性定语从句中只能用which指物，who/whom指人。1. 他有两个儿子，他们都是大学生。 1）He has two sons. Both of them are college students. 2）He has two sons and both of them are college students.（并列句） 3)）He has two sons, both of whom are college students. 2. 他访问了许多国家，其中一些是发展中国家。 1）He has visited many countries. Some of them are developing ones.（两个句子） 2）He has visited many countries and some of them are developing ones.（两个句子） 3）He has visited many countries, some of which are developing ones.(定语从句） 解析：此题的原理和上面的是一样的，只是前面的先行词是countries(是物），所以才用了关系词which.3. 她是我的朋友，她经常帮我。 She is my friend, who often helps me.4. 足球全世界都踢，是非常有趣的运动。 Football, which is a very interesting game, is played all over the world.5. 有一栋房子，前面坐着一个男孩。 There was a house, in front of which sat a boy.6. 给了我三本关于烹饪的书，其中的第一本我的确喜欢。 I was given three books on cooking , the first of which I really enjoyed.7.他给了我一些小说，我对他们不是很熟悉。 He gave me some novels , with which I am not very familiar.8. 这本书非常便宜，其封面是红色的。 The book ,the cover of which is red , is very cheap.十、as作关系词引导限定性定语从句1. It is such a big stone as nobody can lift. 是那样一块没人能举得起的大石头。 解析：在nobody can lift这个句子中差宾语，并且lift的宾语是stone, 所以后面就是一个定语从句，这里的as就是关系词，在定语从句中作宾语。2. It is such a big stone that nobody can lift it. 是那样大的一块石头以至于没人能举得起。 解析：在nobody can lift it这个句子中，主语和宾语都不差，所以that就是连词了。3. The teacher gave us such a difficult exercise as nobody worked out. 老师给了我们一道那样难的没有人算出来的难题。解析：在nobody worked out这个句子中差宾语，且work out的宾语是exercise,所以后面也是一个定语从句，as是关系词作宾语。4.The teacher gave us such a difficult exercise that nobody worked it out.老师给了我们那样难的一道题以至于没有人算出来。解析：在nobody worked it out这个句子中不差主语和宾语，所以前面的that就是连词。4. He is such a lazy man_ nobody wants to work with_. A. as; him B. that; / C. as; / D. whom; him 答案：C解析：句中出现了such,句子结构可能是such.as.也可能是such.that.,但从后面的句子看是以介词with结尾，介词后面一定是要带宾语的，这样后面的句子就不是完整句，所以前面就不可能用连词that,因连词的前后一定是完整的句子，这样首先把B排了，这时我们就断定后面是一个定语从句了，定语从句就要用关系词，如果选A和D的话，him是重复的，所以答案就只能是C了，关系词as在定语从句中作宾语。5. Mrs. Black took the police back to_ place _ she witnessed the robbery. A. the same; as B. the same; where C. the same ; that D. as the same; as答案：B解析： she witnessed the robbery是主语和宾语都不差，所以不可能是定语从句，这样就把A,C,D都排了，答案只剩下B.where 在定语从句中作状语。总结： as引导限制性定语从句常用于suchas , the same as, (not)soas, asas结构。as在定语从句中充当主语、宾语或表语。注意：the sameas与the samethat的区别the sameas指与相同，the samethat指的是同一件东西。 1. I have found the same book as you lost yesterday. 我已找到了你昨天掉的相同的书。2.Luckily, I have found the same book that you lost yesterday. 幸运的是我已找到了你昨天掉的书。十一、as 与which引导非限制性定语从句 which指代前面整个句子的内容。5）You are from Wuhan, as/which is clear from your accent. 你是武汉人，这从你口音就清楚。 as/which指代前面整个句子的内容。3.当关系词在定语从句中作定语时只能用which1. He failed again, for which reason he was in low spirits.他又失败了，因这个原因他情绪低落。解析：which指代前面整个句子的内容，在句中作定语。2. He always sleeps in class, in which case the teacher often lets him alone. 他在课堂上总是睡觉，在这种情况下老师常不管他。解析：which仍然是指代前面整个句子的内容，在定语从句中作定语。4. as引导非限定性定语从句常见的句型：(主要考点） 1） 从所周知a. As is well known , b. As is known to all , c. As we all know , d. As everyone knows , 还要注意另外名词性从句的两种形式： a. It is well-known that . b.What is well-known is that . 例如：众所周知，地球是圆的。 As is known to all , the earth is round. Its known to all that the earth is round. What is known to all is that the earth is round.2）(的) 情况通常是这样的，As is (often) the case (with), a. As is often the case with him, he goes to home every Saturday. 他的情况常是这样的，他每个星期六都回家。b. As is the case, we seldom tell him to study hard. 情况是这样的， 我们很少叫他努力学习。3）正如某人所说：As sb. puts it/says it, a. As he says/puts it, she is a mean girl. 正如他所说，她是一个吝啬的女孩。b. As you said/put it yesterday, he did buy a computer last week. 正如你昨天所说，他上个星期的确是买了一台电脑。4）常言道: As the saying goes,a. As the saying goes, each coin has two sides. 常言道，事物都有两面性。b. As the saying goes ，failure is the mother of success. 常言道，失败是成功之母。十二、定语从句的难点： 难点一：.as引导非限定性定语从句和主语从句的区别在于：看前面是否有逗号隔开。 例如：众所周知，长江是中国最大的河流。 1.As is well known, the Changjiang River is the longest river in China.（定语从句） 2.Its well known that the Changjiang River is the longest river in China.（名词性从句）3. What is well known is that the Changjiang River is the longest river in China.（名词性从句） 解析：where引导的定语从句先行词大多数情况下是表示地点的名词，但也有特殊情况。即：如果定语从句分别修饰point, situation, stage, condition，position，occasion和case等表示抽象意义的词，常用where 引导，意思是“到了某种地步，在某种境况中” 。6. Do you have anything to say for yourself? Yes, there is one point _we must insist on. A. why B. where C. how D. /解析：此题答案选D，因为insist on后面差宾语。关系副词where之前一般不能加介词，但是from where 是个例外，这时where指代地点短语而不是指代某个先行词。1. We went up to the roof of the building, from where we had a good view of the city. 我们爬到建筑物的顶部，从那里我们将城市的景色尽收眼底。 2.We went up to the roof of the building, where we played three hours. 我们爬到建筑物的顶部,在那里我们玩了三个小时。3. They stood near the window, from where they could see the whole garden. 他们站在窗户边，从那里他们可以看到整个花园。更多的特例：1. He graduated from that school in 1983, since when he has worked in this school. 他1983年从那所学校毕业，自那时以来他就在这所学校上班。 since when 可以看做是since + when 的定语从句。 翻译为“在那以后”，至于这里的when是关系副词还是关系代词，国内的专家意见不统一，。难点三. 句子结构综合考查 近些年来，高考对定语从句和其它从句如：强调句、名词性从句和状语从句等的综合考查越来越多，这就要求考生有扎实的基础知识和较强的综合分析能力。考查一：定语从句与强调句1. This is the library where I borrowed the book. 这是我借书的那家图书馆。 解析：借书和图书馆是状语关系，从图书馆借书，所以是定语从句。 2. It was from this library that I borrowed the book. 我是从那家图书馆借的书。 解析：去掉it was that 后是完整句，所以是强调句型。 3. -Where did you last see Mr. Smith? -It was in the hotel_ I lived.A. that B. which C. where D. When 解析：答案是C.在这里容易误选A. 选A是强调句型，选C是定语从句。选哪一个要看对话的意思。你最后在哪里看见史密斯先生的？肯定要回答在什么地方看见的，所以应该回答为：是在我住的那家宾馆，这样答案就是C,如果选A的话，句子就翻译成：我是住在那家宾馆的，这样与上文不符。4. I know the classroom where he often studies . 我知道他常学习的那间教室。 解析：他是在教室学习，所以是定语从句。5. I know it is in the classroom that he often studies . 我知道他常在教室学习。 解析：此题是强调句型。考查二：定语从句与同位语从句 如果定语从句关系词在从句中要充当成分，如果是同位语从句，后面的句子是前面那个名词的内容。.考查三：定语从句与表语从句1. This is where you were wrong last week . 表语从句 这是你上个星期错的地方。2. This is the place where you were wrong last week . 定语从句 这是你上个星期错的地方。3. This is when he often does sports . 表语从句 这是我们常运动的时候。4. This is the time when he often does sports . 定语从句 这是我们常运动的时候。对比训练1. It was October_we met there for the first time. 2. It was in October_we met there for the first time. A. that B. which C. when D. while解析：在1中答案是C.“我们第一次见面的时候是十月”。在2中答案是A,因为去掉it was that是完整句，“我们第一次是在十月见面的”。3. He is such a good teacher_ we all like him. 4. He is such a good teacher _we all like.A. whom B. that C. as D. which答案：3. B 4. C6. It was 3 when I came back last night .（时间状语从句） 我昨晚回来的时候是三点。7. It was at 3 that I came back last night .（强调句型） 我昨晚是在三点的时候回来的。8.It was from her that we got the news . （强调句型） 我是从她那里得到这个消息的。9. I want to know the reason why you didnt go just now .（定语从句） 我想知道你刚才没有去的原因。Why在定语从句中作状语。10. I want to know the reason that/which you explained just now .（定语从句） 我想知道你刚才解释的原因。定语从句中差宾语。11. It was in the library where he studied that I found him. 我是在他学习的图书馆找到他的。 解析：在强调句型中又带有一个定语从句。高考题再现：1. （2013湖北高考77）Through the course of my schooling ,I met many teachers ,two_me greatly.(influence) 上学时我遇到过很多老师，其中两位对我影响很大。答案：of whom influences/of whom have influenced/of them having influenced它更多的一些事。3. （2012高考天津卷）I wish to thank Professor Smith ，without_help I would never have got this far. A. who B. whose C. whom D.which 答案：B解析：句意：我希望感谢史密斯教授，没有他的帮助，我就不会取得这样的成绩。考查定语从句，Smith和help是所属关系，所以要用whose.4. (2012高考浙江卷）We live in an age _more information is available with greater ease than ever before. A. why B. when C. to whom D.on which 答案：B解析：句意：我生活在一个比以前任何时候都能更轻松掌握更多信息的时代。age是指时间，所以选when,为什么不能选D 呢？因为在某个时代是at the age of 5. (2012高考安徽卷）A lot of language learning ,_has been discovered , is happening in the first year of life ,so parents should talk much to their children during that period. A. as B. it C. which D.this答案：A解析：句意：正如所被发现的那样，许多语言学习发生在幼年时期，因此那时父母应该多与孩子交流。As引导非限定性定语从句，可以放在句首，也可以放在句中。6. （2012高考北京卷）When deeply absorbed in work,_he often was ,he would forget all about eating or sleeping. A. that B. which C. where D. When答案：B解析：句意：他过去经常这样，当专心于工作时常会达到废寝忘食的地步“_he often was”补充完整就是he often was deeply absorbed in work ,所以用which 指代逗号前面提到的句子内容。7. （2012高考陕西卷）It is the third time that she has won the race ,_has surprised us all.A. that B. where C. which D. what 答案：C解析：句意：这是她第三次在赛跑中获奖，这使我们都很惊奇。 考查定语从句，which指代前面整个句子的内容。8. （2012高考重庆卷）Sales director is a position _communication ability is just as important as sales skills. A. which B. that C. when D. where 答案：D而of可表范围，所以只能选C.