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硕士英语综合教程2硕士英语综合教程2Unit 1 Human-based StrategyText ASuccessful Organizations Put People FirstI. Background Information1. Howard Schultz (born July 19, 1953) is an American businessman, and entrepreneur best known as the chairman and CEO of Starbucks and a former owner of the Seattle SuperSonics. Schultz cofounded Maveron, an investment group, in 1998 with Dan Levitan. In 2006, Forbes Magazine ranked Schultz as the 354th richest person in the United States, with a net worth of $1.1 billion dollars. 2. W. L. Gore & Associates, Inc. is a manufacturing company specializing in products derived from fluoropolymers. It is a privately held corporation headquartered in Newark, Delaware, with operations around the globe. Although best known as the developer of waterproof, breathable GoreTex fabrics, Gores products are also used in a variety of industrial and consumer products, such as electronic signal transmission, diverse industrial applications and medical implants. 3. HewlettPackard Company commonly referred to as HP, is an American multinational information technology corporation headquartered in Palo Alto, California, USA. The company was founded in a one-car garage in Palo Alto by Bill Hewlett and Dave Packard, and is now one of the worlds largest information technology companies, operating in nearly every country. HP specializes in developing and manufacturing computing, data storage, and networking hardware, designing software and delivering services. Major product lines include personal computing devices, enterprise servers, related storage devices, as well as a diverse range of printers and other imaging products. HP markets its products to households, small to mediumsized businesses and enterprises directly as well as via online distribution, consumerelectronics and officesupply retailers, software partners and major technology vendors. 4. Lincoln Electric is a company in Cleveland, Ohio, United States that manufactures arc welding equipment and consumables, plasma and oxyfuel cutting equipment and robotic welding systems. They are a worldwide leader in production of welding products and have subsidiary companies around the globe. It was founded in 1895 by John C. Lincoln with a capital investment of $200 to make electric motors he had designed. As of 2008, Lincoln Electric Holdings is listed as 820 among the Fortune 1000.Lincoln Electrics business model has been featured in many case studies by business schools around the world. Since 1975, eight cases have been written about Lincoln Electric by Harvard Business School.Among Lincoln Electrics subsidiaries is The Harris Products Group, which is a significant manufacturer of Welding Consumables, Gas Apparatus, and other Specialty Products. The Harris Products Group has manufacturing facilities in Georgia, Ohio, California, Poland, Mexico, and Italy. 5. Starbucks Corporation is an international coffee and coffeehouse chain based in Seattle Washington.Starbucks is the largest coffeehouse company in the world, with over 17,800 stores in 49 countries, including over 11,000 in the United States, nearly 1,000 in Canada and more than 800 in Japan. Starbucks sells drip brewed coffee, espressobased hot drinks, other hot and cold drinks, coffee beans, salads, hot and cold sandwiches and panini, pastries, snacks, and items such as mugs and tumblers. 6. Pike Place Market is a public market overlooking the Elliott Bay waterfront in Seattle, Washington, United States. The Market opened August 17, 1907, and is one of the oldest continually operated public farmers markets in the United States. It is a place of business for many small farmers, craftspeople and merchants. Named after the central street, Pike Place runs northwest from Pike Street to Virginia Street, and remains one of Seattles most popular tourist destinations.II. Language points1. Astute managers have come to learn that their organizations employees are its only true competitive advantage. (Para. 2) Clever managers have realized that their organizations employees are its only advantage to compete with others.astute: very clever and quick at seeing what to do in a particular situation, especially how to get an advantagee.g. It was an astute move to sell all the shares just then.2. But whats far more difficult to emulate is a workforce made up of highly knowledgeable and motivated people. (Para. 2) But it is hard for an organization to obtain a workforce which is full of highly knowledgeable and motivated employees.emulate: try to do sth. as well as sb. else because you admire theme.g. She hopes to emulate her sisters sporting achievements.3. Peoplefirst organizations empower their employees. (Para. 3) The organizations that put people first will invest their power to their employees.empower: invest with power, especially legal power or official authoritye.g. The courts were empowered to impose the death sentence for certain crimes.4. Organizations that put people first have a more dedicated and committed workforce. (Para. 4) Organizations that put people first have a more devoted and loyal workforce.dedicated: wholly committed to a particular course of thought or actione.g. She is dedicated to her job.5. These employees are willing to put forth the extra effortto do whatever is necessary to see that their jobs are done properly and completely. (Para. 4) These employees are willing to exert their extra effort to their job, and try every means to ensure that their jobs are accomplished completely.put forth: bring to bear; exerte.g. At least put forth a semblance of effort when you scrub the floor.6. Since its inception, it has been the Starbucks employees who have helped drive the success of the company. (Para. 8) Since the beginning, it was Starbucks employees who made the company become successful.inception: the beginning of somethinge.g. The club has grown rapidly since its inception in 1990.7. But it was probably Howard Schultz who started the ignition. (Para. 8) But it was probably Howard Schultz who was the first manager to bring out his employees motivation for his company.ignite: the original meaning is “start to burn”, but in this sentence it means “cause sth. to happen”e.g. Hopefully, everybody will find something interesting to ignite their creativity.8. A year after he joined the company a visit to Milan, Italy inspired Schultz to bring the Italian coffeebar concept back to Seattle and put it into action in a new Starbucks location. (Para. 9) After his visit to Milan, Italy, Schultz got the idea that bring the Italian coffeebar concept back to Seattle, put it into practice in a new Starbucks shop.inspire: give sb. the idea for sth.e.g. His paintings were clearly inspired by Monets work.put into action: put sth. into practicee.g. The new plan for traffic control is being put into action on an experimental basis.9. It was a new foray for the company which previously had only provided freshly roasted beans for sale. (Para. 9) It was an initial attempt for Starbucks, because it had only sold freshly roasted beans before.foray: a venture or an initial attempt, especially outside ones usual areae.g. It is the companys first foray into the computer market.10. At the store level, Starbucks has been successful in bucking the norm at most retail service environments where employee turnover is high and competence or enthusiasm is waning. (Para. 12) At the store level, Starbucks has succeeded in resisting the standard set by the general retail service environments. At that time, most retail companies were having a workforce which had a high amount of transaction but a low ability and interest in their work and company.buck: resist or oppose sth.e.g. One or two companies have managed to buck the trend of the recession.competence: the ability to do sth. welle.g. If you try to handle a situation beyond your professional competence, you run the risk of making the situation worse.enthusiasm: great excitement for or interest in a subject or causee.g. The news was greeted with a lack of enthusiasm by those at the meeting.wane: the act or process of gradually declining or diminishinge.g. Her enthusiasm for the whole idea was waning rapidly.11. Often it is the barista who is the impetus for a change simply because he or she is the one on the front line dealing with customers on a daily basis. (Para. 17) The barista (a person who makes and serves coffee in a coffee bar) is the impelling force that makes Starbucks change. The reason is simple. Because he or she is the one who always gets in touch with the customers in their daily service.impetus: sth. that encourages an activity to develop more quicklye.g. His articles provided the main impetus for change.12. Starbucks also distributes annual Bean Stock reports to all partners and the company publishes Pinnacle, a newsletter that spotlights company performance as well as the activities of individual partners company wide. (Para. 18) Starbucks also passed out Bean Stock reports to all employees and the company published a printed report named Pinnacle to all its employees which was focused on the company performance and the activities of individual employees.spotlight: focus attention one.g. The program spotlights serious financial problems in the health service.13. Starbucks partners are always on the go. (Para. 19) Starbucks employees are always very active and busy.on the go: be very active and busye.g. Having four children keeps her on the go.14. The icing on the cake is sales growth of 65 percent a year over the last years while net income skyrockets by 70 to 100 percent a year. (Para. 21) Compared with last years, the sales growth of the icing on the cake (a kind of cake) is 65 percent a year. Whereas the gross income suddenly increased by 70 to 100 percent a year.skyrocket: rise or cause to rise rapidly and suddenlye.g. Discovery of oil here has skyrocketed land values.III. Key to the Exercises1. Reading Comprehensiona. Choose the sentence that best expresses the meaning of the statement from the text.(1) B(2) C(3) A(4) A(5) Bb. Fill in the blanks with the information youve learned in the text.(1) they value cultural diversity; they are family friendly; they invest in employee training; they empower their employees(2) their employees; Howard Schultz(3) cultural and technical aspects; coffee knowledge, product expertise, customer service and interpersonal skills(4) full health and dental coverage, vacation, and participation in the companywide stock plan called Bean Stock(5) selfmanaged work teams; crossfunctional teams2. Vocabularya. Fill in the blanks with the correct form of the words or phrases you have learned in the text.(1) astute(2) ignite(3) enthusiasm(4) turnover(5) transaction(6) interact with(7) come into contact with(8) empower(9) superior(10) drop outb. Choose the word or phrase that is closest in meaning to the underlined one.(1) B(2) D(3) A(4) C(5) B(6) A(7) D(8) B(9)C(10) A3. ClozeChoose an appropriate word from the following list to fill in each of the following blanks. Each word can be used only ONCE. Change the form where necessary.(1) motivated(2) selecting(3) retain(4) relied(5) differentiated(6) recruited(7) adaptability(8) prospective(9) require(10) efficiently(11) comprehensive(12) challenge(13) survived(14) rate(15) tripled(16) generous(17) financial(18) reveal(19) premium(20) morale4. Translationa. Chinese to English1) Translate the following sentences into English.(1) The fascination generated by exploration will inspire our young people to study math, science and engineering, and create a new generation of innovators and pioneers.(2) Upon returning to England, he employed the favorable media attention as a launching pad for his foray into politics.(3) Owning to the nature of every growing business, you will need to be on the go constantly, and also be on the go prepared to work shift work, including nights and weekends.(4) In Australia, gasoline prices have retreated, although falls have been limited because of the weakness of the Australian dollar against its American counterpart.(5) The Asian economy has presented a positive trend. Some countries have overcome the impact of the financial crisis and revived development. Asia has once again become the spotlight of global economic growth.(6) Chinas accession to the WTO can promote not only the development of Chinese economy, but also that of the world economy and will inject new impetus into the progress of Asian economy and world economy.(7) The growing quantity of information, couple with the development of technologies, erable the storage and delivery of more information with greater speed to more locations than has ever been possible before.(8) The future is something which everyone reaches at the rate of sixty minutes an hour, whatever he does, whoever he is.2) Translate the following paragraph into English.Its actually pretty natural, and almost unavoidable, for managers to form expectations of their workers. Research has found that in an organization, our expectations of others can be tied directly to productivity, profitability, and yesmotivation! If you have high expectations of your employees, you will possess a powerful and effective tool for improving performance and motivation within your organization.Performance is often a matter of expectations. Managers and supervisors form expectations of others, which then influence how they interact with those people. If you dont expect much from your employees, they will sense that and perform poorly. Why? Because your expectations of them affect their desire to do well. The point is that people naturally try to live up to our expectations of them, or live down to them, whatever the case may be. So expect the best from your employees and dont be surprised if thats exactly what you get!b. English to Chinese1) Translate the following paragraph into Chinese.哪些做法才能区分以人为本的公司呢？我们至少可以列出四条：第一，它们重视文化的多样性。他们根据年龄、性别和种族积极寻求一支多元化的员工队伍。第二，它们具有家庭氛围。公司通过为其员工提供灵活的工作时间以及现场托儿服务设施等帮助员工平衡工作和个人职责之间的关系。第三，它们对员工培训进行投资。这些公司花费巨资以确保员工的技能水平始终保持最新状态。这不仅确保员工可以处理该公司的最新技术和工艺，而且还使这样的员工极具市场竞争力。第四，以人为本的公司将权力下放给员工。它们将权力和义务下放到公司的最底层。2) Read the passage carefully and translate the underlined sentences into Chinese.(1) 首先,如果你把他们安排在那些既能够体现他们自身价值同时又对公司发展有利的岗位上,他们将会更加愿意展现出自己最棒的一面。(2) 如果你想激励员工让他们尽最大努力完成自己的工作,如果你想让他们成为公司最有价值的资产,那就让他们有公司的主人的感觉吧。(3) 你作为领导应该知道员工积极性与其工作表现之间有直接的联系。事实上,这种联系取决于你公司的文化以及公司文化灌输给员工的热情。(4) 员工能提出越多关于自己工作的想法,也越有可能接受你的看法。(5) 只有当员工像老板进行投资那样决定投入自己的能力和精力的时候,他们才是真的“认同”,因此请给员工参与制定绩效标准的机会。Text BDesigning Cities for PeopleKey to the Exercisesa. Fill in the blanks with the words or phrases given below. Change the form where necessary.(1) end up with(2) overwhelming(3) espouse(4) unprecedented(5) be identical to(6) revive(7) deprived of(8) deemed(9) rely on(10) biasb. Complete the sentences with the information given in the text.(1) the ratio of parks to parking lots(2) 150 million people; 2.8 billion people; more than half of us are living in cities(3) what could be done for who did not own cars(4) they are the only places where people meet as equals(5) an alternative transportation system; inexpensive and commuterfriendly(6) “biophilia hypothesis”; deprived of contact with nature; a measurable decline in wellbeing(7) budget allocations for transportation; heavily biased toward; highways and streets; shifting resources from roads and highways; urban transit and bicycle support facilities(8) concentrate fiscal resources; the small fraction of their people who own cars(9) functional and affordable; making them attractive, even cultural centers(10) redesign communities; the centerpiece of urban transport; pedestrian and bicycle friendlyc. Decide whether the statement is TRUE or FALSE according to the text.(1) F(2) T(3) F(4) F(5) T(6) F(7) T(8) F(9) F(10) FUnit 2 Higher EducationText AThe LongHaul DegreeI. Background information1. The Modern Language Association of America (MLA) is the principal professional association in the United States for scholars of language and literature. The MLA aims to “strengthen the study and teaching of language and literature.” It has “30,000 members in 100 countries,” primarily academic scholars, professors, and graduate students who study or teach language and literature, including English, other modern languages, and comparative literature. Although founded in the United States, with offices located in New York City, the MLAs membership, concerns, reputation, and influence are international in scope.The MLA was founded in 1883, at The Johns Hopkins University, as a discussion and advocacy group for the study of literature and modern languages (that is, all but classical languages such as ancient Latin and Greek).The officers of the MLA are elected by its members. The 2009 president was Catherine Porter, professor emerita of French at the State University of New York at Cortland.The president for 2010 is Sidonie Smith, Martha Guernsey Colby Collegiate Professor of English and Womens Studies at the University of Michigan.The MLA is governed by an Executive Council, elected periodically by its members.2. Francisco Jos de Goya y Lucientes (30 March 1746-16 April 1828) was a Spanish romantic painter and printmaker regarded both as the last of the Old Masters and as the first of the moderns. Goya was a court painter to the Spanish Crown, and through his works was both a commentator on and chronicler of his era. The subversive and imaginative element in his art, as well as his bold handling of paint, provided a model for the work of later generations of artists, notably Manet and Picasso.3. Saturn Devouring His Son is the name given to a painting by Spanish artist Francisco Goya. It depicts the Greek myth of the Titan Cronus (in the title Romanised to Saturn), who, fearing that his children would overthrow him, ate each one upon their birth. It is one of the series of Black Paintings that Goya painted directly onto the walls of his house sometime between 1819 and 1823. Saturn Devouring His Son, a disturbing portrait of the god Saturn consuming one of his children, was one of six works with which Goya decorated the dining room. According to Roman myth, it had been foretold that one of the sons of Saturn would overthrow him, just as he had overthrown his father, Caelus. To prevent this, Saturn ate his children moments after each was born. His wife Ops eventually hid his sixth son, Jupiter, on the island of Crete, deceiving Saturn by offering a stone wrapped in swaddling in his place. Jupiter eventually supplanted his father just as the prophecy had predicted.4. The “marketplace of ideas” is a rationale for freedom of expression based on an analogy to the economic concept of a free market. The “marketplace of ideas” belief holds that the truth or the best policy arises out of the competition of widely various ideas in free, transparent public discourse, an important part of liberal democracy. This concept is often applied to discussions of patent law as well as freedom of the press and the responsibilities of the media. More recently the term has come into use by educators in higher education who have linked the concept to academic freedom.Louis Menands The Marketplace of Ideas manages to do many things in four short essaysdescribe the changing selfconception of the university, identify the difficulties behind curricular reform, and analyze the anxieties of humanities professors. But the books chief accomplishment is its insistence that what we take for academic crises are probably ju
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