《阅读理解快速》PPT课件.ppt

四级辅导冲刺点评之,快速阅读,四级考试： 第一部分：听力(时间:35 minutes)(分值:249分) 对话(短对话和长对话)(形式为多项选择) 短文(短文理解和短文听写)(形式为分别为多项选择和复合式听写) 第二部分：阅读 (时间:40 minutes)(分值:249分) 快速阅读 (15 minutes) (形式为是非判断/多项选择+ 句子填空或其他 )仔细阅读 (25m)(篇章阅读理解和篇章词汇理解) （形式为分别为多项选择和选词填空) 第三部分：综合测试 (时间:20 minutes)(分值:70分) 完型填空或改错 (15m) (形式分别为多项选择和错误辨认并改正) 篇章问答或句子翻译 (5m) (形式为简短回答或汉译英) 第四部分：写作 (时间:30 minutes)(分值:142分),outline,快速阅读 Reading comprehension (skimming and scanning) 仔细阅读 Reading comprehension (reading in depth) 篇章层次的词汇理解 选词填空 Section A Banked cloze 选择题型的篇章阅读理解 Section B reading comprehension,一、进行快速阅读的必要条件,进行英语快速阅读的必要条件是：基本知识、语言基础、阅读技能、快速阅读不是一种孤立的能力，它必须以了解一 定的基本知识为先决条件，以具备一定的词汇和基本语法为基础，还要掌握一些重要的阅读技能。,语言基础知识主要指词汇量和句型结构。要有一定的词汇量。这包括两部分，一是公共部分，二是专业部分。我认为公共英语部分至少要达到4，000个单词量，而专业部分最好要有1，500个词汇量。要有一定的句型分析能力。英语文章最大的语法难点是句型，句型中的难点是定语从句。一个句子很长，往往是由于定语从句连环套在作怪，定语中套着定语。这样的连环从句表达专业概念非常严谨，却给我们阅读带来困难。因此，我们要能够进行层次分析，准确把握各从句之间的关系，才能提高阅读速度。同时，要了解词性的变化，名词的动用和动词的名用。至于时态等其它的语法现象对我们具备一定语法知识的参试人员来说，基本上构不成多大障碍。,二 难度,快速阅读的文章虽长（1200字，仔细阅读平均每篇330个字），但是从内容上说，主要探讨环境、社会、教育、能源等，大都是通俗易懂的说明文，没有学术色彩和思想深度；从语言上来说，遣词造句都比较简单。,三 阅读过程中的障碍,1.阅读行为习惯的影响 （1）出声读。（2）逐字读。（3）默读。 （4）指读。 （5）回读。,四 快速阅读题型解析,快速阅读要求考生在15分钟内完成一篇 1200字左右的文章和后面的10道题。 前面7个题是判断正误（包括NOT GIVEN）或者选择题，后3个是填空题(答案基本都是原文中出现的原词)。该题型需要通过略读和寻读法，乃至文章逻辑关系、标点符号等方面的综合运用，实现对随后的题目有效的判断和填写。 注意考试时间和填卡。,Directions: In this part, you will have 15 minutes to go over the passage quickly and answer the questions on Answer Sheet 1. For questions 1-7, mark Y(for YES)if the statement agrees with the information given in the passage; N(for NO）if the statement contradicts the information given in the passage; NG(for NOT GIVEN）if the information is not given in the passage. For questions 8-10, complete the sentences with the information given in the passage.,Directions：In this part, you will have 15 minutes to go over the passage quickly and answer the questions on Answer Sheet 1. For questions 17,choose the best answer from the four choices marked A）,B）,C）,and D）.For questions 810,complete the sentences with the information given in the passage.,五 快速阅读的方法,阅读不同类型的文章可以采用不同的策略和方法。在快速阅读中，略读和扫读是经常用到的阅读方法，对学生来说并不陌生，掌握也不困难。通过略读把握文章的大意，通过扫读（寻读）确定细节信息或通过精读详细理解信息。,快速阅读的方法,Skimming 略读（或称为跳跃式阅读）重点在于快速了解文章的中心思想。略读的方法是首先看一下标题（在有标题的情况下）。接着读第一段，抓住中心思想。再浏览一下其他段落的首句和末句。最后读完结尾段。 Scanning 是扫读或查阅，是快读或速读的一种。寻读的重点在于有目标地去找出文中某些特定的信息。寻读时，要以很快的速度扫视文章，确定所查询的信息范围。同时明确查询信息的特点。 精读（reading for detail）是指阅读文章特定的词汇和仔细思考文章中的句子。在阅读过程中运用这种技巧能够准确完成细节问题。通常来说，考生首先必须略读或扫读文章以确定考点在文章中的具体定位，再通过细节阅读，确定题目答案。略读和寻读巧妙搭配,注意一些“信号词”,1.以下词组提示下文所涉及的重要信息： Themain/importantpoint/conclusion/reasonThepointtonotehere 2.以下词组提示了下文的结构框架： Therearethreemajorreasons 3.but和however表示对比，常常用来提示重要信息，例如： Therisingbirthrateisnotduetoincreased fertility,buttoasharpdeclineinthedeathrate. 4.在文中提问可以突出问题后的答案，提示读者答案中有重要信息，例如： Whyisapipedwatersupplysoimportant?Diseaseduetocontaminatedwaterisacommoncauseofdeathinchildhood.,5.有时，为了保证读者完全理解自己的观点，作者会在文中反复提出自己的观点，例如：Deathcontrolcanbeachievedautonomously.Inotherwords,thedeathratecanbecutwithoutanythingelsechanging. 6.文章的结论通常是非常重要的，因此，读者要在文中寻找提示结论的“信号词”，例如： Therefore theresult Inconclusion wecanconclude Oneoftheprimaryconclusions,7.举例是为了帮助读者理解某一个观点，因此，文中的例子不是浏览文章时的重要信息。在阅读过程中，以下词组提示读者下文是举例部分信息。 Forexample/instancelike Suchastheseinclude Toillustrateamongtheseare 有时，作者也会用破折号或括号来提示举例信息，例如： Thedevelopingcountriesaredependentoncropssugar,coffee,cacao,cotton. Precipitating/violent/unexpectedfactorsare thosewhichreducethefoodsupply(droughts,floods,wars,epidemics) 在段落浏览时，看到信号词后，应不断对下文信息作出相应的判断，如：,研读法以辅助,除了在阅读理解中运用略读法和寻读法之外， 有时还需要仔细阅读文章的某一特定部分，力 求对其有较深的理解，或对其进行归纳、总 结、推断等，这时就需要对这部分进行仔细阅 读，理解作者的言外之意。这种仔细的阅读方 法就是研读法（study reading），通常适用于 推断型阅读理解试题。这种方法在快速阅读中 使用并不多，但它对于快速阅读的解题方法来 说绝对是一个有力的补充。结合三种方法, 注 意速度变换。,六 解题步骤,题目设置的顺序与文章的先后顺序大体一致。 做题顺序，先看文章标题，直到文章主要内容，然后看题，在小题部分的定位词先圈出来，在回原文找。,如何分配时间,第一步：浏览skim（0.5-2分钟） 1. 分析大标题（brainstorm the title （5-10秒）目的：调动脑细胞，主动预测文章内容。 2.分析小标题（tidy the subtitles） （20-25秒）目的：了解文章内容，把握总 体结构，然后总结文章结构，帮助答题时 定位。,Practice 2006.12. Six Secrets of High-Energy People 1.Do something new.2.Reclaim lifes meaning.3.Put yourself in the fun zone.4.Bid farewell to guilt and regret.5.Make up your mind.6.Give to get.,Theres an energy crisis in America, and it has nothing to do with fossil fuels. Millions of us get up each morning already weary over the day holds. “I just cant get started,” people say. But its not physical energy that most of us lack. Sure, we could all use extra sleep and a better diet. But in truth, people are healthier today than at any time in history. I can almost guarantee that if you long for more energy, the problem is not with your body. 1.The energy crisis in America discussed here mainly refers to a shortage of fossil fuels. 5.Even small changes people make in their lives can help increase their emotional energy.,Protect Your Privacy When Job-hunting Online Identity theft and identity fraud are terms used to refer to all types of crime in which someone wrongfully obtains and uses another persons personal data in some way that involves fraud or deception, typically for economic gain. 1.Robert Ellis Smith believes identity theft is difficult to detect and one can hardly do anything to prevent it. 3.Identity theft is a minor offence and its harm has been somewhat overestimated.,第二步：审题（审题）（前7道） examine & tidy the questions（1分钟） 同时根据题目设想一下文章可能涉及的内 容，以及所使用的词汇量的类型、与范 围，乃至题目涉及到的关键性的词汇。诸 如，大写字母，时间，数字等用词，这些 词汇都是在阅读文章查询信息过程中重要 的提示。,第三步： 答题 scan& answer （12-13.5 分钟） 前七道（9-10.5分钟） 后三道（3分钟）提醒：后三道题需要更强的概括能力，而且还得书写英文，小心名词的单复数，动词的语法变化，相对难一些，所以，要给足三分钟的时间。 时间的分配不是绝对的，具体问题具体分析。,利用定位词答题 比较容易定位的词是： A. 不能用中心思想词定位，因为整篇文章都说的是它。 B. 时间、数字、地点、大写字母的单词，人名，地名等专有名词容易定位。 C. 比较长，难的名词容易定位，好找。 D. 定位词找23个就行，多了也记不住。最好是位置不同的两个词。,Practice 例如：试题中: 1 National standards for paved roads were in place by 1921. 2 General Eisenhower felt that the broad German motorways made more sense than the two lane highways of America. 3 It was in the 1950s that the American government finally took action to build a national high way system. 以上三题中，第一题的“1921”，第二题的“General Eisenhower”， 第三题的“1950s”都是一些比较明显的查询定位点，一方面阅读题目，可以知道文章内容涉及到了公路建设方面的话题，另一方面还提示我们在阅读文章时候要留意相关的特殊信息点。,1. over the past three decades, the enrollment of overseas students has increased_. 2. in the United States, how many of the newly hired professors in science and engineering are foreign-born? 3. How do Yale and Harvard prepare their undergraduates for global careers?,七 出题规律,yes的题是原句的同义词，反义词互换 no的题 正面冲突（contradict） 偷梁换柱（pilfer） 曲解原文（twist） 改变原文的条件、范围、频率、可能性等 将原文中不确定的或未经证实的内容作为正确的或客观的来表述,NG题: (l)无中生有 (2)以个别代替整体，即将原文所举例子的特殊现象推广为普遍现象 (3)随意比较原文中提到的两个事物 (4)将原文具体化，即题目中涉及的范围小于原文涉及的范围 (5)原文中作者或某个人物的目标、目的、愿望、誓言等内容，在题目中作为客观事实陈述 如果在选择题中则为不正确选项。,与原文正面冲突的情况占90%。举例：,United States ranks somewhere in the middle of the major countries in landfill disposal. Question : compared with other major industrialized countries, America buries a much higher percentage of its solid waste in landfills.,practice,There is an energy crisis in America, and it has nothing to do with fossil fuels. Question: the energy crisis in America.refers to a shortage of fossil fuels.,and by 1921 there were 387,000 miles of paved roads. Many were built using adequate drainage. Beyond that, there were no national standards for size, weight, restrictions, or Question: national standards for paved roads were in place by 1920.,The trash production in the United States has almost tripled since 1960. this trash is handled in various ways. About 27 percent of the trash is recycled or composted, 16 percent is burned and 57 percent is buried in landfills. The amount of trash buried in landfills has doubled since 1960. the United States ranks somewhere in the middle of the major countries (United Kingdom, Canada, Germany, France and Japan) in landfill disposal. The United Kingdom ranks highest, burying about 90 percent of its solid waste in landfills. 2. Most of the trash that Americans generate ends up in landfills.,偷梁换柱的情况占5%。举例：,原文：a typical cancer patient has predictable attitude. She feels depressed, upset, and angry. Question have observed that a typical patient feels depressed, impatient and angry.,practice,Japan has effectively run out of low-wage workers and, in some cases, beyond western technological standards. Question: the technological standards in many areas of Japans economy are superior to those in the west.,曲解原文的情况占5% 举例：,原文：they must be able to listen to delegates and to translate at the same time! This is a difficult but very important job. One small mistake could cause many problems. Question :translation for the UN General Assembly is a very important job because they must be able to listen and translate at the same time， 另外，包含绝对词（must，all，never。）的命题一般是NO，包含相对词（may，can，possibly。）的命题一般是yes。,In the United States, taking care of trash and building landfills are local government responsibilities. Before a city or other authority can build a landfill, an environment impact study must be done on the proposed site to determine: 6. In the United States the building of landfills is the job of both federal and local governments.,选择题难点： 如何排除干扰项 1.干扰项原文未提及 Television is an attractive medium for advertising because it delivers mass audiences to advertisers. When you consider that nearly three out of four Americans have seen the game show Who Wants to Be a Millionaire, you can understand the power of television to communication. But television is an expensive medium, and not all advertisers can afford to use it. (2008.6) 1. television is an attractive advertising medium in that_ A. It has large audiences B. it appeals to housewives C. It helps build up a companys reputation D. It is affordable to most advertisers,2. 把与原文其他内容相关，与题干不相关的信息作为选项。 Of the forces shaping education none is more sweeping than the movement across borders. Over the past three decades the number of students leaving home each year to study abroad has grown at an annual rate of 3.9 percent, from 8000,000 in 1975 to 2.5 million in 2004. most travel from one developed nation to another, but the flow from developing to developed countries is growing rapidly. And the number crossing borders for undergraduate study is growing as well, to 8 percent of the undergraduates at Americas best institutions and 10 percent of all undergraduates in the U.K. in the United States, 20 percent of the newly hired professors in science and engineering are foreign-born, and in China many newly hired faculty members at the top research universities received their graduate education abroad. 3. In the United States, how many of the newly hired professors in science and engineering are foreign-born? A. 10% B. 20% C. 30% D. 38%,3. 干扰项与题干不匹配 原文同上 Question: Over the past three decades, the enrollment of overseas students has increased _ by 2.5 million By 800,000 At an annual rate of 3.9 percent At an annual rate of 8 percent,文中没有提到的（NG）,Most of us grown-ups are seriously fun-deprived. High-energy people have the same day-to-day work as the rest of us, but they manage to find something enjoyable in every situation. A real estate broker I know keeps herself amused on the job by mentally redecorating the houses she shows to clients. “I love imagining what even the most run-down house could look like with a little tender loving care,” she says. “Its a challenge-and the least desirable properties are usually the most fun.”(2006.12.) 7. The real-estate broker the author knows is talented in home redecoration.,正确选项,For a landfill to be built, the operators have to make sure that they follow certain steps. In most parts of the world, there are regulations that govern where a landfill can be placed and how it can operate. The whole process begins with someone proposing the landfill. 5. In most countries the selection of a landfill site is governed by rules and regulations.,后三道（3分钟）,答题。答题时请注意，你填的基本都是原文，但他出的题目可未必，很可能包含同义词替换，例如2006年6月的第十题： the interstate system was renamed after Eisenhower in recognition of _ 定位词localizer：rename和Eisenhower， 答案：his vision and leadership。 原文: the highway system was officially renamed for Eisenhower to honor his vision and leadership. (honor= in recognition of),文章首尾命题 2006.12.,Theres an energy crisis in America, and it has nothing to do with fossil fuels. Millions of us get up each morning already weary over the day holds. “I just cant get started,” people say. But its not physical energy that most of us lack. Sure, we could all use extra sleep and a better diet. But in truth, people are healthier today than at any time in history. I can almost guarantee that if you long for more energy, the problem is not with your body. 1.The energy crisis in America discussed here mainly refers to a shortage of fossil fuels.,各段首尾命题 2008.6.,Televisions is an attractive medium for advertising because it delivers mass audiences to advertisers. When you consider that nearly three out of four Americans have seen the game show Who Wants to Be a Millionaire, you can understand the power of television to communicate with a large audience. When advertisers create a brand, for example, they want to impress consumers with the brand and its image. 1. Television is an attractive advertising medium in that_. A. it has large audiences B. it appeals to housewives C. it helps build up a companys reputation D. it is affordable to most advertisers,Thank you very much !,猜测单词的技巧 利用同义关系和反义关系（Synonym and Antonym） 利用上下义关系（Word Relations） 利用定义和举例（Defining and Exemplifying） 利用重复信息（Rephrasing） * 重述标志有： that is, that is to say, in other words, namely, 以及破折号,一、针对性解释,针对性解释是作者为了更好的表达思想，在文章中对一些重要的概念、难懂的术语或 词汇等所作的解释。这些解释提供的信息具有明确的针对性，利用它们猜词义比较容易。,1、根据定义猜测词义 如果生词是句子或段落所解释的定义，理解句子或段落本身就是推断词义。 【例一】anthropology is the scientific study of man. 【例二】In slang the term jam constitutes a state of being in which a person finds himself or herself in a difficult situation. 定义句的谓语动词多为：be， mean， deal with， be considered， to be， refer to， be called， be known as， define， represent， signify， constitute等。,2、根据复述猜测词义 虽然复述不如定义那样严谨、详细，但是提供的信息足以使阅读者猜出生词词义。复述部分可以适当词、短语或是从句。 1)同位语 【例一】Semantics， the study of the meaning of words， is necessary if you are to speak and read intelligently. 在复述中构成同位关系的两部分之间多用逗号连接，有时也使用破折号、冒号、分号、引号、和括号等。 【例二】Capacitance， or the ability to store electric charge， is one of the most common characteristics of electronic circuits. 需要注意的是：同位语前还常有or， similarly， that is to say， in other words， namely， or other等副词或短语出现。,2)定语从句 【例如】Krabacber suffers from SAD， which is short for seasonal affective disorder， a syndrome characterized by severe seasonal mood swings.,3、根据举例猜测词义 恰当的举例能够提供猜测生词的重要线索。 【例如】The consequences of epochal events such as wars and great scientific discoveries are not confined to a small geographical area as they were in the past.,二、 内在逻辑关系,根据内在逻辑关系推测词义是指运用语言知识分析和判断相关信息之间存在的逻辑关系，然后根据逻辑关系推断生词词义或大致义域。 1、根据对比关系猜测词义 在一个句子或段落中，有对两个事物或现象进行对比性的描述，我们可以根据生词或难词的反义词猜测其词义。 【例一】Andrew is one of the most supercilious men I know. His brother， in contrast， is quite humble and modest.,表示对比关系的词汇和短语主要是unlike，not，but，however，despite，in spite of，in contrast 和while 引导的并列句等。 【例二】A good supervisor can recognize instantly the adept workers from the unskilled ones. 该句中并未出现上面提到的表示对比关系的词或短语，但是通过上下文可以判断出句子前后是对比关系,2、根据比较关系猜测词义 同对比关系相反，比较关系表示意义上的相似关系。 【例如】Green loves to talk，and his brothers are similarly loquacious. 表示比较关系的词和短语主要是similarly，like，just as，also等。,3、根据因果关系猜测词义 在句子或段落中，若两个事物、现象之间构成因果关系，我们可以根据这种逻辑关系推知生词词义。 【例一】Tom is considered an autocratic administrator because he makes decisions without seeking the opinions of others. 【例二】There were so many demonstrators in the Red Square that he had to elbow his way through the crowd.,4、根据同义词的替代关系猜测词义 在句子或段落中，我们可以利用熟悉的词语，根据语言环境推断生词词义。 【例一】Although he often had the opportunity， Mr. Tritt was never able to steal money from a customer. This would have endangered his position at the bank， and he did not want to jeopardize his future. 【例二】Doctors believe that smoking cigarettes is detrimental to your health. They also regard drinking as harmful.,外部相关因素是指篇章(句子或段落)以外的其他知识。有时仅靠分析篇章内在逻辑关系无法猜出词义。这时，就需要运用生活经验和普通常识确定词义。 【例一】Husband: its really cold out tonight. Wife: Sure it is. My hands are practically numb. How about lighting the furnace? 【例二】The snake slithered through the grass.,三、构词法,1、根据前缀猜测词义 【例一】He fell into a ditch and lay there， semiconscious， for a few minutes. 【例二】Im illiterate about such things.,2、根据后缀猜测词义 【例一】Insecticide is applied where it is needed. 【例二】Then the vapor may change into droplets.,hooklet 小钩子 kinglet 小国王，小王 chainlet 小链子 booklet小册子 filmlet短(电影)片,3、根据复合词的各部分猜测词义 【例一】Growing economic problems were highlighted by a slowdown in oil output. 【例二】Bullfight is very popular in Spain. 综上所述，利用各种已知信息推测、判断词义是一项重要的阅读技巧。在实践中，我 们可以灵活运用，综合运用上面提到的几种猜测技巧，排除生词的障碍，顺利理解文章的思想内容，提高阅读速度。,For a landfill to be built, the operators have to make sure that they follow certain steps. In most parts of the world, there are regulations that govern where a landfill can be placed and how it can operate. The whole process begins with someone proposing the landfill. 5. In most countries the selection of a landfill site is governed by rules and regulations.,