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专题一语法知识,作为语法知识考查形式的单项填空是高考英语试卷的第一道题,如果能轻松拿下,就能带着一份明快的心情向后面的试题进发;如果在此卡壳了,将直接影响后面的发挥。所以,精心备考单项填空十分重要。,把脉近三年江苏卷考点分布,命题特点 继续秉承“强调基础、注重能力”的命题理念,语境清晰,题干简洁,话题时尚,基本涵盖学过的词法知识和语法现象,主要考查了考生对名词、动词、形容词、介词、连词、时态语态、三大从句、非谓语动词、动词短语、情景交际等知识点的掌握情况。题干语境信息丰富,注重在真实语境中语言的得体性考查。词汇题只要词汇量过关基本不会失分。尽管语法对考生的语言理解及运用能力要求越来越高,但落脚点基本在主干语法的基本用法上,没有偏题怪题,强调语法的表意功能,考生容易上手。,备考策略 1.日积月累,厚积薄发 单项填空题要识记的词法和语法项目包括:名词词义辨析;动词短语词义辨析;介词短语词义辨析;短句和谚语的意义等。这些基础知识既涵盖了高中教材的所有知识点,又涉及到英美国家日常生活中常用的语言现象,所以,在备考中要认真夯实基础,制订好合理高效的背诵计划并强化执行力。,2.深入挖掘,全面掌握 要注重对基础知识的掌握,特别是对动词时态、非谓语动词、从句的掌握。只有全面、透彻地掌握基础知识,才能面对相关考点时“一锤定音,掷地有声”。 3.历年真题,反复研习 高考作为一个选拔性的考试,自有其严密性和体系性,正因为这两个特点决定了其命题的规律性。事实上,语法考来考去就这么些知识点,用来用去就这么些语言现象,考生只需记住“考点不变,考查形式会变,以不变应万变”。,高分技巧“八招”搞定单项填空 1.快速锁定“题眼”,轻松选择答案 有时考题中往往会隐含一个或几个对解题起着决定性作用的词语,如:otherwise,but for,and,这就是我们所说的“关键词”或者“题眼”。一旦抓住了它们,就能准确把握命题者的意图,迅速找到突破口,从而找到正确答案。,典例1Shakespeares play Hamlet _ into at least ten different films over the past years. A.had been made B.was made C.has been made D.would be made,分析,分析考查时态。其关键词语为时间状语over the past years,常与现在完成时连用,根据句意可知应用被动语态,故选C。,2.删除干扰成分,巧妙题干消肿 高考有时为了增加试题的难度与区分度,会在题干句子中添加一些枝节成分,使句子结构复杂化。对于此类试题,可采用“消肿法”删除所添加的多余信息,从而使句子结构简单化、题意更加明确化。此外,在一个复杂的题干中,先去掉插入语或者是附加的次要信息,就可以迅速找到答案。,典例2It was from only a few supplies that she had bought in the village _ the hostess cooked such a nice dinner. A.where B.that C.when D.which,分析,分析本题考查强调句型。迷惑点在于强调部分中含有一个定语从句that she had bought in the village。如果能很快发现that she had bought in the village其实是一个冗余成分,答案就一目了然了。,3.还原题干结构,回归基本句型 通过改变原有句子的结构来增加单选题的难度,是命题者常用的一种手段。解答这类试题,可采用“还原法”,即将改变后的句子还原。如:通过把结构复杂的题干转换成我们所熟悉的基本句型,就能打破思维定势,挖掘出题目的核心、考点,从而快速找到正确答案。具体方法如下: 1.把主从复合句还原为两个简单句; 2.把疑问句还原为陈述句; 3.把强调句结构还原为正常结构; 4.把倒装结构还原为正常结构; 5.把省略句补充完整,把被动结构还原为主动结构等。,典例3By nine oclock,all the Olympic torch bearers had reached the top of Mount Qomolangma,_ appeared a rare rainbow soon. A.of which B.on which C.from which D.above which,分析,分析考查定语从句的引导词。将定语从句部分还原为简单句,应该是这样的:a rare rainbow soon appeared above the top of Mount Qomolangma。,4.补全省略成分,完整理解句义 在语境试题中,往往根据上下文的含义故意省略一些成分,增加试题难度。在解题时,一定要弄清题意,仔细地分析句子结构,补全省略部分,这样才能保证选出正确答案。,典例4The experiment shows that proper amounts of exercise,if _ regularly,can improve our health. A.being carried outB.carrying out C.carried outD.to carry out,分析,分析考查if条件句的省略。句意为:这项实验表明,适当的运动,如果有规律地进行,能够改善我们的身体健康。当主、从句主语一致或从句的主语为it,且从句中含有动词be时,从句可以使用省略形式,即将从句主语或it与be省略。本句中if条件从句省略了it is,所以答案选C项。,5.注意标点符号,正确使用连(关系)词 单选题题干中的标点符号对于我们选择正确答案起着相当重要的作用,准确理解标点符号所涵盖的隐藏信息,能够帮助我们选出正确答案,反之,对其忽略或视而不见,则往往使我们选错答案。,典例5She brought with her three friends,none of _ I had ever met before. A.them B.who C.whom D.these,分析,分析句意为:她带着她的三个朋友,他们三个中没有一个人我曾见过。逗号后为“代词of关系代词”引导的非限制性定语从句,指人只能用whom。,6.注意结构分析,克服定势干扰 思维定势是一把双刃剑,如果运用得当,它可以帮助考生将考题内容与以前所学知识迅速联系起来,并在短时间内调集解决问题所需的相关知识进行分析、推理,并很快得出正确的结论;但若运用不当,它便会误导考生掉入命题人所预设的陷阱,得出错误的结论。 高考单项填空试题中,经常有试题与我们的解题思路不一致,这是命题者有意设计的“请君入瓮”类试题。对于这类试题,应该结合前后语境,把握命题意图,注意英汉差别,克服思维定势。否则就会落入命题者有意设计的圈套。,典例6That is the only way we can imagine _ the overuse of water in students bathrooms. A.reducing B.to reduce C.reduced D.reduce,分析,分析考查非谓语动词。这里的we can imagine是插入语,不影响句子的结构,其实句子是这样子的:We can imagine,that is the only way to reduce the overuse of water in students bathrooms.也就是说,不定式to reduce 不是imagine的宾语,而是作定语修饰the way的。本题受思维定势的影响容易误选A项。,7.注意文化差异,排除母语干扰 学习外语的最大障碍之一就是母语或文化的干扰(或负面影响)。故对外语学习者测试时,不同语言文化间的差异往往也是测试的重点。这就要求外语学习者在学习中应多注意所学语言与母语间异同的比较。,典例7 Bruce,I really appreciate your handwriting. _. A.I practice every dayB.Thank you very much C.No,I dont think soD.Well,its not good enough,分析,分析考查交际用语。考生容易受汉语类似交际场景的回答而做出错误的选择:“我天天训练”,或者“我不这样认为”,或者谦虚的回答“还不够好(还需努力)”。从英语类似的交际情景看,这里考查有关感谢的交际用语,对方对自己的书法做出了很高的评价,所以要表示感谢。,8.把握语境信息,理解命题意图 语境是指一定的语言环境。单选题所给的四个答案选项中往往不止一个答案在语法上是正确的,但只有一个答案符合试题所给的语境。能不能看破这个迷津,既取决于我们的理解能力,同时也与我们的文学修养有关。单项选择题的考查目的就是考查学生在特定语境中准确运用语法知识的能力。好的考题中的语境设置往往十分自然、巧妙,它要求我们选择的不只是正确答案,而是最佳答案,因为语法上正确的答案不一定是实际生活交际中最得体、最合适、最佳的答案。因此我们做题时,一定要找出字里行间中的隐含信息,瞻前顾后,通盘考虑,准确地把握语境内涵,有针对性地分析语法成分,才能避免出错。,典例8Professor Johnson,Im afraid I cant finish the report within this week. _ How about next week? A.Good for you. B.It wont bother me. C.Not at all. D.Thats OK.,分析,分析考查交际用语。句意为:约翰逊教授,恐怕我这周完不成报告。好的,下周怎么样?根据后面的“How about next week?”可以看出,约翰逊教授已经确认这周完不成报告没关系,所以选D。,特别提醒高考试卷中万一遇到平时未涉及的考点、词汇,不必惊慌,根据句意大胆猜测、合理排除。切忌花费很多时间拘泥于某一道题!,第1讲,动词与动词短语,真题诊断,考点突破,专项训练,内容索引,真题诊断,1.Kids shouldnt have access to violent films because they might _ the things they see.(2018江苏,22) A.indicate B.investigate C.imitate D.innovate,解析,解析句意为:孩子们不应该有机会接触暴力电影,因为他们可能会模仿(imitate)他们看到的东西。imitate模仿,符合语境。indicate表明,暗示;investigate调查;innovate创新,改革。,答案,1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,2.Developing the Yangtze River Economic Belt is a systematic project which _ a clear road map and timetable.(2018江苏,25) A.calls for B.calls on C.calls off D.calls up,解析,解析句意为:发展长江经济带是一个系统化项目,该项目要求(call for)有清晰的路线图和时间表。call for要求,需要;call on拜访,号召;call off取消;call up打电话。,答案,1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,3.At first Robert wouldnt let his daughter go diving,but eventually he _ as she was so confident about her skills.(2018天津,3) A.gave in B.dressed up C.broke in D.turned up,解析,解析句意为:起初罗伯特不让他的女儿去潜水,但最终他让步了,因为她对自己的技术如此自信。give in意为“屈服,让步”,符合语境,故选A。dress up穿得正式,装扮;break in破门而入,打断;turn up调高(音量、热量等),(突然)出现,露面。,答案,1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,4.It took him a long time to _ the skills he needed to bee a good dancer.(2018天津,8) A.display B.acquire C.teach D.test,解析,解析句意为:他花了很长时间才获得成为一名优秀的舞蹈家所需要的技能。acquire意为“获得,学到”,符合语境,故选B。display展示;teach教;test测试。,答案,1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,5.A quick review of successes and failures at the end of year will help _ your year ahead.(2017江苏,30) A.shape B.switch C.stretch D.sharpen,解析,解析句意为:到了年底,快速回顾一下自己的成功和失败,这会有助于你为未来的一年做好规划。shape影响(某事物的发展),符合语境。switch转换,转变;stretch变大,拉长;sharpen使变锋利,使增强。,答案,1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,6.Working with the medical team in Africa has_ the best in her as a doctor.(2017江苏,25) A.held out B.brought out C.picked out D.given out,解析,解析句意为:在非洲与医疗队的合作使她作为一名医生的最佳素质彰显了出来。hold out伸出,坚持;bring out使显现,使表现出;pick out挑选出,辨认出;give out分发,发出。,答案,1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,7.Many businesses started up by college students have _ thanks to the fortable climate for business creation.(2016江苏,30) A.fallen off B.taken off C.turned off D.left off,解析,解析句意为:由于良好的创业环境,许多大学生的创业项目已经成功。take off成功,起飞,符合句意。fall off跌落,下降;turn off关掉;leave off停止(做)某事,戒掉,均不符合题意。,答案,1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,8.Schools should be lively places where individuals are encouraged to _ to their greatest potential.(2015江苏,22) A.accelerate B.improve C.perform D.develop,解析,解析句意为:学校应该是鼓励个人发展他们最大潜力的、充满活力的地方。动词develop具有多种含义,可表示“发展,加强,冲洗(照片),开发”等,在本题中develop意为“开发,发展”。,答案,1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,诊断报告,解题方法 1.积累与比较 高考中很多题型都涉及动词或动词短语的辨析,平时要注意词汇的积累以及某些动词及动词短语横向或纵向的比较。记忆单词时,关键要记住动词的词义,同时要注意动词的用法。动词词义辨析已经成为高考必考考点。 2.挖掘与拓展 英语动词和动词短语的深层含义挖掘、多种含义拓宽也是高考的一个热点。每年的高考英语考试大纲中虽列出了单词和短语,但并未注明其具体的含义,这就给命题者留下自由的伸缩空间。所以平时复习时,不能拘泥于其在教材上的含义,要大胆地对其深层含义进行挖掘。,考点突破,考点1熟词生义现象,1.We can achieve a lot when we learn to let our differences unite,rather than _ us. A.divide B.reject C.control D.abandon,解析,解析句意为:当我们学会求同存异,而非对立分歧时,我们会收获颇多。divide分开,使产生分歧;reject拒绝;control控制;abandon放弃,抛弃。根据句意可知选A。,答案,2.Shakespeares writing is still popular today.It has really _ the test of time. A.failed B.stood C.taken D.conducted,解析,解析句意为:莎士比亚的作品现在依然流行,它真的已经经受住了时间的考验。stand站立,位于,经受,容忍,由句意可知选B。,答案,考点归纳,熟词生义现象在高考中屡屡出现,有时会给考生带来不小的困难。应对的措施是在日常的学习备考中对常见的词汇除了掌握其基本意义外,对其不太常用的义项也要作适当的了解;其次要对一些具有“熟词生义”的词汇做强化记忆处理,以便在应考时做到胸有成竹。如下列单词的“熟词生义”:,ache渴望;address在上写地址,演说;alone只有;appreciate意识到;blue忧伤的;count有价值;cover够用;develop逐渐形成;draw推断出;date约会;escape被忘掉;fail使失望,衰竭;foreign不熟悉的;fresh无经验的;ground理由;invite招致;late已故的;might力量;observe遵守,庆祝;push督促;promise预示;part分手,放弃;read写着;relate讲述;say假设;subject易遭受的;walk遛等。,考点2形近词和形近短语辨析,1.Tom had to _ the invitation to the party last weekend because he was too busy. A.turn in B.turn down C.turn over D.turn to,解析,解析句意为:因为太忙,上周末汤姆不得不拒绝了聚会的邀请。turn down拒绝,符合语境。turn in上交;turn over (使)翻转,调转;turn to (使)转向,求助于。,答案,2.Body language can _ a lot about your mood,so standing with your arms folded can send out a signal that you are being defensive. A.take away B.throw away C.put away D.give away,解析,解析句意为:身势语能够清楚地泄露出你的情绪,因此双臂交叉站着则表示你正在防御。give away泄露,符合语境。take away拿开,拿走;throw away扔掉;put away收起来,放好,储存。,答案,考点归纳,1.对英语中的一些形近词,考生常常混淆其意义,所以在复习的过程中要予以强化记忆,重点突破。如以字母a开头的词:approach,apply,appeal,appoint,appear,approve;adopt,adapt,adore,adjust;aboard,abroad;absorb,absolute,abuse,abrupt;access,accent,accept,accuse,account;attach,attack,attend,attain,attract等;像动词短语:attain to,attend to,attach to,adapt to,adjust to,apply to,appeal to等。,2.动词短语的考查通常有两种形式: (1)同一个动词不同的介词或副词,如set短语,get短语,e短语,turn短语,break短语等; (2)不同的动词同一个介词或副词,如e up,make up,turn up,bring up等,所以平时要牢记某些固定短语在语境中的用法。,考点3语境词义辨析,1.Mr and Mrs Brown would like to see their daughter _,get married,and have kids.(2017天津,5) A.settle down B.keep off C.get up D.cut in,解析,解析句意为:布朗夫妇希望看到女儿安顿下来(settle down),结婚成家,生儿育女。keep off使避开,不接近;get up起床,站起来;cut in插嘴,打断别人说话。,答案,2.He did not _ easily,but was willing to accept any constructive advice for a worthy cause. A.approach B.wrestle Cpromise Dmunicate,解析,解析句意为:他不轻易妥协,但他很乐意接受对一项崇高事业的任何建设性的建议。promise妥协,符合句意。,答案,考点归纳,语境词义辨析的关键是要理解句意以及上下文语境。其次要注意以下两点:一是要注意该动词是及物动词还是不及物动词,是延续性动词还是终止性动词;二是要注意一些特殊的动词,如连系动词等。这样就能做到有的放矢。对于动词短语来说,平时一定要注意积累,这样才能在具体的语境中灵活地使用。,专项训练,1.Internet shopping is really when people are sure of its safety and security.(2017和平区四模) A.taking off B.taking up C.setting off D.setting up,1,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10,2,解析,解析take off大受欢迎,迅速流行;take up占用,继续从事;set off出发,启程;set up建立,安装。句子所表达的意思是“网购大受欢迎”,故选A。,答案,2.When their children lived far away from them,these old people felt from the world.(2018河北区二模) A.carried away B.broken down C.cut off D.brought up,1,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10,2,解析,答案,解析carry away带走;break down崩溃,垮掉;cut off使与外界隔绝,切断;bring up抚养,养育。句意为:当他们的孩子住得离他们远时,这些老人感到与世隔绝。故选C。,1,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10,2,3.Jenny was to hospital with a soaring temperature this morning. Really? Ill go to see her this evening.(2018河北区二模) A.admitted B.submitted C.distributed D.sentenced,解析,答案,解析admit接收入院,收治;submit顺从;distribute分配,散布;sentence宣判,判决。句意为:詹妮今晨因体温飙升而入院。真的吗?我今晚去看她。,1,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10,2,4.If the service is awful,a customer has the right to to the manager.(2018河东区二模) A.react B.apply Cplain D.suggest,解析,答案,解析根据“the service is awful(服务很差)”可以推知后句表示顾客有权利向经理申诉,四个选项的含义分别是react反应;apply运用,申请;plain抱怨,申诉;suggest建议。,1,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10,2,5.Our pany is doing well at present,but we must and develop our new plans for the future.(2018和平区一模) A.get around B.look ahead C.put away D.settle down,解析,答案,解析句意为:我们公司目前情况良好,但我们必须向前看,为将来制定新的计划。get around逃避,传播;look ahead向前看;put away贮存,放好;settle down安定下来,专心于。,1,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10,2,6.The young backpacker always at the Youth Hostel when he was traveling in Britain.(2018南开区二模) A.put up B.set down C.came about D.took up,解析,答案,解析put up留宿;set down制定;e about发生;take up占用。句意为:年轻的背包客在英国旅行时总是在青年旅社住宿。,1,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10,2,7.I cant quite what it is a photograph of. Oh,it is our new boat.(2018河北区一模) Ae out B.pick out C.turn out D.make out,解析,答案,解析e out出来;pick out挑出,选出,拣出;turn out关掉;make out把弄清楚。句意为:我不太清楚这是一张什么照片。哦,这是我们的新船。,1,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10,2,8.The new movie to be one of the biggest money-makers of all time. (2018红桥区一模) A.promises B.agrees C.pretends D.declines,解析,答案,解析promise允诺,有希望;agree同意,赞成;pretend假装,装扮;decline下降,谢绝。句意为:这部新电影“有希望”成为有史以来最赚钱的影片之一。,1,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10,2,9.Peter has spent too much time on novels recently. That may his poor grade in the exam.(2018天津十二区县一模) A.account for B.answer for C.apply for D.stand for,解析,答案,解析account for解释,是的原因;answer for对负责;apply for申请;stand for代表,象征。结合语境可知此处表达的意思是“那可能就是他成绩不好的原因。”,1,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10,2,10.Playing with the foreign visitors,my cousin is beginning to several different languages.(2018河东区一模) A.pick up B.pick out C.turn up D.show out,解析,答案,解析pick up(无意间)学会;pick out辨认出;turn up(常指出其不意地或经长久等待后)出现,到来,露面;show out送出(客人)。根据横线后面的宾语several different languages可知此处指“和外国游客一起玩时,我表哥开始学习几种不同的语言。”,
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