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黑龙江省自学考试护理专业专升本毕 业 论 文题 学 考 目:65例异位妊娠并发失血性休克病人的抢救与护理 学 号:230111100310考生姓名:付欣宇指导教师: 哈尔滨医科大学成人教育学院暨继续教育学院2011年 月 日 目 录 中文摘要.2 文献综述.3 正 文.4 参考文献.11 个人简历.12 中文摘要 :目的: 通过对 65 例异位妊娠并发出血性休克病人的抢救与护理,解决异位妊娠破裂并发失血性休克病人的紧张恐惧心理,达到总结术前护理及期抢救与术后护理配合的经验,使病人早日健康。 方法: 通过对我院自 2007 年 1 月2009 年 1 月住院 65 例异位妊娠破裂并发失血性休克病人的研究对象进行回顾性分析总结。结果: 65 例病人经过精心护理和补充血容量等治疗措施,均痊愈出院。 结论:密切观察病情变化,提高护理水平,是抢救成功的关键。关键词: 异位妊娠;失血性休克;抢救;护理 文献综述妇科护理最早起源于产科护理,随着妇科学的发展。妇科学的护理不仅涉及妇科健康和人类繁衍,与民族兴旺有重要关系1。20世纪中叶,随着基础科学的发展,妇科学也取得了很大进展,现代妇科的发展是金字塔形,护理亦一样2。妇科护理模式必随现代护理发展趋势作出相应调整,扩大到“以病人为中心”的整体化的、全方位的护理,要求护理人员,必须 精通业务,了解关心自己的对象,提供一种快速而解决问题的科学护理方法,从国情出发着手多种形式的改革和尝试,适应医学模式的转变,与世界妇科护理接轨。 异位妊娠习称宫外孕,是指受精卵与子宫体腔以外着床,我国是妇科常见的急腹症之一,近年来 因宫内节育器的使用率及流产率的升高,异位妊娠发生率有上升趋势,国内异位妊娠与正常妊娠之比由 1970 年的 1:167322 上升至 1:5693。国外道其发生率为 1:501:303 次妊娠或 1:671:21 次活产3。国内医院 报道与同期妇科住院病人数比为 1: 431:50 当异位妊娠破裂急性发作时,可引起腹腔内严重出血,并发失血性休克,若不及时诊断,积极抢救可危 及生命,护理工作的质量是抢救异位妊娠失血性休克的关键,术前、术后两大部分的抢救护理,尤其是心理护理工作极大地提高了患者更好地康复,对有生育要求的患者,不论是减少再次发生宫外孕的几率还是今后的诊闻方向,都具有可行性及指导性4。 在过去的几十年中,护理学科发生了巨大的变化,如开展以病人为中心的整体护理5;近年来国内外对妊娠失血性休克的护理有很多探讨,本文阐述的方法及体会尚有待于进一步完善。妇科的护理要适应社会发展过程中人们对生育及医疗照顾需求的改变,为此,妇科护士在护理工作中必须善于总结经验,为护理对象提供高质量的护理,并促进护理科研工作的开展,以期提高医护水平。但在实施过程中,对病人健康教育方面,显效率 只有 79.63%,因此,建议增补健康教育有关内容,根据病人年龄、文化程 度、个性特征进行心里疏导。 异位妊娠并发失血性休克的抢救与护理 异位妊娠是指孕卵在子宫腔以外着床发育,包括输卵管妊娠、腹腔妊娠、子宫颈妊娠等,其中以输卵管妊娠为最常见,是妇产科常见急腹症之一。异位妊娠破裂并失血性休克的患者,起病急、重,易危及生命。迅速准确诊断、从速从术、精心护理是提高抢救成功率的重要环节。及时建立有效的静脉通道,补充血容量,快速纠正休克,迅速给氧和做好床前准备,心理护理,严密观察病情,严格遵守护理操作常规,做到“迅速、准确、及时、严密、严格”是取得抢救成功的关键所在。加强术后治疗和护理是预防并发症、促进机体早日康复不可缺的环节。通过出院指导,能使患者更好地康复。 自 2007 年 1 月2009 年 1 月我院妇科共收入院 102 例异位妊娠病人,并发失血性休克病人 65 例,本文对这 65 例进行分析及谈谈护理的体会。 1 临床资料与治疗方法 11 一般资料 本组 65 例病人,均在 2007 年 1 月2009 年 1 月两年间住院病人,年龄 20-35 岁之间,平均年龄 24 岁。12 诊断标准异位妊娠均经病理检查证实。休克诊断标准:面色苍白、 表情淡漠、四肢湿冷、血压下降、脉搏细弱、休克指数超过 1.0-1.5。13 既往史 盆腔炎 35 例(53.8%) 、腹部手术 30 例(46.2%) ,其中女性绝育 12 例(18.4%) 。宫内安置节育器 17 例(26.2%) ,痛经 14 例(21.5%) 。14 分类 12 例无子女,入院时收缩压低于 12kpa,舒张压低于 8kpa,未测出血压 5 例,失血量最多 2000ml,最少 800ml,输卵管妊娠 16 例,其中 输卵管壶腹部妊娠 4 例,峡部妊娠 5 例,伞端妊娠 2 例,间质部妊娠 5 例。 15 症状停经:无停经者 15 例占 23.1%,停经者 19 例占 29.2%腹痛:全部均有腹痛。阴道出血 18 例(27.7%) ,无阴道出血 16 例外中 24.6%。 16 治疗方法 本级病例全部行剖腹探查术,部分输卵管切除 24 例,全部 输卵管切除 14 例,宫角楔形切除 23 例,附件切除 4 例。治愈率 100%,无 1 例死亡。 2护理过程 21 术前护理211 心理护理 本组 65 例病人对疾病产生均有不同程度的恐惧感,针对这种情况,首先对患者进行耐心解释工作,使其了解疾病的发展,危害及手术治疗的结局,并让患者配合医生,消除恐惧感,解除思想顾虑,树立自信心,愉快地接受手术。同时也不放松做好家属的思想工作,介绍本病的相关知识,使家属积极配合我们的一系列治疗护理,并给予患者心理支持。 212 积极做好术前准备,备皮、配血、留置尿、查对床号、姓名,带病历送病至手术室,准备术后床位。 213 密切观察病情 异位妊娠破裂后,短时间内腹腔大量出血,本组 65 例病人均因腹腔内出血发生不同程度的休克,其中出血量最多的一例位2000ml,最少的一例位 800ml。措施要点:每 15min30min 测血压、脉搏 1 次,密切观察病人的神志、面色和指端温度;快速建立静脉通路及时补充有效循环血量,防止休克的进一步发展,必要时行静脉切开深静脉置管。体位:置患者头高 15cm,下肢抬高 20cm,以增加回心血量,保证和增加脑血流量,以减少腹腔器官对心肺的压迫,利于呼吸与促进冠状循环,并利于下肢静脉的回流,这样既可促进休克的恢复,又可使病人感到舒适。由于患者失血,必须注意保暖。室温保持在 22-26,静脉用液体适当加温。输液速度 对失血性休克病人,除充血容量外,最关键的是扩容速度要快,快速输入等量液体可使休克迅速纠正。胶体液的应用 补充一定量的晶休液后,要及时补充一定量的胶体液,胶体液可提高胶体渗透压,利于维护足够的有效的循环血容量,防止脑水肿及肺水肿等并发症的发生。输同型血 经扩容后再输同型血, 既能补充血容量,提高胶体渗透压,又有补充血细胞及凝血因子,提高凝血酶原浓度,有止血及增加机体抵抗力, 特别是输入的是新鲜血液。流量给氧,改善组织缺氧状态。纠正酸中毒 病人入院后呼吸深大、表情淡漠应立即给 5碳酸氢钠 250ml 快速滴注,同时注意观察尿量、血压情况,防止各种并发症的发生。 2.2 术后护理 2.2.1 补充体液 腹腔内出血及手术过程中失血、机体摄入量不足、禁食等 原因造成患者体液不足。 措施要点:每 15min30min 测血压、 脉搏 1 次,评估记录病人的体温、皮肤弹性、粘膜情况;保持导管通畅,正确记录24h出入量,按医嘱补充液体或输血,严格无菌技术操作,严防输液、 输血反应的发生。 2.2.2 密切观察病情变化,防治并发症防治刀口渗血,每 15min30min 测血压、脉搏 1 次,直到稳定;观察并记录切口是否有渗血,阴道有无出血;腹部置沙袋 6h8h,8h 后可用磁疗腹加压止血,以促进伤口愈合;遵医嘱用止血剂,如止血芳酸、 立止血等。本组全部病人生命体征维持在正常范围,切口愈合很好。 2.2.3 疼痛的护理 由于腹腔内出血刺激腹膜、 手术切口等原因本组 65 例患 1 者均有不同程度较重的疼痛。护理要点:评估记录病人疼痛的程度、面色、血压、脉搏、呼吸;指导病人应用放松疗法缓解疼痛;帮助病人保持舒适的卧位;术后 24h48h 内可使用止痛剂,如盐酸哌替啶 50mg、 异丙嗪 25mg 肌肉注射或口服凯扶兰 25mg。经护理本组患者疼痛均有所改善,65 例病人中 63 例疼痛感均在 24h45h 内减轻或消失。另外 2 例疼 痛在 48h52h 内减轻。 2.2.4 控制感染 由于失血过多、手术切口机体营养不良等原因,术后病人 观察并记录切口外观及尿量、 易发生感染。 护理要点: 每 4h 测体温 1 次,尿色;留置尿管者每日用 0.5活力碘清毒外阴 1 次2 次;严格执行 无菌技术操作原则,防止交叉感染;嘱病人侵换内衣、内裤,保持个人清洁卫生;保持室内清洁、空气新鲜、定时通风、温度适宜;指导病人饮食护理:病人于术后肛门未排气前禁食,48 小时后开始进水,禁饮糖水、牛奶等产气产酸类食物,以免加重腹胀,无反应后进流质饮食。肛门排气后,饮食不限,应给高蛋白、高糖、高维生素饮食,少量多餐遵医嘱使用抗生素,如青霉素类及头孢类。 2.2.5 健康教育本组 65 例病人都存在不同程度的缺乏对疾病及术后饮食、性生活知识。措施要点:指导病人术后饮食,详细讲述术后饮食的要求及注意事项,对 2 例无生育要求仍保留输卵管的患者,明确告诉她们仍有怀孕甚至再次宫外孕的可能,要采取避孕措施,而对 2 例有生育卫生习惯, 在下次月经干净后 35d 内到门诊通水治疗, 通水 2 周内禁止性生活, B 经超证实输卵管通畅后,就可开始为怀孕做准备了。本组 65 例病人均愿意接 受健康指导。 经指导后有 61 例能说出相关知识。 随访护理效果满意率 98。 3.护理效果 经过精心的治疗和护理,65 例病人均痊愈出院,治愈率达 100,无 1 例死亡。随访患者对护理满意率 95。 4.讨论 4.1 异位妊娠破裂伴失血性休克起病急,病情发展迅速常危及生命,目前国内外最有效的治疗手段是手术。及时有效的对术前、术后的抢救护理是挽救生命的关键,但在护理方面往往只重视抢救而忽略心理及家庭信住址因素,与目前我国护理人员数量少、素质普遍较低有关。 4.2 做好常规护理 按照马斯洛的需要层次理论,我们首先必须满足病人的生理需要,也就是说首先要采取有效的护理措施,满足病人的基本需要, 解决因疾病和手术给病人带来的各项生理问题。 4.3 重视心理护理与健康宣教 4.3.1 对患者的心理护理与健康宣教 异位妊娠破裂伴失血性休克除常规 护理外,必须重视心理护理与健康宣教。此病起病急,病情发展迅速常危及生命,从速手术是挽救病人生命的关键,必须在抗休克的同时进行手术。异位妊娠破裂并休克者,多数对疾病及手术知识缺乏及缺乏对疾病的基本认识,一旦确诊都很焦虑、恐惧,有些甚至悲观失望,感情非常脆弱,心态十分复杂 例未婚未育者因担心术后丧失生育能力而拒绝手术治疗,后经护士耐心、热情的解释,说明手术对于阻止失血、挽救生命的重要性后积极配合治疗。做好心理护理患难沟通是关键,通过交流,病人对护理人员产生了高度的信任感、依赖感,消除了顾虑,增强了治疗的信心。 4.3.2 对患者家属进行健康教育不仅对患者进行心理护理,还要对家属进行宣教和指导。由于病情急,患者情绪紧张,家属难以接受,护士在抢救的同时应鼓励、安慰患者,给予心理支持,使患者主动配合治疗。同时向患者家属宣教有关宫外孕疾病的知识,对患者的病情变化、抢救过程及效果主动做出恰当的解释和预告,以争取家属的理解与支持。对患者家属进行健康教育后,不但使家属积极配合我们的一系列治疗护理,并给予患者心理支持,还能避免不必要的怀孕、感染,从而减少炎症,从根本上杜绝异位妊娠的发生。 5 结论 通过对不同患者的护理分析,本组病人无 1 例泌尿系统感染及尿潴留发生,13 例 I 期愈合,1 例合并糖尿病 II 期愈合,无 1 例褥疮发生。护理效果明显提高,休克的可能性降低了。 参考文献 1袁耀萼,盛丹菁,主编,妇产科学新理论与新技术第 2 版,上海:上海 科技教育出版社,1998::102. 2刘鹏.介绍日本围手术护理.中华护理杂志,2001,736(7) :557. 3 周 郅 隆 . 高 危 妊 娠 的 监 护 与 护 理 第 一 版 . 上 海 科 技 教 育 出 牌 社.1999.269270 4郑修霞主编.妇产科护理学,本科教材.人民卫生出版社.5李跃红.异位妊娠患者的健康教育.实践医学杂志, 1999,12 (4) :43-44.6郑 怀美 主编 .现代 妇产 科 M. 第 一版 . 上海 :上 海医科 大学 出版 社, 1998,531534. 7付杰.妇产科学.第 6 版.北京:人民卫生出版社,2004,110115. 8曹泽毅.中华妇产科学.第 2 版.北京:人民卫生出版社,2004,1314 1326. 11 个人简历姓名付新宇民族汉出生年月1994.12.11专科毕业学校哈尔滨医科大学所学专业护理专业现事工作护理专业专升本面授辅导学校绥化卫校实习医院肇东市人民医院研究成果:指导教师评语:g an employment tribunal claimEmployment tribunals sort out disagreements between employers and employees.You may need to make a claim to an employment tribunal if: you dont agree with the disciplinary action your employer has taken against you your employer dismisses you and you think that you have been dismissed unfairly.For more information about dismissal and unfair dismissal, seeDismissal.You can make a claim to an employment tribunal, even if you haventappealedagainst the disciplinary action your employer has taken against you. However, if you win your case, the tribunal may reduce any compensation awarded to you as a result of your failure to appeal.Remember that in most cases you must make an application to an employment tribunal within three months of the date when the event you are complaining about happened. If your application is received after this time limit, the tribunal will not usually accept it.If you are worried about how the time limits apply to you, take advice from one of the organisations listed underFurther help.Employment tribunals are less formal than some other courts, but it is still a legal process and you will need to give evidence under an oath or affirmation.Most people find making a claim to an employment tribunal challenging. If you are thinking about making a claim to an employment tribunal, you should get help straight away from one of the organisations listed underFurther help.If you are being represented by a solicitor at the tribunal, they may ask you to sign an agreement where you pay their fee out of your compensation if you win the case. This is known as adamages-based agreement. In England and Wales, your solicitor cant charge you more than 35% of your compensation if you win the case.If you are thinking about signing up for a damages-based agreement, you should make sure youre clear about the terms of the agreement. It might be best to get advice from an experienced adviser, for example, at a Citizens Advice Bureau. To find your nearest CAB, including those that give advice by e-mail, click onnearest CAB.For more information about making a claim to an employment tribunal, seeEmployment tribunals.The (lack of) air up there Watch mCayman Islands-based Webb, the head of Fifas anti-racism taskforce, is in London for the Football Associations 150th anniversary celebrations and will attend Citys Premier League match at Chelsea on Sunday.I am going to be at the match tomorrow and I have asked to meet Yaya Toure, he told BBC Sport.For me its about how he felt and I would like to speak to him first to find out what his experience was.Uefa hasopened disciplinary proceedings against CSKAfor the racist behaviour of their fans duringCitys 2-1 win.Michel Platini, president of European footballs governing body, has also ordered an immediate investigation into the referees actions.CSKA said they were surprised and disappointed by Toures complaint. In a statement the Russian side added: We found no racist insults from fans of CSKA.Age has reached the end of the beginning of a word. May be guilty in his seems to passing a lot of different life became the appearance of the same day; May be back in the past, to oneself the paranoid weird belief disillusionment, these days, my mind has been very messy, in my mind constantly. Always feel oneself should go to do something, or write something. Twenty years of life trajectory deeply shallow, suddenly feel something, do it.一字开头的年龄已经到了尾声。或许是愧疚于自己似乎把转瞬即逝的很多个不同的日子过成了同一天的样子;或许是追溯过去,对自己那些近乎偏执的怪异信念的醒悟,这些天以来,思绪一直很凌乱,在脑海中不断纠缠。总觉得自己自己似乎应该去做点什么,或者写点什么。二十年的人生轨迹深深浅浅,突然就感觉到有些事情,非做不可了。The end of our life, and can meet many things really do?而穷尽我们的一生,又能遇到多少事情是真正地非做不可?During my childhood, think lucky money and new clothes are necessary for New Year, but as the advance of the age, will be more and more found that those things are optional; Junior high school, thought to have a crush on just means that the real growth, but over the past three years later, his writing of alumni in peace, suddenly found that isnt really grow up, it seems is not so important; Then in high school, think dont want to give vent to out your inner voice can be in the high school children of the feelings in a period, but was eventually infarction when graduation party in the throat, later again stood on the pitch he has sweat profusely, looked at his thrown a basketball hoops, suddenly found himself has already cant remember his appearance.童年时,觉得压岁钱和新衣服是过年必备,但是随着年龄的推进,会越来越发现,那些东西根本就可有可无;初中时,以为要有一场暗恋才意味着真正的成长,但三年过去后,自己心平气和的写同学录的时候,突然就发现是不是真正的成长了,好像并没有那么重要了;然后到了高中,觉得非要吐露出自己的心声才能为高中生涯里的懵懂情愫划上一个句点,但毕业晚会的时候最终还是被梗塞在了咽喉,后来再次站在他曾经挥汗如雨的球场,看着他投过篮球的球框时,突然间发现自己已经想不起他的容颜。Originally, this world, can produce a chemical reaction to an event, in addition to resolutely, have to do, and time.原来,这个世界上,对某个事件能产生化学反应的,除了非做不可的坚决,还有,时间。A persons time, your ideas are always special to clear. Want, want, line is clear, as if nothing could shake his. Also once seemed to be determined to do something, but more often is he backed out at last. Dislike his cowardice, finally found that there are a lot of love, there are a lot of miss, like shadow really have been doomed. Those who do, just green years oneself give oneself an arm injection, or is a self-righteous spiritual.一个人的时候,自己的想法总是特别地清晰。想要的,不想要的,界限明确,好像没有什么可以撼动自己。也曾经好像已经下定了决心去做某件事,但更多的时候是最后又打起了退堂鼓。嫌恶过自己的怯懦,最终却发现有很多缘分,有很多错过,好像冥冥之中真的已经注定。那些曾经所谓的非做不可,只是青葱年华里自己给自己注射的一支强心剂,或者说,是自以为是的精神寄托罢了。At the moment, the sky is dark, the air is fresh factor after just rained. Suddenly thought of blue plaid shirt; Those were broken into various shapes of stationery; From the corner at the beginning of deep friendship; Have declared the end of the encounter that havent start planning. Those years, those days of do, finally, like youth, will end in our life.此刻,天空是阴暗的,空气里有着刚下过雨之后的清新因子。突然想到那件蓝格子衬衫;那些被折成各种各样形状的信纸;那段从街角深巷伊始的友谊;还有那场还没有开始就宣告了终结的邂逅计划那些年那些天的非做不可,终于和青春一样,都将在我们的人生中谢幕。Baumgartner the disappointing news: Mission aborted. r plays an important role in this mission. Starting at the ground, conditions have to be very calm - winds less than 2 mph, with no precipitation or humidity and limited cloud cover. The balloon, with capsule attached, will move through the lower level of the atmosphere (the troposphere) where our day-to-day weather lives. It will climb higher than the tip of Mount Everest (5.5 miles/8.85 kilometers), drifting even higher than the cruising altitude of commercial airliners (5.6 miles/9.17 kilometers) and into the stratosphere. As he crosses the boundary layer (called the tropopause),e can expect a lot of turbulence.The supersonic descent could happen as early as Sunda.The weatheThe balloon will slowly drift to the edge of space at 120,000 feet ( Then, I would assume, he will slowly step out onto something resembling an Olympic diving platform.Below, the Earth becomes the concrete bottom of a swimming pool that he wants to land on, but not too hard. Still, hell be traveling fast, so despite the distance, it will not be like diving into the deep end of a pool. It will be like he is diving into the shallow end. Skydiver preps for the big jumpWhen he jumps, he is expected to reach the speed of sound - 690 mph (1,110 kph) - in less than 40 seconds. Like hitting the top of the water, he will begin to slow as he approaches the more dense air closer to Earth. But this will not be enough to stop him completely.If he goes too fast or spins out of control, he has a stabilization parachute that can be deployed to slow him down. His team hopes its not needed. Instead, he plans to deploy his 270-square-foot (25-square-meter) main chute at an altitude of around 5,000 feet (1,524 meters).In order to deploy this chute successfully, he will have to slow to 172 mph (277 kph). He will have a reserve parachute that will open automatically if he loses consciousness at mach speeds.Even if everything goes as planned, it wont. Baumgartner still will free fall at a speed that would cause you and me to pass out, and no parachute is guaranteed to work higher than 25,000 feet (7,620 meters).cause there17
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